I have a list of tuples, produced by some function, which looks like:
[{"a","ą"},
{"ą","a"},
{"a","o"},
{"o","e"}]
But when I print it, I see in terminal:
[{"a",[261]},
{[261],"a"},
{"a","o"},
{"o","e"}]
I usually print it with this command:
io:format("~p~n", [functionThatGeneratesListOfTuples()]),
So far I found that you need to use ~ts when printing Unicode strings, so I tried this:
Pairs = functionThatGeneratesListOfTuples(),
PairsStr = io_lib:format("~p", [Pairs]),
io:format("~ts~n", [PairsStr]),
Is there any possibility to achieve that Unicode Strings would be represented appropriately?
The heuristics for detecting lists-of-integers as strings only recognize Latin-1 characters by default, so [65,66,67] is printed as "ABC" but [665,666,667] is printed as "[665,666,667]" even if you use ~tp. You have to start Erlang as erl +pc unicode to make it accept printable unicode code points above 255. In that mode, [665,666,667] is printed as "ʙʚʛ" with ~tp (but not with ~p).
See http://erlang.org/doc/man/io.html#printable_range-0 for more info, and also this recent improvement of the documentation, which will be included in OTP 21: https://github.com/erlang/otp/pull/1737/files
Related
I have the following problem:
From a SQL Server database I am reading data using python module pypyodbc and ODBC Driver 13 for SQL Server and writing to txt files.
Database contains all kinds of special characters and they read as:
'PR\xc3\x86KVAL'
The '\xc3\x86' part is bytecode and should be interpreted that way. The other characters should be interpreted as shown. UTF8 would translate '\xc3\x86' to Æ.
If I type the value in b'PR\xc3\x86KVAL' , python recognizes it as bytecode and I can translate it to PRÆKVAL. See below:
s = b'PR\xc3\x86KVAL'
print(s)
bb = s.decode('utf-8')
print(bb)
The problem is that I don’t know how I can turn 'PR\xc3\x86KVAL’ to be recognized as a bytecode object.
I want the value that has to be decoded to be a variable so that all data from database can flow through it.
I Also tried ast.literal_eval(r”b'PR\xc3\x86KVAL'”), but variables won’t work in this way.
Since you start out with PR\xc3\x86KVAL as a text string and decode indeed expects a raw byte sequence, you need to convert the text string into a bytes object. But when converting from one "encoding" value to another, Python needs to know what encoding it is starting with!
The easiest way to do so is explicitly encoding the string, using an encoding that does not change the special characters. You must be careful, because it is very well possible that a character code might be translated to something else, destroying their meaning.
You can see that with a simple example: attempting to tell Python this should be plain ASCII fails, for an obvious reason.
>>> s = 'PR\xc3\x86KVAL'.encode('ascii')
UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 2-3: ordinal not in range(128)
Even though there are more than 1,000 questions on Stack Overflow about this, the reason for the failure should be easy to understand. All an encoder/decoder pair does is translate each character from 'source' to 'destination'. This can only work if the character in question actually exists in both the 'source' and 'destination' encodings. Suppose you want to translate a Greek character β to a Russian б, then the source must be able to decode the Greek character (because that is what you entered it in) and the destination must be able to encode the Russian character.
So you must be careful to choose an encoding which does not change the character \x86 in your input string into Ж (which it would do when using cp866, for example).
Fortunately, as quoted from https://stackoverflow.com/a/2617930/2564301, there is an encoding that does not mess up things:
Pass data.decode('latin1') to the codec. latin1 maps bytes 0-255 to Unicode characters 0-255, which is kinda elegant.
and so this should work:
>>> s = 'PR\xc3\x86KVAL'.encode('latin1')
>>> print(s)
b'PR\xc3\x86KVAL'
Now s is a properly encoded byte object, so you can decode it at will:
>>> bb = s.decode('utf-8')
>>> print(bb)
PRÆKVAL
Done!
