I currently write an application and created three classes for it so far.
The first class contains all the functions. The second class contains the 'window' widget and the third class contains the navigation bar.
When I inherit from the second class the first class, the button works and executes the functions. The moment I inherit from the navigation class the window class, through which I inherit also the function class, all of a sudden my widgets double.
The buttons work (both buttons work) but obviously I do not want it doubled.
Can somebody explain that to me?
This is the output with inheritance from Start to FunctionClass
This is the output when TopMenu inherits from Start and Start from FunctionClass
My code is:
from tkinter import *
class FunctionClass:
def print_text(self):
print("This is an example!")
class Start(FunctionClass):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__()
frame = Frame(master)
frame.pack()
self.label = Label(frame,text="This is just a label.").pack()
self.label2 = Label(frame, text="This is second label.").pack()
self.button = Button(frame, text="Magic Button", command=self.print_text).pack()
class TopMenu(Start):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master)
# *******Top-Navigation Bar**********
tnb = Menu(master)
root.config(menu=tnb)
# *******tnb_file*******
tnb_file = Menu(tnb, tearoff=0)
tnb.add_cascade(label="File", menu=tnb_file)
tnb_file.add_command(label="Button", command=self.print_text)
tnb_file.add_separator()
tnb_file.add_command(label="Exit", command=root.destroy)
root = Tk()
g = Start(root)
d = TopMenu(root)
root.mainloop()
Inheritance means is a. if "Dog" inherits from "Animal", "Dog" is a "Animal".
When TopMenu inherits from Start, TopMenu is a Start. Anything Start does or can do is done or can be done with TopMenu. Thus, because Start creates some widgets, anything that inherits from Start will also create widgets.
When you do this:
g = Start(root)
d = TopMenu(root)
... you first create widgets with g = Start(root), and then you create the widgets again when you do d = TopMenu. Again, this is because TopMenu _is a Start.
Related
I am creating a basic GUI with multiple, but similar, label structures. However, when I created a class to help minimize the text, and placed it within a label frame, the label frame does not appear. This only happens when I use the class within a class, and if I use the regular label and label frame classes everything works out well. I'm trying to figure out as to why this is the case.
My code:
main.py
from tkinter import *
def main():
main_window = Tk()
app = First(main_window)
main_window.mainloop()
class GPULabel(Label):
def __init__(self, master, varText):
varText = varText
super().__init__()
self["text"] = varText
self["anchor"] = "w"
self["width"] = 25
class First:
def __init__(self, root):
self.root = root
self.root.title('First Window')
self.myFrame = LabelFrame(self.root, text="frame")
self.myFrame.pack()
label1 = GPULabel(self.myFrame, "label")
lable1.pack()
if __name__ == '__main__'
main()
This opens a window but it is completely empty. However, if I swap to a regular Label(self.myFrame...) then the window pops up correctly. Why is that? And is there a way to make my original method work?
I am writing code for a tkinter gui using a class, however I notice that when I run there is a second window besides the main one I made. I've tried a number of things but they either break the code or the window is black. See code below.
import tkinter as gui
class loginWindow(gui.Frame):
def __init__(self):
super(loginWindow, self).__init__()
self.logUI()
def logUI(self):
self.mainWindow = gui.Tk()
self.mainWindow.title("GLSC IT Inventory")
self.mainWindow.minsize(400, 150)
self.mainWindow.maxsize(400, 150)
self.mainWindow.geometry("400x150")
self.greet_label = gui.Label(self.mainWindow, text="Welcome!!!")
self.greet_label.place(x=180, y=5)
self.uname_label = gui.Label(self.mainWindow, text="Username:")
self.uname_label.place(x=10, y=24)
self.uname_input = gui.StringVar()
self.uname_field = gui.Entry(self.mainWindow, bd=4, textvariable=self.uname_input)
self.uname_field.place(x=80, y=25, width=160)
self.pwd_label = gui.Label(self.mainWindow, text="Password:")
self.pwd_label.place(x=10, y=54)
self.pwd_input = gui.StringVar()
self.pwd_field = gui.Entry(self.mainWindow, bd=4, textvariable=self.pwd_input, show="\u2022")
self.pwd_field.place(x=80, y=55, width=160)
self.login_button = gui.Button(self.mainWindow, text="Login", command=None)
self.login_button.place(x=180, y=95)
my_app = loginWindow()
my_app.mainloop()
When you create instance of loginWindow(), an instance of Tk() is required but there is none, so it will be created implicitly for you.
Then another instance of Tk() is created inside logUI(). So there are two instances of Tk().
One way to fix it is loginWindow not inherited from Frame:
class loginWindow:
def __init__(self):
self.logUI()
def logUI(self):
...
