I got lost in the classifications of programming languages. What is the relationships between "Compiled/Interpreted/Scripting" and "OOP/Procedural/Functional", and possibly many "terms" for classifying languages?
I do not even know how to ask this properly. Looked for programming language hierarchy but every diagram is always missing some terms above.
There is not really a relationship between them, as they are different classification systems.
OOP/Procedural/Functional describe the syntax and grammar of a programming language.
It describes what a language looks like to the software programmer.
Compiled/Interpreted/Scripting describes how the language is processed, and what is necessary for a program to run.
Compiled languages are transformed into machine code before execution, interpreted and scripting languages are transformed into machine code during execution.
Examples of languages and their classification in either system:
Java is a OOP Compiled language.
Kotlin is a functional compiled language.
Python is a procedural interpreted language.
Javascript is a functional scripting language
Recently I've starting a project I'm calling 'JIL' or JIL Interfacing Language, and it's to be a programming language of sorts. Now, I doubt it will ever be super-useful or versatile, but the aim of it is to be a step up from block programming, but a step down from complex languages like java, C, or C++. JIL stands for JIL Interfacing Language because it is both interpreted and parsed in java, and all of its keywords/methods will be interpreted and then executed in java. My question is would JIL count as a 'true' programming language, or is it a 'false' or 'secondary' programming language that is nothing more than a java application.
using wiki's definition as a rule of the thumb:
A programming language is a formal constructed language designed to
communicate instructions to a machine
yours is formal because it can be parsed. if it also instructs machine what to do then congratulations - your first programming language :)
While looking for any purely functional language bindings for Selenium2/WebDriver, I came across a repository for Haskell bindings for Selenium RC but not for the Selenium2/WebDriver.
I am interested in getting more comfortable with ideas of functional languages while sticking to Selenium2, if possible. I have been playing with Haskell for a month or so and understand that Haskell is a pure functional language so was wondering if they have any bindings for Selenium2. Otherwise, could you suggest any other functionally-oriented language bindings for Selenium2?
The reply is a bit late, but I've released a Haskell client for WebDriver on Hackage that you may be interested in: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/webdriver
Though the project supports .NET, Java, Ruby, and Python out of the box, the Selenium WebDriver team has made it very easy to produce bindings for almost any language you care to. Most drivers now use a JSON-over-HTTP wire protocol, the commands of which are documented in the project wiki. As long as whatever language you are using has an HTTP client library and a JSON parsing library, you can create your own bindings with relative ease. A JVM-based language is far from necessary.
I think the reason why purely functional language bindings are missing is that Selenium/WebDriver is mostly used by QA/Testers and it would be difficult for them to program in a Haskell or other functional language.
But you want to program with WebDriver in functional style you can use some JVM based language such as Scala or clojure.
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When is a language considered a scripting language?
What languages are scripting languages?? Couldn't we write scripting languages as a stand alone??
A scripting language, script language
or extension language is a programming
language that allows control of one or
more software applications. "Scripts"
are distinct from the core code of the
application, as they are usually
written in a different language and
are often created or at least modified
by the end-user. Scripts are often
interpreted from source code or
bytecode, whereas application software
is typically first compiled to a
native machine code or to an
intermediate code.
Source
There is PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, etc. More HERE.
Scripts are ran by an interpreter, so there must be an interpreter in the Operating System for the script to run.
In my opinion a scripting language is a language that is interpreted rather than compiled.
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Possible Duplicate:
When is a language considered a scripting language?
I am really confused between different types of languages.
Can any one guide what are diff types of languages or diff categories.
Like some saying python is scripting langauge. Now what does that mean. Are other langueages like php , asp , java not scripting langauges
The name "Scripting language" applies to a very specific role: the language which you write commands to send to an existing software application. (like a traditional tv or movie "script")
For example, once upon a time, HTML web pages were boring. They were always static. Then one day, Netscape thought, "Hey, what if we let the browser read and act on little commands in the page?" And like that, Javascript was formed.