Python 3.6
I converted a string from utf8 to this:
b'\xe6\x88\x91\xe6\xb2\xa1\xe6\x9c\x89\xe7\x94\xb5#xn--ssdcsrs-2e1xt16k.com.au'
I now want that chunk of ascii back into string form, so there is no longer the little b for bytes at the beginning.
BUT I don't want it converted back to UTF8, I want that same sequence of characters that you ses above in my Python string.
How can I do so? All I can find are ways of converting bytes to string along with encoding or decoding.
The (wrong) answer is quite simple:
chr(asciiCode)
In your special case:
myString = ""
for char in b'\xe6\x88\x91\xe6\xb2\xa1\xe6\x9c\x89\xe7\x94\xb5#xn--ssdcsrs-2e1xt16k.com.au':
myString+=chr(char)
print(myString)
gives:
æ没æçµ#xn--ssdcsrs-2e1xt16k.com.au
Maybe you are also interested in the right answer? It will probably not please you, because it says you have ALWAYS to deal with encoding/decoding ... because myString is now both UTF-8 and ASCII at the same time (exactly as it already was before you have "converted" it to ASCII).
Notice that how myString shows up when you print it will depend on the implicit encoding/decoding used by print.
In other words ...
there is NO WAY to avoid encoding/decoding
but there is a way of doing it a not explicit way.
I suppose that reading my answer provided HERE: Converting UTF-8 (in literal) to Umlaute will help you much in understanding the whole encoding/decoding thing.
What you have there is not ASCII, as it contains for instance the byte \xe6, which is higher than 127. It's still UTF8.
The representation of the string (with the 'b' at the start, then a ', then a '\', ...), that is ASCII. You get it with repr(yourstring). But the contents of the string that you're printing is UTF8.
But I don't think you need to turn that back into an UTF8 string, but it may depend on the rest of your code.
I have file which contains some data (text copied and pasted from the "What You Will Learn" portion of this PDF). Firstly, I have converted the contents in the file to bits successfully. However, when I try to convert it back to the original format, some of the characters are not correctly converted, as shown below:
Cisco has
developed the Cisco Open Network Environment (ONE)
architecture as a multifaceted approach to network
programmability delivered across three pillars:
??)É¥ Í?н??ÁÁ±¥?Ñ¥½¸ÁɽÉ?µµ¥¹?¥¹Ñ?É???Ì?¡A%̤?)?áÁ½Í??¥É?ѱ佸Íݥѡ?Ì?¹É½ÕÑ?ÉÌѼ?Õµ?¹Ð?)?á¥ÍÑ¥¹?=Á?¹±½ÜÍÁ?¥?¥?Ñ¥½¹Ì* ¤&öGV7F?öâ×&VG?÷VäfÆ÷r6öçG&öÆÆW"æB÷VäfÆ÷r ¦vVçG0¨?HÝZ]HÙ??ÙXÝÈÈ[]?\??\X[Ý?\?^\Ë?\X[?Ù\?XÙ\Ë[??\ÛÝ\?ÙHÜ?Ú\Ý?][Û?Ø\X?[]Y\È[?H?]HÙ[
As you can see here some characters are converted successfully, others are not.
My code is below:
file = open("test.txt",'r')
myfile = ''.join(map(str,file))
l = []
for i in myfile:
asc11 = ord(i)
b = "{0:08b}".format(asc11)
l.extend(int(y) for y in b)
string_bin = ''.join(map(str,l))
mydata = ''.join(chr(int(string_bin[i:i+8], 2)) for i in range(0,len(string_bin), 8))
print(mydata)
What wrong with my code? What I need to change to make it work properly?
What's Going On?
You are running into an encoding issue because some characters in the PDF are non-ASCII characters. For example, the bullet points are U+2022 which require 3 bytes of storage.
