I am having a word embedding file as shown below click here to see the complete file in github.I would like to know the procedure for generating word embeddings So that i can generate word embedding for my personal dataset
in -0.051625 -0.063918 -0.132715 -0.122302 -0.265347
to 0.052796 0.076153 0.014475 0.096910 -0.045046
for 0.051237 -0.102637 0.049363 0.096058 -0.010658
of 0.073245 -0.061590 -0.079189 -0.095731 -0.026899
the -0.063727 -0.070157 -0.014622 -0.022271 -0.078383
on -0.035222 0.008236 -0.044824 0.075308 0.076621
and 0.038209 0.012271 0.063058 0.042883 -0.124830
a -0.060385 -0.018999 -0.034195 -0.086732 -0.025636
The 0.007047 -0.091152 -0.042944 -0.068369 -0.072737
after -0.015879 0.062852 0.015722 0.061325 -0.099242
as 0.009263 0.037517 0.028697 -0.010072 -0.013621
Google -0.028538 0.055254 -0.005006 -0.052552 -0.045671
New 0.002533 0.063183 0.070852 0.042174 0.077393
with 0.087201 -0.038249 -0.041059 0.086816 0.068579
at 0.082778 0.043505 -0.087001 0.044570 0.037580
over 0.022163 -0.033666 0.039190 0.053745 -0.035787
new 0.043216 0.015423 -0.062604 0.080569 -0.048067
I was able to convert each words in a dictionary to the above format by following the below steps:
initially represent each words in the dictionary by unique integer
take each integer one by one and perform array([[integer]]) and give it as input array in below code
then the word corresponding to integer and respective output vector can be stored to json file ( i used output_array.tolist() for storing the vector in json format)
import numpy as np
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Embedding
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(dictionary_size_here, sizeof_embedding_vector, input_length= input_length_here))
input_array = array([[integer]]) #each integer is fed one by one using a loop
model.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
output_array = model.predict(input_array)
Reference
How does Keras 'Embedding' layer work?
It is important to understand that there are multiple ways to generate an embedding for words. The popular word2vec, for example, can generate word embeddings using CBOW or Skip-grams.
Hence, one could have multiple "procedures" to generate word embeddings. One of the easier to understand method (albeit with its drawbacks) to generate an embedding is using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The steps are briefly described below.
Create a Term-Document matrix. i.e. terms as rows and the document it appears in as columns.
Perform SVD
Truncate the output vector for the term to n dimension. In your example above, n = 5.
You can have a look at this link for a more detailed description using word2vec's skipgram model to generate an embedding. Word2Vec Tutorial - The Skip-Gram Model.
For more information on SVD, you can look at this and this.
Related
Here's my training:
import fasttext
model = fasttext.train_unsupervised('data.txt', model='skipgram')
Now, let's observe the first vector (omitted the full output for readability)
model.get_input_vector(0)
# array([-0.1988439 , 0.40966552, 0.47418243, 0.148709 , 0.5891477
On the other hand, let's input the first string into our model:
model[data.iloc[0]]
# array([ 0.10782535, 0.3055557 , 0.19097836, -0.15849613, 0.14204402
We get a different vector.
Why?
You should have explained more about data structure. By the way, when you are using model[data.iloc[0]], it is equivalent to model.get_word_vector(data.iloc[0]). So, you should pass a word to the model.
On the other hand, model.get_input_vector(0) might input a sentence to the model. Therefore, you can compare the result of model.get_input_vector(0) with model.get_sentence_vector(data.iloc[0]), if data.iloc[0] is a sentence. Otherwise, you should get the first word in the data to input to the model and then compare their vectors.
I am trying to understanding how to implement a seq-to-seq model with attention from this website.
My question: Is nn.embedding just returns some IDs for each word, so the embedding for each word would be the same during whole training? Or are they getting changed during the procedure of training?
My second question is because I am confused whether after training, the output of nn.embedding is something such as word2vec word embeddings or not.
Thanks in advance
According to the PyTorch docs:
A simple lookup table that stores embeddings of a fixed dictionary and size.
This module is often used to store word embeddings and retrieve them using indices. The input to the module is a list of indices, and the output is the corresponding word embeddings.
In short, nn.Embedding embeds a sequence of vocabulary indices into a new embedding space. You can indeed roughly understand this as a word2vec style mechanism.
As a dummy example, let's create an embedding layer that takes as input a total of 10 vocabularies (i.e. the input data only contains a total of 10 unique tokens), and returns embedded word vectors living in 5-dimensional space. In other words, each word is represented as 5-dimensional vectors. The dummy data is a sequence of 3 words with indices 1, 2, and 3, in that order.
>>> embedding = nn.Embedding(10, 5)
>>> embedding(torch.tensor([1, 2, 3]))
tensor([[-0.7077, -1.0708, -0.9729, 0.5726, 1.0309],
[ 0.2056, -1.3278, 0.6368, -1.9261, 1.0972],
[ 0.8409, -0.5524, -0.1357, 0.6838, 3.0991]],
grad_fn=<EmbeddingBackward>)
You can see that each of the three words are now represented as 5-dimensional vectors. We also see that there is a grad_fn function, which means that the weights of this layer will be adjusted through backprop. This answers your question of whether embedding layers are trainable: the answer is yes. And indeed this is the whole point of embedding: we expect the embedding layer to learn meaningful representations, the famous example of king - man = queen being the classic example of what these embedding layers can learn.
