I know I can use (every #'digit-char-p str) to check if every character is an digit or (every #'alpha-char-p str) if it is a character. The problem is that I want to accept if the word contains letters or number but not symbols like +. Hello1 should return true but not Hello1-. Anyone knows how to do that?
every's first argument is a function (in fact a function designator): you can put any function you want there. In this case, as mentioned in a comment, there's a function defined by the language which does what you want, but if there wasn't you could write one:
(every (lambda (c) (or (digit-char-p c) (alpha-char-p c))) ...)
or (every (lambda (c) (and (explodablep c) (green c))) ...). Or anything you want.
Related
I am struggling to understand how to read a file line by line with racket, while passing each line to a recursive function.
According to the manual, the idiomatic way of doing this is something like the following example:
(with-input-from-file "manylines.txt"
(lambda ()
(for ([l (in-lines)])
(op l))))
What if my function op is a recursive function that needs to do some complicated operations depending on the line just read from file and also on the history of the recursion?
For example, I could have a function like this:
(define (op l s)
;; l is a string, s is a list
(cond ((predicate? l)
(op (next-line-from-file) (cons (function-yes l) s)))
(else
(op (next-line-from-file) (append (function-no l) s)))))
I am not sure how to use this function within the framework described by the manual.
Here next-line-from-file is a construct I made up to make it clear that I would like to keep reading the file.
I think I could do what I want by introducing side effects, for example:
(with-input-from-file "manylines.txt"
(lambda ()
(let ((s '()))
(for ([l (in-lines)])
(if (predicate? l)
(let ((prefix (function-yes l)))
(set-cdr! s s)
(set-car! s prefix))
(let ((prefix (function-no l)))
(set-cdr! prefix s)
(set-car! s prefix)))))))
I actually did not try to run this code, so I'm not sure it would work.
Anyway I would bet that this common task can be solved without introducing side effects, but how?
Two approaches that Racket supports rather well are to turn the port into something which is essentially a generator of lines, or into a stream. You can then pass these things around as arguments to whatever function you are using in order to successively read lines from the file.
The underlying thing in both of these is that ports are sequences, (in-lines p) returns another sequence which consists of the lines from p, and then you can turn these into generators or streams.
Here's a function which will cat a file (just read its lines in other words) using a generator:
(define (cat/generator f)
(call-with-input-file f
(λ (p)
(let-values ([(more? next) (sequence-generate (in-lines p))])
(let loop ([carry-on? (more?)])
(when carry-on?
(displayln (next))
(loop (more?))))))))
Here call-with-input-file deals with opening the file and calling its second argument with a suitable port. in-lines makes a sequence of lines from the port, and sequence-generate then takes any sequence and returns two thunks: one tells you if the sequence is exhausted, and one returns the next thing in it if it isn't. The remainder of the function just uses these functions to print the lines of the file.
Here's an equivalent function which does it using a stream:
(define (cat/stream f)
(call-with-input-file f
(λ (p)
(let loop ([s (sequence->stream (in-lines p))])
(unless (stream-empty? s)
(displayln (stream-first s))
(loop (stream-rest s)))))))
Here the trick is that sequence->stream returns a stream corresponding to a sequence, and then stream-empty? will tell you if you're at the end of the stream, and if it's not empty, then stream-first returns the first element (conceptually the car) while stream-rest returns a stream of all the other elements.
The second one of these is nicer I think.
One nice thing is that lists are streams so you can write functions which use the stream-* functions, test them on lists, and then use them on any other kind of stream, which means any other kind of sequence, and the functions will never know.
I recently implement something similar, except in my case the predicate depended on the following line, not the preceding one. In any case, I found it simplest to discard in-lines and use read-line recursively. Since the predicate depended on unread input, I used peek-string to look ahead in the input stream.
If you really want to use in-lines, you might like to experiment with sequence-fold:
(sequence-fold your-procedure '() (in-lines))
Notice this uses an accumulator, which you could use to check the previous results from your procedure. However, if you're building a list, you generally want to build it backwards using cons, so the most recent element is at the head of the list and can be accessed in constant time. Once you're done, reverse the list.
