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I'm trying to create a plot using pyplot that has a discontinuous x-axis. The usual way this is drawn is that the axis will have something like this:
(values)----//----(later values)
where the // indicates that you're skipping everything between (values) and (later values).
I haven't been able to find any examples of this, so I'm wondering if it's even possible. I know you can join data over a discontinuity for, eg, financial data, but I'd like to make the jump in the axis more explicit. At the moment I'm just using subplots but I'd really like to have everything end up on the same graph in the end.
Paul's answer is a perfectly fine method of doing this.
However, if you don't want to make a custom transform, you can just use two subplots to create the same effect.
Rather than put together an example from scratch, there's an excellent example of this written by Paul Ivanov in the matplotlib examples (It's only in the current git tip, as it was only committed a few months ago. It's not on the webpage yet.).
This is just a simple modification of this example to have a discontinuous x-axis instead of the y-axis. (Which is why I'm making this post a CW)
Basically, you just do something like this:
import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import numpy as np
# If you're not familiar with np.r_, don't worry too much about this. It's just
# a series with points from 0 to 1 spaced at 0.1, and 9 to 10 with the same spacing.
x = np.r_[0:1:0.1, 9:10:0.1]
y = np.sin(x)
fig,(ax,ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, sharey=True)
# plot the same data on both axes
ax.plot(x, y, 'bo')
ax2.plot(x, y, 'bo')
# zoom-in / limit the view to different portions of the data
ax.set_xlim(0,1) # most of the data
ax2.set_xlim(9,10) # outliers only
# hide the spines between ax and ax2
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax2.spines['left'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.tick_left()
ax.tick_params(labeltop='off') # don't put tick labels at the top
ax2.yaxis.tick_right()
# Make the spacing between the two axes a bit smaller
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.15)
plt.show()
To add the broken axis lines // effect, we can do this (again, modified from Paul Ivanov's example):
import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import numpy as np
# If you're not familiar with np.r_, don't worry too much about this. It's just
# a series with points from 0 to 1 spaced at 0.1, and 9 to 10 with the same spacing.
x = np.r_[0:1:0.1, 9:10:0.1]
y = np.sin(x)
fig,(ax,ax2) = plt.subplots(1, 2, sharey=True)
# plot the same data on both axes
ax.plot(x, y, 'bo')
ax2.plot(x, y, 'bo')
# zoom-in / limit the view to different portions of the data
ax.set_xlim(0,1) # most of the data
ax2.set_xlim(9,10) # outliers only
# hide the spines between ax and ax2
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax2.spines['left'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.tick_left()
ax.tick_params(labeltop='off') # don't put tick labels at the top
ax2.yaxis.tick_right()
# Make the spacing between the two axes a bit smaller
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.15)
# This looks pretty good, and was fairly painless, but you can get that
# cut-out diagonal lines look with just a bit more work. The important
# thing to know here is that in axes coordinates, which are always
# between 0-1, spine endpoints are at these locations (0,0), (0,1),
# (1,0), and (1,1). Thus, we just need to put the diagonals in the
# appropriate corners of each of our axes, and so long as we use the
# right transform and disable clipping.
d = .015 # how big to make the diagonal lines in axes coordinates
# arguments to pass plot, just so we don't keep repeating them
kwargs = dict(transform=ax.transAxes, color='k', clip_on=False)
ax.plot((1-d,1+d),(-d,+d), **kwargs) # top-left diagonal
ax.plot((1-d,1+d),(1-d,1+d), **kwargs) # bottom-left diagonal
kwargs.update(transform=ax2.transAxes) # switch to the bottom axes
ax2.plot((-d,d),(-d,+d), **kwargs) # top-right diagonal
ax2.plot((-d,d),(1-d,1+d), **kwargs) # bottom-right diagonal
# What's cool about this is that now if we vary the distance between
# ax and ax2 via f.subplots_adjust(hspace=...) or plt.subplot_tool(),
# the diagonal lines will move accordingly, and stay right at the tips
# of the spines they are 'breaking'
plt.show()
I see many suggestions for this feature but no indication that it's been implemented. Here is a workable solution for the time-being. It applies a step-function transform to the x-axis. It's a lot of code, but it's fairly simple since most of it is boilerplate custom scale stuff. I have not added any graphics to indicate the location of the break, since that is a matter of style. Good luck finishing the job.
