A Pytorch program, which I don't fully understand, produced an output and wrote it into weight.txt. I'm trying to do some further calculations based on this output.
I'd like the output to be interpreted as a list of length 3, each entry of which is a list of floats of length 240.
I use this to load in the data
w=open("weight.txt","r")
weight=[]
for number in w:
weight.append(number)
print(len(weight)) yields 3. So far so good.
But then print(len(weight[0])) yields 6141. That's bad!
On closer inspection, it's because weight[0] is being read character-by-character instead of number-by-number. So for example, print(weight[0][0]) yields - instead of -1.327657848596572876e-01. These numbers are separated by single spaces, which are also being read as characters.
How do I fix this?
Thank you
Edit: I tried making a repair function:
def repair(S):
numbers=[]
num=''
for i in range(len(S)):
if S[i]!=' ':
num+=S[i]
elif S[i]==' ':
num=float(num)
numbers.append(num)
num=''
elif i==len(S)-1:
num+=S[i]
num=float(num)
numbers.append(num)
return numbers
Unfortunately, print(repair('123 456')) returns [123.0] instead of the desired [123.0 456.0].
You haven't told us what your input file looks like, so it's hard to give an exact answer. But, assuming it looks like this:
123 312.8 12
2.5 12.7 32
the following program:
w=open("weight.txt","r")
weight=[]
for line in w:
for n in line.split():
weight.append(float(n))
print weight
will print:
[123.0, 312.8, 12.0, 2.5, 12.7, 32.0]
which is closer to what you're looking for, I presume?
The crux of the issue here is that for number in w in your program simply goes through each line: You have to have another loop to split that line into its constituents and then convert appropriately.
Related
I know there are already at least two topics that explain how map() works but I can't seem to understand its workings in a specific case I encountered.
I was working on the following Python exercise:
Write a program that computes the net amount of a bank account based a
transaction log from console input. The transaction log format is
shown as following:
D 100
W 200
D means deposit while W means withdrawal. Suppose the following input
is supplied to the program:
D 300
D 300
W 200
D 100
Then, the output should be:
500
One of the answers offered for this exercise was the following:
total = 0
while True:
s = input().split()
if not s:
break
cm,num = map(str,s)
if cm=='D':
total+=int(num)
if cm=='W':
total-=int(num)
print(total)
Now, I understand that map applies a function (str) to an iterable (s), but what I'm failing to see is how the program identifies what is a number in the s string. I assume str converts each letter/number/etc in a string type, but then how does int(num) know what to pick as a whole number? In other words, how come this code doesn't produce some kind of TypeError or ValueError, because the way I see it, it would try and make an integer of (for example) "D 100"?
first
cm,num = map(str,s)
could be simplified as
cm,num = s
since s is already a list of strings made of 2 elements (if the input is correct). No need to convert strings that are already strings. s is just unpacked into 2 variables.
the way I see it, it would try and make an integer of (for example) "D 100"?
no it cannot, since num is the second parameter of the string.
if input is "D 100", then s is ['D','100'], then cm is 'D' and num is '100'
Then since num represents an integer int(num) is going to convert num to its integer value.
The above code is completely devoid of error checking (number of parameters, parameters "type") but with the correct parameters it works.
and map is completely useless in that particular example too.
The reason is the .split(), statement before in the s = input().split(). This creates a list of the values D and 100 (or ['D', '100']), because the default split character is a space ( ). Then the map function applies the str operation to both 'D' and '100'.
Now the map, function is not really required because both values upon input are automatically of the type str (strings).
The second question is how int(num) knows how to convert a string. This has to do with the second (implicit) argument base. Similar to how .split() has a default argument of the character to split on, so does num have a default argument to convert to.
The full code is similar to int(num, base=10). So as long as num has the values 0-9 and at most 1 ., int can convert it properly to the base 10. For more examples check out built in int.
let me explain better what I mean in the title.
Examples of strings where to search (i.e. strings of variable lengths
each one is an element of a list; very large in reality):
STRINGS = ['sftrkpilotndkpilotllptptpyrh', 'ffftapilotdfmmmbtyrtdll', 'gftttepncvjspwqbbqbthpilotou', 'htfrpilotrtubbbfelnxcdcz']
The substring to find, which I know is for sure:
contained in each element of STRINGS
is also contained in a SOURCE string
is of a certain fixed LENGTH (5 characters in this example).