A simple javascript command is the alert() command, which instructs/commands the browser (a software app) that is reading the webpage to display an alert.
Now, does alert() related, in any way, to the C++ or whatever code language that the browser actually uses to display the alert? Of course not. Someone who writes "alert()" on an .html page has no understanding of how the browser actually displays the alert. He's just writing a command that the browser will interpret.
Let's see the simple javascript code
<script>
var x = 4
alert(x)
</script>
These are instructs that are sent to the browser, for the browser to interpret in itself. The programming language that the browser goes through to actually set a variable to 4, and put that in an alert...it is completely unrelated to javascript.
We call that last series of commands a "script" (which is why it is enclosed in <script> tags). Just by the definition of "script", in the traditional sense: A series of instructions and commands sent to the actors. Everyone knows that a screenplay (a movie script), for example, is a script.
The screenplay (script) is not the actors, or the camera, or the special effects. The screenplay just tells them what to do.
Now, what is a scripting language, exactly?
There are a lot of programming languages that are like different tools in a toolbox; some languages were designed specifically to be used as scripts.
Javasript is an obvious example; there are very few applications of Javascript that do not fall within the realm of scripting.
ActionScript (the language for Flash animations) and its derivatives are scripting languages, in that they simply issue commands to the Flash player/interpreter. Sure, there are abstractions such as Object-Oriented programming, but all that is simply a means to the end: send commands to the flash player.
Python and Ruby are commonly also used as scripting languages. For example, I once worked for a company that used Ruby to script commands to send to a browser that were along the lines of, "go to this site, click this link..." to do some basic automated testing. I was not a "Software Developer" by any means, at that job. I just wrote scripts that sent commands to the computer to send commands to the browser.
Because of their nature, scripting languages are rarely 'compiled' -- that is, translated into machine code, and read directly by the computer.
Even GUI applications created from Python and Ruby are scripts sent to an API written in C++ or C. It tells the C app what to do.
There is a line of vagueness, of course. Why can't you say that Machine Language/C are scripting languages, because they are scripts that the computer uses to interface with the basic motherboard/graphics cards/chips?
There are some lines we can draw to clarify:
When you can write a scripting language and run it without "compiling", it's more of a direct-script sort of thing. For example, you don't need to do anything with a screenplay in order to tell the actors what to do with it. It's already there, used, as-is. For this reason, we will exclude compiled languages from being called scripting languages, even though they can be used for scripting purposes in some occasions.
Scripting language implies commands sent to a complex software application; that's the whole reason we write scripts in the first place -- so you don't need to know the complexities of how the software works to send commands to it. So, scripting languages tend to be languages that send (relatively) simple commands to complex software applications...in this case, machine language and assembly code don't cut it.
A scripting language is typically interpreted instead of compiled.
See scripting-and-programming,
whats-the-difference-between-a-script-and-an-application
and many similar discussions.
There are many taxonomies for classifying programming languages.
In regard to scripting, a scripting language (python, ruby, php) is a language that runs on an interpretor directly from source code.
Other languages are either compiled languages (run from binary form: c, c++, pascal) either intermediate, compiled to an intermediary form and run inside a virtual machine (java, c#).
A scripting language is a language that focuses on making it easy to chain together or manipulate other programs
Wikipedia says:
"When a language is used to give commands to a software application (such as a shell) it is called a scripting language"
"A scripting language, script language or extension language is a programming language that allows control of one or more software applications."
This is orthogonal from whether it is interpreted or otherwise - Java was originally interpreted, for example, but nobody called it a scripting language. It just happens that, if you're implementing a scripting language, interpreting it is a straightforward approach to take.
Many scripting languages are compiled, either to bytecode or to machine code, often with JIT.
The distinction between script languages and other languages is mostly between interpreted, dynamically typed languages (for example PHP, VBScript, JScript and Javascript), and compiled, statically typed languages (for example C#, VB.NET, Java, C++ and Delphi).
ASP is not a language, but a platform for scripting languages (VBScript / JScript), while ASP.NET is a platform for compiled languages (mainly C# / VB.NET).