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import scale as mscale
from matplotlib import transforms as mtransforms
import numpy as np
def CustomScaleFactory(l, u):
class CustomScale(mscale.ScaleBase):
name = 'custom'
def __init__(self, axis, **kwargs):
mscale.ScaleBase.__init__(self)
self.thresh = None #thresh
def get_transform(self):
return self.CustomTransform(self.thresh)
def set_default_locators_and_formatters(self, axis):
pass
class CustomTransform(mtransforms.Transform):
input_dims = 1
output_dims = 1
is_separable = True
lower = l
upper = u
def __init__(self, thresh):
mtransforms.Transform.__init__(self)
self.thresh = thresh
def transform(self, a):
aa = a.copy()
aa[a>self.lower] = a[a>self.lower]-(self.upper-self.lower)
aa[(a>self.lower)&(a<self.upper)] = self.lower
return aa
def inverted(self):
return CustomScale.InvertedCustomTransform(self.thresh)
class InvertedCustomTransform(mtransforms.Transform):
input_dims = 1
output_dims = 1
is_separable = True
lower = l
upper = u
def __init__(self, thresh):
mtransforms.Transform.__init__(self)
self.thresh = thresh
def transform(self, a):
aa = a.copy()
aa[a>self.lower] = a[a>self.lower]+(self.upper-self.lower)
return aa
def inverted(self):
return CustomScale.CustomTransform(self.thresh)
return CustomScale
mscale.register_scale(CustomScaleFactory(1.12, 8.88))
x = np.concatenate((np.linspace(0,1,10), np.linspace(9,10,10)))
xticks = np.concatenate((np.linspace(0,1,6), np.linspace(9,10,6)))
y = np.sin(x)
plt.plot(x, y, '.')
ax = plt.gca()
ax.set_xscale('custom')
ax.set_xticks(xticks)
plt.show()
Check the brokenaxes package:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from brokenaxes import brokenaxes
import numpy as np
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(5,2))
bax = brokenaxes(
xlims=((0, .1), (.4, .7)),
ylims=((-1, .7), (.79, 1)),
hspace=.05
)
x = np.linspace(0, 1, 100)
bax.plot(x, np.sin(10 * x), label='sin')
bax.plot(x, np.cos(10 * x), label='cos')
bax.legend(loc=3)
bax.set_xlabel('time')
bax.set_ylabel('value')
A very simple hack is to
scatter plot rectangles over the axes' spines and
draw the "//" as text at that position.
Worked like a charm for me:
# FAKE BROKEN AXES
# plot a white rectangle on the x-axis-spine to "break" it
xpos = 10 # x position of the "break"
ypos = plt.gca().get_ylim()[0] # y position of the "break"
plt.scatter(xpos, ypos, color='white', marker='s', s=80, clip_on=False, zorder=100)
# draw "//" on the same place as text
plt.text(xpos, ymin-0.125, r'//', fontsize=label_size, zorder=101, horizontalalignment='center', verticalalignment='center')
Example Plot:
For those interested, I've expanded upon #Paul's answer and added it to the matplotlib wrapper proplot. It can do axis "jumps", "speedups", and "slowdowns".
There is no way currently to add "crosses" that indicate the discrete jump like in Joe's answer, but I plan to add this in the future. I also plan to add a default "tick locator" that sets sensible default tick locations depending on the CutoffScale arguments.
