Let's say we have next directory structure: parent\exampledir\exampledir\<very complicated folder structure like node modules>. By running only one command I want to have next structure: parent\exampledir\<very complicated folder structure like node modules>. How can I achieve this in command prompt?
I tried with: move exampledir\exampledir ., but I get a prompt asking me do I want to override exampledir. After I answer with Yes I get a message saying that access is denied. If I change the name of outer exampledir everything is fine and inner exampledir with all files and folders is correctly moved, but then there is one extra step where I need to delete outer exampledir.
You can do this in one command line, though technically it would be multiple commands using a FOR loop and then first renaming the source directory. You can enter multiple commands on a single line using a semi-colon. The following is written from my head so may not be technically accurate but should guide you to the correct way to write it:
d=blah\exampledir;REN "%d" "%d.bak";MOVE "%d.bak\%~nd" "%d"
This effectively moves the directory to a .bak, and then pulls the subdirectory of the same name back to the original name. If you put this into a batch file, don't forget to escape the % signs with a second one.
Another option could be to add * after the directory name so you MOVE exampledir\exampledir* exampledir\
it may be possible that using Git for Bash, you could launch the shell and use the Linux mv command which may work
Finally, if you want to make sure you back up your batch files, create a free GitHub account and either store it in a repo or create a Gist for one off things
I have installed LXDE on my Ubuntu PC (not Lubuntu). I want to change the text in the logout session. The default text is "Logout LXDE session ?". But I want to personalize it. I've already changed the picture of the logout session. Can you help me? Thank you very much.
BowStar
I don’t know yet how to solve this in a completely and permanent way, but you can create a new logout dialogue box:
Make a Folder and, inside it, click with the right mouse button to create a new empty file (a simply txt file) with the name "temp-lubuntu-logout" (you can change the file name after the conclusion of the work.
Paste this text, changing the items to fit your options:
!/bin/sh
lxsession-logout --prompt "Your custom message" --banner "Your logo" \
--side "left | top | right | bottom (The position of the logo)"
Open with the terminal the folder where is your temp-lubuntu-logout file and make it executable with this command:
sudo chmod +x temp-lubuntu-logout
That’s all! You just created a script file!
To verify is it is working, write in the terminal:
./temp-lubuntu-logout
(dont forget the dot before the /)
Now I can’t help more them this. You need to link this script to the the command of a app. Or you can change the lubuntu-logout script with your new script file (you may, for example, rename the original script to "former-lubuntu-logout" and your file to "lubuntu-logout". Probably, the path to the "lubuntu-logout" file is /usr/bin).
https://crisnepita.wordpress.com/2012/08/12/cambiar-un-poco-la-ventana-de-cerrar-sesion-en-lubuntu/
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/170029/command-to-log-out-of-lxde-directly/171880
http://tunealxde.blogspot.pt/2015/02/tunea-el-dialogo-de-cierre-de-sesion-de.html
I have found a way to change it.
Warning
This requires you to know what you are doing.
Use your favorite hex editor and edit file /usr/bin/lxsession-logout
Scroll all the way down the file, then go up until you see a human-readable section.
Over there, on a long string, there is the logout menu in bytes.
Once you change stuff in there, and save the binary, if you did not break something it will work. For deleting something, just overwrite its section with spaces, same for text and labels.
Tip: only edit and don't change any appearance order or add more bytes at some index because it will scramble the offset table of the file and will become corrupted.
When running an interactive session, PyCharm thinks of os.getcwd() as my project's directory. However, when I run my script from the command line, PyCharm thinks of os.getcwd() as the directory of the script.
Is there a good workaround for this? Here is what I tried and did not like:
going to Run/Edit Configurations and changing the working directory manually. I did not like this solution, because I will have to do it for every script that I run.
having one line in my code that "fixes" the path for the purposes of interactive sessions and commenting it out before running from command line. This works, but feels wrong.
Is there a way to do this or is it just the way it is supposed to be? Maybe I shouldn't be trying to run random scripts within my project?
Any insight would be greatly appreciated.
Clarification:
By "interactive session" I mean being able to run each line individually in a Python/IPython Console
By "running from command line" I mean creating a script my_script.py and running python path_to_myscript/my_script.py (I actually press the Run button at PyCharm, but I think it's the same).