SOURCE = ['gfrtewwxadasvpbepilotzxxndffc']
I am trying to write a Python3 program that finds this hidden word of 5 characters that is in SOURCE and at what position(s) it occurs in each element of STRINGS.
I am also trying to store the results in an array or a dictionary (I do not know what is more convenient at the moment).
Moreover, I need to perform other searches of the same type but with different LENGTH values, so this value should be provided by a variable in order to be of more general use.
I know that the first point has been already solved in previous posts, but
never (as far as I know) together with the second point, which is the part of the code I could not be able to deal with successfully (I do not post my code because I know it is just too far from being fixable).
Any help from this great community is highly appreciated.
-- Maurizio
You can iterate over the source string and for each sub-string use the re module to find the positions within each of the other strings. Then if at least one occurrence was found for each of the strings, yield the result:
import re
def find(source, strings, length):
for i in range(len(source) - length):
sub = source[i:i+length]
positions = {}
for s in strings:
# positions[s] = [m.start() for m in re.finditer(re.escape(sub), s)]
positions[s] = [i for i in range(len(s)) if s.startswith(sub, i)] # Using built-in functions.
if not positions[s]:
break
else:
yield sub, positions
And the generator can be used as illustrated in the following example:
import pprint
pprint.pprint(dict(find(
source='gfrtewwxadasvpbepilotzxxndffc',
strings=['sftrkpilotndkpilotllptptpyrh',
'ffftapilotdfmmmbtyrtdll',
'gftttepncvjspwqbbqbthpilotou',
'htfrpilotrtubbbfelnxcdcz'],
length=5
)))
which produces the following output:
{'pilot': {'ffftapilotdfmmmbtyrtdll': [5],
'gftttepncvjspwqbbqbthpilotou': [21],
'htfrpilotrtubbbfelnxcdcz': [4],
'sftrkpilotndkpilotllptptpyrh': [5, 13]}}
My question is similar to this; I tried using genfromtxt but still, it doesn't work. Reads the file as expected but not as floats. Code and File excerpt below
temp = np.genfromtxt('PFRP_12.csv', names=True, skip_header=1, comments="#", delimiter=",", dtype=None)
reads as (b'"0"', b'"0.2241135"', b'"0"', b'"0.01245075"', b'"0"', b'"0"')
"1 _ 1",,,,,
"Time","Force","Stroke","Stress","Strain","Disp."
#"sec","N","mm","MPa","%","mm"
"0","0.2241135","0","0.01245075","0","0"
"0.1","0.2304713","0.0016","0.01280396","0.001066667","0.0016"
"0.2","1.707077","0.004675","0.09483761","0.003116667","0.004675"
I tried with different dtypes (none, str, float, byte), still no success. Thanks!
Edit: As Evert mentioned I tried float also but reads all them as none (nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan)
Another solution is to use the converters argument:
np.genfromtxt('inp.txt', names=True, skip_header=1, comments="#",
delimiter=",", dtype=None,
converters=dict((i, lambda s: float(s.decode().strip('"'))) for i in range(6)))
(you'll need to specify a converter for each column).
Side remark Oddly enough, while dtype="U12" or similar should actually produce strings instead of bytes (avoiding the .decode() part), this doesn't seem to work, and results in empty entries.
Here is a fancy, unreadable, functional programming style way of converting your input to the record array you're looking for:
>>> np.core.records.fromarrays(np.asarray([float(y.decode().strip('"')) for x in temp for y in x]).reshape(-1, temp.shape[0]), names=temp.dtype.names, formats=['f'] * len(temp.dtype.names))
or spread out across a few lines:
>>> np.core.records.fromarrays(
... np.asarray(
... [float(y.decode().strip('"')) for x in temp for y in x]
... ).reshape(-1, temp.shape[0]),
... names=temp.dtype.names,
... formats=['f'] * len(temp.dtype.names))
I wouldn't recommend this solution, but sometimes it's fun to hack something like this together.