Adressing Frederick Nord's question how to enable parallel orientation of the diagonal "breaking" lines when using a gridspec with ratios unequal 1:1, the following changes based on the proposals of Paul Ivanov and Joe Kingtons may be helpful. Width ratio can be varied using variables n and m.
import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.gridspec as gridspec
x = np.r_[0:1:0.1, 9:10:0.1]
y = np.sin(x)
n = 5; m = 1;
gs = gridspec.GridSpec(1,2, width_ratios = [n,m])
plt.figure(figsize=(10,8))
ax = plt.subplot(gs[0,0])
ax2 = plt.subplot(gs[0,1], sharey = ax)
plt.setp(ax2.get_yticklabels(), visible=False)
plt.subplots_adjust(wspace = 0.1)
ax.plot(x, y, 'bo')
ax2.plot(x, y, 'bo')
ax.set_xlim(0,1)
ax2.set_xlim(10,8)
# hide the spines between ax and ax2
ax.spines['right'].set_visible(False)
ax2.spines['left'].set_visible(False)
ax.yaxis.tick_left()
ax.tick_params(labeltop='off') # don't put tick labels at the top
ax2.yaxis.tick_right()
d = .015 # how big to make the diagonal lines in axes coordinates
# arguments to pass plot, just so we don't keep repeating them
kwargs = dict(transform=ax.transAxes, color='k', clip_on=False)
on = (n+m)/n; om = (n+m)/m;
ax.plot((1-d*on,1+d*on),(-d,d), **kwargs) # bottom-left diagonal
ax.plot((1-d*on,1+d*on),(1-d,1+d), **kwargs) # top-left diagonal
kwargs.update(transform=ax2.transAxes) # switch to the bottom axes
ax2.plot((-d*om,d*om),(-d,d), **kwargs) # bottom-right diagonal
ax2.plot((-d*om,d*om),(1-d,1+d), **kwargs) # top-right diagonal
plt.show()
This is a hacky but pretty solution for x-axis breaks.
The solution is based on https://matplotlib.org/stable/gallery/subplots_axes_and_figures/broken_axis.html, which gets rid of the problem with positioning the break above the spine, solved by How can I plot points so they appear over top of the spines with matplotlib?
from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def axis_break(axis, xpos=[0.1, 0.125], slant=1.5):
d = slant # proportion of vertical to horizontal extent of the slanted line
anchor = (xpos[0], -1)
w = xpos[1] - xpos[0]
h = 1
kwargs = dict(marker=[(-1, -d), (1, d)], markersize=12, zorder=3,
linestyle="none", color='k', mec='k', mew=1, clip_on=False)
axis.add_patch(Rectangle(
anchor, w, h, fill=True, color="white",
transform=axis.transAxes, clip_on=False, zorder=3)
)
axis.plot(xpos, [0, 0], transform=axis.transAxes, **kwargs)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1)
plt.plot(np.arange(10))
axis_break(ax, xpos=[0.1, 0.12], slant=1.5)
axis_break(ax, xpos=[0.3, 0.31], slant=-10)
if you want to replace an axis label, this would do the trick:
from matplotlib import ticker
def replace_pos_with_label(fig, pos, label, axis):
fig.canvas.draw() # this is needed to set up the x-ticks
labs = axis.get_xticklabels()
labels = []
locs = []
for text in labs:
x = text._x
lab = text._text
if x == pos:
lab = label
labels.append(lab)
locs.append(x)
axis.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.FixedLocator(locs))
axis.set_xticklabels(labels)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1)
plt.plot(np.arange(10))
replace_pos_with_label(fig, 0, "-10", axis=ax)
replace_pos_with_label(fig, 6, "$10^{4}$", axis=ax)
axis_break(ax, xpos=[0.1, 0.12], slant=2)
I'm trying to plot circles on a miller projection map using a center latitude, longitude and radius. I can't get the circles to show up on the map projection. I've tried plotting them using different techniques as shown in the links.
How to plot a circle in basemap or add artiste
How to make smooth circles on basemap projections
Here is my code:
def plot_notams(dict_of_filtered_notams):
''' Create a map of the US and plot all NOTAMS from a given time period.'''