# add for calling tkinter.mainloop()
def mainloop(self):
self.mainWindow.mainloop()
i'm trying to create two separate windows, one of which should inherit the others interface, and grid some additional buttons. How can I achieve this?
Below is an example piece of code:
f = ("Helvetica", 18)
bg = 'white'
g = '1400x800'
class MainUser(Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
Frame.__init__(self, master)
Frame.configure(self, background='white')
self.logo = PhotoImage(file="logo.gif")
Label(self, image=self.logo).pack()
Button(self, text='test', bg=bg, font=f).pack()
class MainAdmin(MainUser):
pass # What now?
You simply need to create a proper __init__ that calls the same function in the superclass. Then, add widgets like you would have done in the superclass.
Example:
class MainAdmin(MainUser):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master)
another_label = Label(self, text="Hello from MainAdmin")
another_label.pack(side="top", fill="x")
I'm relatively new to Python and I'm sure this is an error with the structure of my code, but I cannot seem to get the filemenu to display in my GUI. Can someone tell me what errors I have made with the filemenu inclusion? Also, I am sorry, but the spacing after copying and pasting is a little off. The class indentation level is proper on my side. I am using Python 3.71
Any other comments on better or more Pythonic ways to accomplish what I have here are also welcome and thank you for your help in advance!
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
import tkinter.scrolledtext as tkst
import os
import tkinter as tk
from functools import partial
from PIL import Image, ImageTk
class UserGui(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self,parent):
self.parent=parent
self.widgets()
def widgets(self):
self.parent.configure(bg='white')
self.frame1_style = ttk.Style()
self.frame1_style.configure('My.TFrame', background='white')
self.frame2_style = ttk.Style()
self.frame2_style.configure('My2.TFrame',background='white')
self.parent.title("TGUI")
self.frame1 = ttk.Frame(self.parent, style='My.TFrame') #Creating Total Window Frame 1
self.frame1.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=(N, S, E, W))
self.frame2 = ttk.Frame(self.parent, width=100, height=20, style='My2.TFrame')
self.frame2.grid(row=0, column=6, padx=20, pady=5)
#Menu Creation
self.menu1 = tk.Menu(self.parent, tearoff=0)
self.parent.config(menu=self.menu1)
self.fileMenu = tk.Menu(self.menu1, tearoff=0)
self.fileMenu.add_command(label="Open", command=self.donothing)
self.fileMenu.add_command(label="Save", command=self.donothing)
self.fileMenu.add_separator()
self.fileMenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=self.parent.quit)
self.fileMenu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=self.menu1)
self.editMenu = tk.Menu(self.menu1, tearoff=0)
self.editMenu.add_command(label="Cut", command=self.donothing)
self.editMenu.add_command(label="Copy", command=self.donothing)
self.editMenu.add_command(label="Paste", command=self.donothing)
self.editMenu.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=self.menu1)
def donothing(self):
filewin = Toplevel(self.parent)
button = Button(filewin, text="Do nothing button")
button.pack()
def main():
root=tk.Tk()
ug=UserGui(root)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Edit 1,2,3: I have corrected the add_cascade option for menu with menu=self.menu1 and I still do not have a file menu displaying.
EDIT: I'm sorry I didn't notice the Python-3 tag in time, it's all the same except when inherriting you would call super().__init__ instead of the Frame.__init__ directly. That would make it more Py3-like. Even so, this should still work.
Weirdly, pushing the menu.config down to the run function worked for me - even though it looks like it should work the way you did it.
def main():
root=tk.Tk()
ug=UserGui(root)
root.config(menu=ug.fileMenu)
root.mainloop()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Oterwise there are some things you can work on to make it more OOP like and readable. THis is how I usually handle making GUIs. The idea is to split the GUI's into Frames that then do simmilar things. I.e. your app could have left and right Frame where the RightFrame would hold the textbox ad the left Frame would actually have 2 sub frames - one for the names and dropdowns and the other for the buttons. That way each individual functionality is handled by the Frames themselves and it's not all in one giant class, the elements in those Frames are placed relative to the Frame's grid itself, while all the Frames are placed in the MainFrame's grid. This lets you split a lot of code into modules as well and helps with maintainability.
The sub-frames emit "global" events (events bothering other frames) by propagating them through the MainFrame, that's why they all carry a self.parent - their parent frame, and a self.root - the MainFrame. The MainFrame is also the Frame in which I like to put something like self.data which itself is a class on its own (outside Tkinter) that handles all the data input/output and logic so that you don't clutter the GUI code logic with data calculations and logic. Ideally the Data class would handle data errors and GUI would only then have to handle any errors in logic (such as selecting two impossible-to-combine options from the dropdown menus.