When Python reads from your file, it doesn't know what encoding you used to write that data. Thus it reads bytes from the file and uses a character encoding to translate them into strs which are stored using Python's own internal unicode format. (This differs from Python 2 where open() returned raw bytes stored in a str which you could then manually decoded to unicode.)
Thus, in Python 3, open() accepts a named encoding parameter. For example open("test.txt",'r', encoding='ascii'). Because you don't specify the encoding when you call open(), you end up using your system's default encoding. For instance, on my laptop, the default encoding is CP1252 (LATIN-1). Yours may differ.
Whatever encoding Python uses to interpret your file, it then internally uses it's own unicode format to store your string. This means that your string may internally use mutli-byte characters even if the original encoding did not. For example, my laptop uses CP1252 to interpret U+2022 as • which is internally stored as U+00e2, U+20AC and U+00A2 -- € is stored using a multi-byte character even though it was just one byte in the original file.
Let's assume you computer is sane and uses UTF-8 by default (this explanation is similar for many multi-byte characters). When you reach a bullet point, it is stored as U+2022. When you call ord('\u2022') the result is 8226. When you then call "{0:08b}".format(8226) this returns "10000000100010". That's a 14 character string. Your parsing code assumes all of the ordinals will generate 8 character strings. Because of this, the "binary" output becomes misaligned. This means that when you then parse the binary string in 8-character segments, it gets thrown off and starts interpreting things as control characters and all sorts of foreign language characters.
If you call open(..., encoding='ascii'), Python will actually throw an exception because it reads non-valid ASCII characters.
Possible Solutions
I'm not sure why exactly you are converting the input string into the representation that you are using. It's not binary, as your question title would suggest. Rather, you've converted the data into a textual representation of it's binary encoding.
Technically speaking, when you store encoded text to a file, it's stored using a binary representation. Python, and any text editor, has to decode those bytes into it's internal character representation before it can display them as text. Thus, calling open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") reads the binary data out of your text file and converts it into Python's internal unicode format. Similarly, calling myfile.encode('utf-8') will return the UTF-8 encoded bytes which can then be written to a file, network socket, etc.
If, however, you do need to use a format similar to what you are currently using, first, I still recommend you specify an encoding when you call open() (I recommend UTF-8). Then you can consider these options:
Detect and omit non-ASCII characters. They will have an ordinal >= 128.
Mimic UTF-16 or UTF-32 and output multi-byte output for all characters. For example, use "{0:032b}".format(asc11) and then parse the result in 32-character chunks. It's memory and storage inefficient, but it will preserve multi-byte characters.
Regardless, I highly recommend reading the Dive Into Python 3 chapter about strings.
The problem begins when I stumble upon unicode characters. For example, árbol. Right now I handle this by asking if the character at position i, that is, string (i:i) is less than 127. That means that it belongs to the ASCII table, with this I know for sure thatstring (i:i) is a complete single character. In the other case (>= 127) and for my example 'árbol', string (1,2) is the complete character.
I think the way I'm handling the strings solves the problem for my practical purposes (handling files in spanish, polish and russian), but in the case of handling chinese letter where characters may take up to 4 bytes then I would have problems.
Is there a way in fortran to single out unicode characters inside a string?
gfortran does not currently support non-ASCII characters in UTF-8 encoded files, see here. You can find the corresponding bug report here.
As a work-around, you can specify the unicode char in Hex-notation: char(int(z'00E1'), ucs4), or '\u00E1'. The latter requires the compile option -fbackslash to enable the evaluation of the backslash.
program character_kind
use iso_fortran_env
implicit none
integer, parameter :: ucs4 = selected_char_kind ('ISO_10646')
character(kind=ucs4, len=20) :: string
! string = ucs4_'árbol' ! This does not work
! string = char(int(z'00E1'), ucs4) // ucs4_'rbol' ! This works
string = ucs4_'\u00E1rbol' ! This is also working
open (output_unit, encoding='UTF-8')
print *, string(1:1)
print *, string
end program character_kind
ifort seems not to support ISO_10646 at all, selected_char_kind ('ISO_10646') returns -1. With ifort 15.0.0 I get the same message as described here.