'''Create the map'''
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6), dpi=200)
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
m = Basemap(projection='mill',llcrnrlat=20, urcrnrlat=55, llcrnrlon=-135, urcrnrlon=-60, resolution='h')
m.drawcoastlines()
m.drawcountries(linewidth=2)
m.drawstates()
m.fillcontinents(color='coral', lake_color='aqua')
m.drawmapboundary(fill_color='aqua')
m.drawmeridians(np.arange(-130, -65, 10), labels=[1,0,0,1], textcolor='black')
m.drawparallels(np.arange(20, 60, 5), labels=[1,0,0,1], textcolor='black')
''' Now add the NOTAMS to the map '''
notam_data = dict_of_filtered_notams['final_notam_list']
for line in notam_data:
notam_lat = float(line.split()[0])
notam_lon = float(line.split()[1])
coords = convert_coords(notam_lon, notam_lat)
notam_lon, notam_lat = coords[0], coords[1]
FL400_radius = np.radians(float(line.split()[2]))
x,y = m(notam_lon, notam_lat)
print("notam_lon = ",notam_lon, "notam_lat = ", notam_lat,"\n")
print("x,y values = ",'%.3f'%x,",",'%.3f'%y,"\n")
print("FL400_radius = ",('% 3.2f' % FL400_radius))
print("")
cir = plt.Circle((x,y), FL400_radius, color="white", fill=False)
ax.add_patch(cir)
(The convert_coords function is simply formatting the notam_lon/notam_lat values into a usable format as shown in the data below.)
Here is what my data looks like (you can see where it's being printed in the code above):
notam_lon = -117.7839 notam_lat = 39.6431
x,y values = 1914342.075 , 2398770.441
FL400_radius = 6.98
Here's an image of what my code above produces:
I also tried using the map.plot() function (specifically, m.plot(x,y, "o")) in place of "ax.add_patch(cir)." That worked but plotted points or "o's," of course. Here's the image produced by replacing "ax.add_patch(cir)" with "m.plot(x,y, "o")."
And as a final note, I'm using basemap 1.2.0-1 and matplotlib 3.0.3. I haven't found any indication that these versions are incompatible. Also, this inability to plot a circle wasn't an issue 2 months ago when I did this last. I'm at a loss here. I appreciate any feedback. Thank you.
To plot circles on a map, you need appropriate locations (x,y) and radius. Here is a working code and resulting plot.
from mpl_toolkits.basemap import Basemap
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
# make up 10 data points for location of circles
notam_lon = np.linspace(-117.7839, -100, 10)
notam_lat = np.linspace(39.6431, 52, 10)
# original radius of circle is too small
FL400_radius = 6.98 # what unit?
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,6))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
m = Basemap(projection='mill', llcrnrlat=20, urcrnrlat=55, llcrnrlon=-135, urcrnrlon=-60, resolution='l')
# radiusm = (m.ymax-m.ymin)/10. is good for check plot
radiusm = FL400_radius*10000 # meters, you adjust as needed here
for xi,yi in zip(notam_lon, notam_lat):
# xy=m(xi,yi): conversion (long,lat) to (x,y) on map
circle1 = plt.Circle(xy=m(xi,yi), radius=radiusm, \
edgecolor="blue", facecolor="yellow", zorder=10)
#ax.add_patch(circle1) # deprecated
ax.add_artist(circle1) # use this instead
m.drawcoastlines()
m.drawcountries(linewidth=2)
m.drawstates()
m.fillcontinents(color='coral', lake_color='aqua')
# m.drawmapboundary(fill_color='aqua') <-- causes deprecation warnings
# use this instead:
rect = plt.Rectangle((m.xmin,m.ymin), m.xmax-m.xmin, m.ymax-m.ymin, facecolor="aqua", zorder=-10)
ax.add_artist(rect)
m.drawmeridians(np.arange(-130, -65, 10), labels=[1,0,0,1], textcolor='black')
m.drawparallels(np.arange(20, 60, 5), labels=[1,0,0,1], textcolor='black')
plt.show()
The output map:
Hope this is useful.