The issue with your data is a bit more complicated than it may seem.
That is because the numbers in your CSV files really are not numbers: they are explicitly strings, as they have surrounding double quotes.
So, there are 3 steps involved in the conversion to float:
- decode the bytes to Python 3 (unicode) string
- remove (strip) the double quotes from each end of each string
- convert the remaining string to float
This happens inside the double list comprehension, on line 3. It's a double list comprehension, since a rec-array is essentially 2D.
The resulting list, however is 1D. I turn it back into a numpy array (np.asarray) so I can easily reshape to something 2D. That (now plain float) array is then given to np.core.records.fromarrays, with the names taken from the original rec-array, and the formats set for each field to float.
Among other things, my project requires the retrieval of distance information from file, converting the data into integers, then adding them to a 128 x 128 matrix.
I am at an impasse while reading the data from line.
I retrieve it with:
distances = []
with open(filename, 'r') as f:
for line in f:
if line[0].isdigit():
distances.extend(line.splitlines())`
This produces a list of strings.
while
int(distances) #does not work
int(distances[0]) # produces the correct integer when called through console
However, the spaces foobar the procedure later on.
An example of list:
['966']['966', '1513' 2410'] # the distance list increases with each additional city. The first item is actually the distance of the second city from the first. The second item is the distance of the third city from the first two.
int(distances[0]) #returns 966 in console. A happy integer for the matrix. However:
int(distances[1]) # returns:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '1513 2410'
I have a slight preference for more pythonic solutions, like list comprehension and the like, but in reality- any and all help is greatly appreciated.
Thank you for your time.
All the information you get from a file is a string at first. You have to parse the information and convert it to different types and formats in your program.
int(distances) does not work because, as you have observed, distances is a list of strings. You cannot convert an entire list to an integer. (What would be the correct answer?)
int(distances[0]) works because you are converting only the first string to an integer, and the string represents an integer so the conversion works.
int(distances[1]) doesn't work because, for some reason, there is no comma between the 2nd and 3rd element of your list, so it is implicitly concatenated to the string 1513 2410. This cannot be converted to an integer because it has a space.
There are a few different solutions that might work for you, but here are a couple of obvious ones for your use case:
distance.extend([int(elem) for elem in line.split()])
This will only work if you are certain every element of the list returned by line.split() can undergo this conversion. You can also do the whole distance list later all at once:
distance = [int(d) for d in distance]
or
distance = map(int, distance)
You should try a few solutions out and implement the one you feel gives you the best combination of working correctly and readability.
My guess is you want to split on all whitespace, rather than newlines. If the file's not large, just read it all in:
distances = map(int, open('file').read().split())
If some of the values aren't numeric:
distances = (int(word) for word in open('file').read().split() if word.isdigit())
If the file is very large, use a generator to avoid reading it all at once:
import itertools
with open('file') as dists:
distances = itertools.chain.from_iterable((int(word) for word in line.split()) for line in dists)
I have a list of words. Each word has a numeric value.
'(("Home" 15)("Baby" 20) ("Mother" 28)...)).
I have to write a program which gets something like that:
(function-name "[Home (Baby3) 2] Mother"))
and to calculate their value.
Each word start with upper-case and all the other words in the word is lower-case.
Each word get its value from the list above.
Each word needs to be multiplied by the following number. If there is no number, then 1.
In the example above:
"[Home (Baby3) 2] Mother" = Home*1 + (Baby*3)*2 +Mother*1=15*1+20*3*2+28=163
I have no idea how to start this. Any ideas?
I start to write the code.
But, I dont know how to deal with 2 parenthesis [ , for eaxmple
[Home [Baby3] 2].
How can I know if ] clost the first or the second? (without use something like counter and set!)
Consider breaking the problem down into stages. One possible decomposition would be:
Figure out how to take arbitrary strings and parse them into data structures. e.g. given "[Home (Baby3) 2] Mother", write a parsing function that turns this into the more digestible, structured value '((Home (Baby 3) 2) Mother) or some variation of this.
Given such a structured value, write a function to interpret it based on the rules you described in your question.
Do you know how to do either of these?