This is a Python 101 type question, but it had me baffled for a while when I tried to use a package that seemed to convert my string input into bytes.
As you will see below I found the answer for myself, but I felt it was worth recording here because of the time it took me to unearth what was going on. It seems to be generic to Python 3, so I have not referred to the original package I was playing with; it does not seem to be an error (just that the particular package had a .tostring() method that was clearly not producing what I understood as a string...)
My test program goes like this:
import mangler # spoof package
stringThing = """
<Doc>
<Greeting>Hello World</Greeting>
<Greeting>你好</Greeting>
</Doc>
"""
# print out the input
print('This is the string input:')
print(stringThing)
# now make the string into bytes
bytesThing = mangler.tostring(stringThing) # pseudo-code again
# now print it out
print('\nThis is the bytes output:')
print(bytesThing)
The output from this code gives this:
This is the string input:
<Doc>
<Greeting>Hello World</Greeting>
<Greeting>你好</Greeting>
</Doc>
This is the bytes output:
b'\n<Doc>\n <Greeting>Hello World</Greeting>\n <Greeting>\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd</Greeting>\n</Doc>\n'
So, there is a need to be able to convert between bytes and strings, to avoid ending up with non-ascii characters being turned into gobbledegook.
The 'mangler' in the above code sample was doing the equivalent of this:
bytesThing = stringThing.encode(encoding='UTF-8')
There are other ways to write this (notably using bytes(stringThing, encoding='UTF-8'), but the above syntax makes it obvious what is going on, and also what to do to recover the string:
newStringThing = bytesThing.decode(encoding='UTF-8')
When we do this, the original string is recovered.
Note, using str(bytesThing) just transcribes all the gobbledegook without converting it back into Unicode, unless you specifically request UTF-8, viz., str(bytesThing, encoding='UTF-8'). No error is reported if the encoding is not specified.
In python3, there is a bytes() method that is in the same format as encode().
str1 = b'hello world'
str2 = bytes("hello world", encoding="UTF-8")
print(str1 == str2) # Returns True
I didn't read anything about this in the docs, but perhaps I wasn't looking in the right place. This way you can explicitly turn strings into byte streams and have it more readable than using encode and decode, and without having to prefex b in front of quotes.
This is a Python 101 type question,
It's a simple question but one where the answer is not so simple.
In python3, a "bytes" object represents a sequence of bytes, a "string" object represents a sequence of unicode code points.
To convert between from "bytes" to "string" and from "string" back to "bytes" you use the bytes.decode and string.encode functions. These functions take two parameters, an encoding and an error handling policy.
Sadly there are an awful lot of cases where sequences of bytes are used to represent text, but it is not necessarily well-defined what encoding is being used. Take for example filenames on unix-like systems, as far as the kernel is concerned they are a sequence of bytes with a handful of special values, on most modern distros most filenames will be UTF-8 but there is no gaurantee that all filenames will be.
If you want to write robust software then you need to think carefully about those parameters. You need to think carefully about what encoding the bytes are supposed to be in and how you will handle the case where they turn out not to be a valid sequence of bytes for the encoding you thought they should be in. Python defaults to UTF-8 and erroring out on any byte sequence that is not valid UTF-8.
print(bytesThing)
Python uses "repr" as a fallback conversion to string. repr attempts to produce python code that will recreate the object. In the case of a bytes object this means among other things escaping bytes outside the printable ascii range.
TRY THIS:
StringVariable=ByteVariable.decode('UTF-8','ignore')
TO TEST TYPE:
print(type(StringVariable))
Here 'StringVariable' represented as a string. 'ByteVariable' represent as Byte. Its not relevent to question Variables..