Other facts that might prove worth mentioning:
I have created a PyCharm project. This contains (among other things) the package Graphs, which contains the module Graph and some .txt files. When I do something within my Graph module (e.g. read a graph from a file), I like to test that things worked as expected. I do this by running a selection of lines (interactively). To read a .txt file, I have to go (using os.path.join()) from the current working directory (the project directory, ...\\project_name) to the module's directory ...\\project_name\\Graphs, where the file is located. However, when I run the whole script via the command line, the command reading the .txt file raises an Error, complaining that no file was found. By looking on the name of the file that was not found, I see that the full file name is something like this:
...\\project_name\\Graphs\\Graphs\\graph1.txt
It seems that this time the current working directory is ...\\project_name\\Graphs\\, and my os.path.join() command actually spoils it.
I user various methods in my python scripts.
set the working directory as first step of your code using os.chdir(some_existing_path)
This would mean all your other paths should be referenced to this, as you hard set the path. You just need to make sure it works from any location and your specifically in your IDE. Obviously, another os.chdir() would change the working directory and os.getcwd() would return the new working directory
set the working directory to __file__ by using os.chdir(os.path.dirname(__file__))
This is actually what I use most, as it is quite reliable, and then I reference all further paths or file operations to this. Or you can simply refer to as os.path.dirname(__file__) in your code without actually changing the working directory
get the working directory using os.getcwd()
And reference all path and file operations to this, knowing it will change based on how the script is launched. Note: do NOT assume that this returns the location of your script, it returns the working directory of the shell !!
[EDIT based on new information]
By "interactive session" I mean being able to run each line
individually in a Python/IPython Console
By running interactively line-by-line in a Python console, the __file__ is not defined, afterall: you are not executing a file. Hence you cannot use os.path.dirname(__file__) you will have to use something like os.chdir(some_known_existing_dir) to reference a path. As a programmer you need to be very aware of working directory and changes to this, your code should reflect that.
By "running from command line" I mean creating a script my_script.py
and running python path_to_myscript/my_script.py (I actually press the
Run button at PyCharm, but I think it's the same).
This, both executing a .py from command line as well as running in your IDE, will populate the __file__, hence you can use os.path.dirname(__file__)
HTH
I am purposely adding another answer to this post, in regards the following:
Other facts that might prove worth mentioning:
I have created a PyCharm project. This contains (among other things)
the package Graphs, which contains the module Graph and some .txt
files. When I do something within my Graph module (e.g. read a graph
from a file), I like to test that things worked as expected. I do this
by running a selection of lines (interactively). To read a .txt file,
I have to go (using os.path.join()) from the current working directory
(the project directory, ...\project_name) to the module's directory
...\project_name\Graphs, where the file is located. However, when I
run the whole script via the command line, the command reading the
.txt file raises an Error, complaining that no file was found. By
looking on the name of the file that was not found, I see that the
full file name is something like this:
...\project_name\Graphs\Graphs\graph1.txt It seems that this time
the current working directory is ...\project_name\Graphs\, and my
os.path.join() command actually spoils it.
I strongly believe that if a python script takes input from any file, that the author of the script needs to cater for this in the script.
What I mean is you as the author need to make sure you know the following regardless of how your script is executed:
What is the working directory
What is the script directory
These two you have no control over when you hand off your script to others, or run it on other peoples machines. The working directory is dependent on how the script is launched. It seems that you run on Windows, so here is an example:
C:\> c:\python\python your_script.py
The working directory is now C:\ if your_script.py is in C:\
C:\some_dir\another_dir\> c:\python\python.exe c:\your_script_dir\your_script.py
The working directory is now C:\some_dir\another_dir
And the above example may even give different results if the SYSTEM PATH variable is set to the path of the location of your_script.py
You need to ensure that your script works even if the user(s) of your script are placing this in various locations on their machines. Some people (and I don't know why) tend to put everything on the Desktop. You need to ensure your script can cope with this, including any spaces in the path name.
Furthermore, if your script is taking input from a file, the you as the author need to ensure that you can cope with changes in working directory, and changes of script directory. There are a few things you may consider:
Have your script input from a known (static) directory, something like C:\python_input\
Have your script input from a known (configurable) directory, use ConfigParser, you can search here on stackoverflow on many posts
Have your script input from a known directory related to the location of the script (using os.path.dirname(__file__))
any other method you may employ to ensure your script can get to the input
Ultimately this is all in your control, and you need to code to ensure it is working.
HTH,
Edwin.
I want to save all the commands that are fired in the terminal. Using history and appending it to a file using cron job method is not suitable for my case.
If anyone types a ls -lrt in the terminal and as soon as he presses the Enter, I want to store it in a file. Any logical explanation would do, I would write the code myself.
I know how to list contents of the current directory with one entry per line using this command:
$ ls -1
However, i don't know how to simultaneously display the contents one screen at a time. I've tried using the less command but i haven't had any success so far.
Any help much appreciated.