I am trying to make an animation using ArtistAnimation like this:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.animation as animation
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ims = []
for i in range(60):
x = np.linspace(0,i,1000)
y = np.sin(x)
im = ax.plot(x,y, color='black')
ims.append(im)
ani = animation.ArtistAnimation(fig, ims, interval=50, blit=True,
repeat_delay=1000)
plt.show()
This animates a sine wave growing across the figure. Currently I'm just adding the Lines2D object returned by ax.plot() to ims. However, I would like to potentially draw multiple overlapping plots on the Axes and adjust the title, legend and x-axis range for each frame. How do I get an object that I can add to ims after plotting and making all the changes I want for each frame?
The list you supply to ArtistAnimation should be a list of lists of artists, one list per frame.
artist_list = [[line1a, line1b, title1], [line2a, line2b, title2], ...]
where the first list is shown in the first frame, the second list in the second frame etc.
The reason your code works is that ax.plot returns a list of lines (in your case only a list of a single line).
In any case, the following might be a more understandable version of your code where an additional text is animated.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.animation as animation
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
artist_list = []
for i in range(60):
x = np.linspace(0,i,1000)
y = np.sin(x)
line, = ax.plot(x,y, color='black')
text = ax.text(i,0,i)
artist_list.append([line, text])
ani = animation.ArtistAnimation(fig, artist_list, interval=50, blit=True,
repeat_delay=1000)
plt.show()
In general, it will be hard to animate changing axes limits with ArtistAnimation, so if that is an ultimate goal consider using a FuncAnimation instead.
I need to create a sequence of .pdf files where each .pdf contains a figure with five plots.
As I am going to include them in a LaTeX article, I wanted them all to be the same width and height so that each figure's corners are vertically aligned on both left and right sides.
I thought this would be enough, but apparently not:
common_figsize=(6,5)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = common_figsize)
# five plots in a loop for the first figure.
# my_code()...
plt.savefig("Figure-1.pdf", transparent=True)
plt.close(fig)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = common_figsize)
# five plots in a loop for the new figure.
# my_code()...
plt.savefig("Figure-2.pdf", transparent=True)
plt.close(fig)
If I understand correctly, this does not do exactly what I want because of different scales originating from different yticks resolutions.
For both figures, pyplot is fed the same list for xticks.
In this case, it is a list of 50 values, from 1 to 50.
CHUNK_COUNT = 50
x_step = CHUNK_COUNT / 10
new_xticks = list(range(x_step, CHUNK_COUNT + x_step, x_step)) + [1]
plt.xticks(new_xticks)
ax.set_xlim(left=1, right=CHUNK_COUNT)
This creates both figures with an X-axis that goes from 1 to 50.
So far so good.
However, I haven't figured out how to deal with the problem of yticks resolution.
One of the figures had less yticks than the other, so I overrode it to have as many ticks as the other:
# Add yticks to Figure 1.
y_divisor = 6
y_step = (100 - min_y_tick) / y_divisor
new_yticks = [min_y_tick + y_step * i for i in range(0, y_divisor + 1)]
plt.yticks(new_yticks)
This resulted in the following images:
(click on each to open in new tab to see that in fact the bounding square of each figure is different)
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
In summary, I believe matplotlib is accepting the figsize parameter, but then rearranges plot elements to accommodate for different tick values and text lengths.
Is it possible for it to operate in reverse? To change label and text rotations automagically so that the squares are absolutely the same length and height?
Apologies if this is a duplicate and thanks for the help.
EDIT:
Finally able to provide a minimal, complete and verifiable example.