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
class SubFrame(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, text="Top Right"):
Frame.__init__(self)
self.pack()
self.parent = parent
self.root = parent.root
self.label=Label(self, text=text).pack()
class RightFrame(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, relief=RAISED, borderwidth=1)
self.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=BOTH, expand=1)
self.root = parent
self.label = Label(self, text="Right Frame").pack()
class LeftFrame(Frame):
def __init__(self, parent):
Frame.__init__(self, relief=RAISED, borderwidth=1)
self.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=1)
self.root = parent
self.label = Label(self, text="Left Frame").pack()
#again Frames which would have a parent class RightFrame and root MainFrame
self.subFrame1 = SubFrame(self)
self.subFrame2 = SubFrame(self, text="Top Right SubFrame 2")
class MainFrame(Tk):
def __init__(self):
Tk.__init__(self)
self.geometry("1100x600")
self.title("Working Example")
self.leftFrame = LeftFrame(self)
self.rightFrame = RightFrame(self)
#self.data = MagicalDataHandlingClass()
def run():
app = MainFrame()
app.mainloop()
EDIT answer to comments that are too long to fit
The call to Frame.__init__(...) is made because the class definition looks like class LeftFrame(Frame). Usually to declare a class what you would write is just class LeftFrame. When you add the bit in the () what is happening is called inheritance. When you inherit from a class (called parent), your class (called child) inherits all of the methods and attributes of parent. But much like you have to initialize your class to get an object, i.e. lf = LeftFrame(...) the parent class has to be initialized too. In Python this initialization is done by calling the special dunder __init__(...) function. So that call to Frame.__init__(...) happens because you need to tell the parent class what are all the values it needs to work properly. In Python 3 however it is recommended that instead of instantiating the parent by name like that you use the super function like super().__init__(....). This happens for a lot of complicated reasons most of which you probably don't have to worry about for a while yet (such as what if you inherit from multiple classes at the same time, what if you inherit from a class that inherited from a different one, etc...). I wouldn't try to feel overwhelmed by understanding the complete power of super() if you're just starting because 99% of the time in Python 3 just doing super().__init__(...) will do exactly what you want even if you don't understand. If you feel like getting in over your head Raymond Hettinger has a good writeup of Super is Super and why exactly it's so much better than old way.
I will post this answer for completeness considering #JasonHarper has not copied it to an answer format and I want others to be able to benefit from the post.
The key was the object that I was calling the add_cascade on the child Menu widget object instead of the main Menu widget object called self.menu1. The key was changing:
self.fileMenu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=self.menu1)
to :
self.menu1.add_cascade(label="File", menu=self.fileMenu)
This was the proper way of adding the fileMenu Menu object to the total Menu widget object of self.menu1.
I have a little problem with my code. I am writing multiples classes with different GUI interfaces as a project. However, every time I import those classes the GUI window automatically opens the window and I want the window to open only when a button is clicked.
from FinalProject import addFlight
from FinalProject import reserveFlight
class ex:
def __init__(self,win):
self.win = win
...
...
def mainButtons(self):
look = Button(self.win, text="Add New Flight",command=lambda: self.reserveMenu(1))
look.place(relx="0.2", rely="0.3")
res = Button(self.win, text="Book A Flight",command=lambda: self.reserveMenu(2))
res.place(relx="0.4", rely="0.3")
...
...
def reserveMenu(self, options):
if options == 1:
self.flight = Toplevel(self.win)
self.flMenu = addFlight.AddFlights(self.flight)
self.flMenu.addingFlight()
# call(["python","addFlight.py"])
if options == 2:
pass
# self.flight = Toplevel(self.win)
# self.flMenu = reserveFlight.ReserveFlights(self.flight)
# self.flMenu.reserve()
# call(["python","reserveFlight.py"])
...
...
The "reserveMenu" function works fine but is there way to suppress those import statements or at least prevent the windows from opening until the button is clicked.
I know there are other methods of opening my python code but this HAS to be done using CLASSES. Trust me I have found way easier methods of doing this. FYI, there is more code but I only copied the more important parts.
Instead of using a method you could define your reserve option windows as classes, ReserveAdd, ReserveBook, that inherit from tkinter.Toplevel. And all a button would do is to call them. Here's an example:
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
class ReserveAdd(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master)
self.master = master
tk.Label(self, text="This is ReserveAdd window.").pack()
class ReserveBook(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master)
self.master = master
tk.Label(self, text="This is ReserveBook window.").pack()
def res_one():
ReserveAdd(root)
def res_two():
ReserveBook(root)
tk.Button(root, text="Reserve Option 1", command=res_one).pack()
tk.Button(root, text="Reserve Option 2", command=res_two).pack()
root.mainloop()
In the above example Reserve Option 1 calls an instance of ReserveAdd class whereas Reserve Option 2 calls an instance of a ReserveBook class.
I'd define a single method for buttons but that's not exactly the scope here.