Switch statement with Strings in Lisp.
(defun switch(value)
(case value
(("XY") (print "XY"))
(("AB") (print "AB"))
)
)
I want to compare if value is "XY" then print "XY" or same for "AB".
I have tried this code but it gives me nil. Can some please tell me what i am doing wrong?
You can use the library alexandria, which has a configurable switch macro:
(switch ("XY" :test 'equal)
("XY" "an X and a Y")
("AB" "an A and a B"))
print("XY") looks more like Algol (and all of its descendants) rather than LISP. To apply print one would surround the operator and arguments in parentheses like (print "XY")
case happens to be a macro and you can test the result yourself with passing the quoted code to macroexpand and in my implementation I get:
(let ((value value))
(cond ((eql value '"XY") (print "XY"))
((eql value '"AB") (print "AB"))))
You should know that eql is only good for primiitive data types and numbers. Strings are sequences and thus (eql "XY" "XY") ;==> nil
Perhaps you should use something else than case. eg. use cond or if with equal.
The Hyperspec on CASE says:
These macros allow the conditional execution of a body of forms in a clause that is selected by matching the test-key on the basis of its identity.
And strings are not identical in CL, i.e. (EQ "AB" "AB") => NIL.
That is why CASE wouldn't work for strings. You either need to use symbols (they are interned once only, thus guaranteeing identity) or use COND with EQUAL or even EQUALP if the letters case to be ignored.
I am trying to have my Scheme program import strings without needing to use open-input-string before the string. So for example, right now I can do the following:
> (scheme_lexer (open-input-string "3+4*2"))
However, is there a way for my program to work if I input the string this way?:
> (scheme_lexer ("3+4*2"))
Thank you!
Is there any particular reason you can't just make a scheme_lexer_string function that does this for you when dealing with strings? The extra parentheses just seem like clutter, and they make a macro the only real solution. If you dropped that requirement and made something like (scheme_lexer "3+4*2") acceptable, you can make an ordinary function for handling strings:
(define (scheme_lexer_string s)
(scheme_lexer (open-input-string s)))
If what you want is a function that handles both input ports and strings, you can make a general function that dispatches based on the type of the argument to the specific functions. In this case, your original scheme_lexer would be renamed to scheme_lexer_input_port and you would have these functions:
(define (scheme_lexer_string s)
(scheme_lexer_input_port (open-input-string s)))
(define (scheme_lexer in)
(if (string? in)
(scheme_lexer_string in)
(scheme_lexer_input_port in)))
Now scheme_lexer works for both strings and ports and dispatches to the correct function as desired.
> (scheme_lexer some-input-port)
... evaluates the content in the port
> (scheme_lexer "abcd")
... evaluates the string "abcd"
Here is one option. I have used a testing function lexer just to show the macro. You can adjust it to your needs.
(define (lexer sp) (read sp))
(define-syntax scheme_lexer
(syntax-rules ()
((_ (input))
(lexer (open-input-string input)))))
And to test:
> (scheme_lexer ("3+4*2"))
'3+4*2
i need to check if a word are just with letter
example "hfjel" return true
"df(f0" return false
and anyone can explain me the function symbol-name
thank you for help
There is a handy standard function called alpha-char-p that does what you're asking for.
CL-USER(1): (alpha-char-p #\a)
T
CL-USER(2): (alpha-char-p #\Γ)
T
CL-USER(3): (alpha-char-p #\α)
T
CL-USER(4): (alpha-char-p #\0)
NIL
CL-USER(5): (alpha-char-p #\.)
NIL
You can use it in conjunction with every:
CL-USER(7): (every #'alpha-char-p "word")
T
CL-USER(8): (every #'alpha-char-p "nonword7")
NIL
CL-USER(9): (every #'alpha-char-p "non-alpha-word")
NIL
CL-USER(10): (every #'alpha-char-p "今日は")
T
OK, I commented above on diacritics because this particular case often goes unnoticed, below is an example:
* (defparameter *weird-letter*
(coerce (list (code-char #x0438)
(code-char #x0306)) 'string))
*WEIRD-LETTER*
* *weird-letter*
"и"
* (length *weird-letter*)
2
* (every #'alpha-char-p *weird-letter*)
NIL
I'm actually not sure what different Lisp implementations will do here because Unicode support is different in some of them (so far I can tell).