Among the tests, I removed the custom yticks code and the problem still persists:
from matplotlib.lines import Line2D
import matplotlib.ticker as mtick
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
# activate latex text rendering
rc('text', usetex=True)
from matplotlib import rcParams
rcParams.update({'figure.autolayout': True})
CHUNK_COUNT = 50
common_figsize=(6,5)
plot_counter = 5
x_step = int(int(CHUNK_COUNT) / 10)
new_xticks = list(range(x_step, int(CHUNK_COUNT) + x_step, x_step)) + [1]
##### Plot Figure 1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = common_figsize)
plt.ylabel("Summary of a simple YY axis")
plt.yticks(rotation=45)
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter(is_latex=False))
for i in range(0, plot_counter):
xvals = range(1, CHUNK_COUNT + 1)
yvals = []
for j in xvals:
yvals.append(j + i)
plt.plot(xvals, yvals)
plt.xticks(new_xticks)
ax.set_xlim(left=1, right=int(CHUNK_COUNT))
plt.savefig("Figure_1.png", transparent=True)
plt.close(fig)
##### Plot Figure 2
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize = common_figsize)
plt.ylabel("Summary of another YY axis")
plt.yticks(rotation=45)
ax.yaxis.set_major_formatter(mtick.PercentFormatter(is_latex=False))
for i in range(0, plot_counter):
xvals = range(1, CHUNK_COUNT + 1)
yvals = []
for j in xvals:
yvals.append((j + i) / 100)
plt.plot(xvals, yvals)
plt.xticks(new_xticks)
ax.set_xlim(left=1, right=int(CHUNK_COUNT))
plt.savefig("Figure_2.png", transparent=True)
plt.close(fig)
It turns out this was due to a mistake on my part.
I carried over code from another context where
autolayout
was active:
from matplotlib import rcParams
rcParams.update({'figure.autolayout': True})
After setting it to False, the figure squares all had the same dimensions:
from matplotlib import rcParams
rcParams.update({'figure.autolayout': False})
Despite the length differences in ytick elements, it is now respecting the dimensions specified in my original question.
These results were generated with the MWE example I added at the end of my question:
I want to update a plot every x seconds and keep the shared x axis. The problem is that when using a cla() command the sharedx gets lost and when not using the cla(), the plot is not updated, but "overplotted", as in this minimal example:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
data = pd.DataFrame([[1,2,1],[3,1,3]], index = [1,2])
n_plots = data.shape[1]
fig, axs = plt.subplots(n_plots , 1, sharex = True)
axs = axs.ravel()
while True:
for i in range(n_plots):
#axs[i].cla()
axs[i].plot(data.iloc[:,i])
axs[i].grid()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.draw()
plt.pause(5)
data = pd.concat([data,data]).reset_index(drop = True)
The behaviour can be seen by uncommenting the axs[i].cla() line.
So the question is:
How can I update a plot (without predefined number of subplots) in a while loop (I want to update some data) and keep a shared x-axis?
Thanks in advance
First, to produce animations with matplotlib you should have a look at FuncAnimation. You'll find lots of posts on SO on this subject, for instance: Dynamically updating plot in matplotlib
The general guideline is to not repetitively call plt.plot() but instead use the set_data() function of the Line2D object returned by plot(). In other words, in a first part of your code you instantiate an object with an empty plot
l, = plt.plot([],[])
and then, whenever you need to update your plot, you keep the same object (do not clear the axes, do not make a new plot() call), and simply update its content:
l.set_data(X,Y)
# alternatively, if only Y-data changes
l.set_ydata(Y) # make sure that len(Y)==len(l.get_xdata())!
EDIT: Here is a minimal example showing 3 axes with shared x-axis, like you are trying to do
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
N_points_to_display = 20
N_lines = 3
line_colors = ['r','g','b']
fig, axs = plt.subplots(N_lines, 1, sharex=True)
my_lines = []
for ax,c in zip(axs,line_colors):
l, = ax.plot([], [], c, animated=True)
my_lines.append(l)
def init():
for ax in axs:
ax.set_xlim((0,N_points_to_display))
ax.set_ylim((-1.5,1.5))
return my_lines
def update(frame):
#generates a random number to simulate new incoming data
new_data = np.random.random(size=(N_lines,))
for l,datum in zip(my_lines,new_data):
xdata, ydata = l.get_data()
ydata = np.append(ydata, datum)
#keep only the last N_points_to_display
ydata = ydata[-N_points_to_display:]
xdata = range(0,len(ydata))
# update the data in the Line2D object
l.set_data(xdata,ydata)
return my_lines
anim = FuncAnimation(fig, update, interval=200,
init_func=init, blit=True)