For the code above, the expected result must've been T, because, in fact, two codepoints U+0438-U+0306 constitute a single letter with diacritic. There are two ways in Unicode to spell it, one is a single character, and another one is a combination of the same letter without the diacritic and the diacritic.
So, if you wanted to be super-correct, then you would have to check if, by chance, the letter is not followed by diacritic, but (lo and behold!) only some of these are actually valid letters! Unicode is serious business...
EDIT:
In order to better illustrate my case:
#!/opt/ActivePerl-5.14/bin/perl
binmode STDOUT, ":utf8";
my $weird_letter = "\x{0438}\x{0306}";
print "$weird_letter\n";
if ($weird_letter =~ m/^(\pL|(\pL\pM))+$/)
{ print "it is a letter!\n"; }
else { print "it is not a letter!\n"; }
The above would almost fairly treat this kind of characters.
I was wondering about which is the best (clojuresque) way to compare a character and a string in Clojure.
Obviously something like that returns false:
(= (first "clojure") "c")
because first returns a java.lang.Character and "c" is a single character string. Does exists a construct to compare directly char and string without invoking a cast? I haven't found a way different from this:
(= (str (first "clojure")) "c")
but I'm not satisfied.
Any ideas?
Bye,
Alfredo
How about the straight forward String interop?
(= (.charAt "clojure" 0) \c)
or
(.startsWith "clojure" "c")
It should be as fast as it can get and doesn't allocate a seq object (and in your second example an additional string) which is immediately thrown away again just to do a comparison.
Character literals are written \a \b \c ... in Clojure so you can simply write
(= (first "clojure") \c)
strings can be directly indexed without building a sequence from then and taking the first of that sequence.
(= (nth "clojure" 0) \c)
=> true
nth calls through to this java code:
static public Object nth(Object coll, int n){
if(coll instanceof Indexed)
return ((Indexed) coll).nth(n); <-------
return nthFrom(Util.ret1(coll, coll = null), n);
}
which efficiently reads the character directly.
first call through to this java code:
static public Object first(Object x){
if(x instanceof ISeq)
return ((ISeq) x).first();
ISeq seq = seq(x); <----- (1)
if(seq == null)
return null;
return seq.first(); <------ (2)
}
which builds a seq for the string (1) (building a seq is really fast) and then takes the first item from that seq (2). after the return the seq is garbage.
Seqs are clearly the most idomatic way of accessing anything sequential in clojure and I'm not knocking them at all. It is interesting to be aware of what you are creating when. switching out all your calls to first with calls to nth is likely to be a case of premature optimization. if you want the 100th char in the string i would suggest using an indexed access function like nth
in short: don't sweat the small stuff :)
Fundamentally (at least on the Clojure level — though see Kotarak's answer and others for alternatives to this), you're comparing two sequences: "clojure" and "c". The condition of equality is that the first element of each sequence is equal. So if you want to express this directly you can do
(apply = (map first ["clojure" "c"]))
or the other way around, where you create a lazy sequence over the equality comparison between each pair of characters, and just take the first element of it:
(first (map = "clojure" "c"))
You could use the take function from clojure.contrib.string. Or write your own function that returns the first char if that's something you need frequently.
You can just use str, as you did in your second example. There isn't really anything wrong with that. I mean, you could call first on "c" as well to make it a character, but it wont really make a difference. Is there any reason why you don't like this? It's not really adding much to your code by calling str on the character.
user=> (= (subs "clojure" 0 1) "c")
true
user=> (= (str (first "clojure") "c"))
true
These days you don't necessarily have to use Java interop:
(clojure.string/starts-with? "clojure" "c")
starts-with? is just a thin wrapper (around .startsWith).
So now if you use both Clojure and ClojureScript you won't have to remember both the Java and the JavaScript interop.