Edit
The embedding layer is, as the documentation states, a simple lookup table from a matrix. You can see this by doing
>>> embedding.weight
Parameter containing:
tensor([[-1.1728, -0.1023, 0.2489, -1.6098, 1.0426],
[-0.7077, -1.0708, -0.9729, 0.5726, 1.0309],
[ 0.2056, -1.3278, 0.6368, -1.9261, 1.0972],
[ 0.8409, -0.5524, -0.1357, 0.6838, 3.0991],
[-0.4569, -1.9014, -0.0758, -0.6069, -1.2985],
[ 0.4545, 0.3246, -0.7277, 0.7236, -0.8096],
[ 1.2569, 1.2437, -1.0229, -0.2101, -0.2963],
[-0.3394, -0.8099, 1.4016, -0.8018, 0.0156],
[ 0.3253, -0.1863, 0.5746, -0.0672, 0.7865],
[ 0.0176, 0.7090, -0.7630, -0.6564, 1.5690]], requires_grad=True)
You will see that the first, second, and third rows of this matrix corresponds to the result that was returned in the example above. In other words, for a vocabulary whose index is n, the embedding layer will simply "lookup" the nth row in its weights matrix and return that row vector; hence the lookup table.
I am trying to use a pretrained word2vector model to create word embeddings but i am getting the following error when Im trying to create weight matrix from word2vec genism model:
Code:
import gensim
w2v_model = gensim.models.KeyedVectors.load_word2vec_format("/content/drive/My Drive/GoogleNews-vectors-negative300.bin.gz", binary=True)
vocab_size = len(tokenizer.word_index) + 1
print(vocab_size)
EMBEDDING_DIM=300
# Function to create weight matrix from word2vec gensim model
def get_weight_matrix(model, vocab):
# total vocabulary size plus 0 for unknown words
vocab_size = len(vocab) + 1
# define weight matrix dimensions with all 0
weight_matrix = np.zeros((vocab_size, EMBEDDING_DIM))
# step vocab, store vectors using the Tokenizer's integer mapping
for word, i in vocab.items():
weight_matrix[i] = model[word]
return weight_matrix
embedding_vectors = get_weight_matrix(w2v_model, tokenizer.word_index)
Im getting the following error:
Error
As a note: it's better to paste a full error is as formatted text than as an image of text. (See Why not upload images of code/errors when asking a question? for a full list of the reasons why.)
But regarding your question:
If you get a KeyError: word 'didnt' not in vocabulary error, you can trust that the word you've requested is not in the set-of-word-vectors you've requested it from. (In this case, the GoogleNews vectors that Google trained & released back around 2012.)
You could check before looking it up – 'didnt' in w2v_model, which would return False, and then do something else. Or you could use a Python try: ... catch: ... formulation to let it happen, but then do something else when it happens.
But it's up to you what your code should do if the model you've provided doesn't have the word-vectors you were hoping for.
(Note: the GoogleNews vectors do include a vector for "didn't", the contraction with its internal apostrophe. So in this one case, the issue may be that your tokenization is stripping such internal-punctuation-marks from contractions, but Google chose not to when making those vectors. But your code should be ready for handling missing words in any case, unless you're sure through other steps that can never happen.)
I learn collaborative filtering from this bolg, Deep Learning With Keras: Recommender Systems.
The tutorial is good, and the code working well. Here is my code.
There is one thing confuse me, the author said,
The user/movie fields are currently non-sequential integers representing some unique ID for that entity. We need them to be sequential starting at zero to use for modeling (you'll see why later).
user_enc = LabelEncoder()
ratings['user'] = user_enc.fit_transform(ratings['userId'].values)
n_users = ratings['user'].nunique()
But he didn't seem to metion the reason, I don't why need to do that.Can some one explain for me?
Embeddings are assumed to be sequential.
The first input of Embedding is the input dimension.
So, if the input exceeds the input dimension the value is ignored.
Embedding assumes that max value in the input is input dimension -1 (it starts from 0).
https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/layers/Embedding?hl=ja
As an example, the following code will generate embeddings only for input [4,3] and will skip the input [7, 8] since input dimension is 5.
I think it is more clear to explain it with tensorflow;
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Embedding
model = Sequential()
model.add(Embedding(5, 1, input_length=2))
input_array = np.array([[4,3], [7,8]])
model.compile('rmsprop', 'mse')
output_array = model.predict(input_array)
You can increase the input dimension to 9 and then you will get embeddings for both inputs.
You could increase the input dimension to max number + 1 in the original data set, but this is not efficient.
It is actually similar to one-hot encoding where sequential data saves great amount of memory.
Just curiosity, but I was debugging gensim's FastText code for replicating the implementation of Out-of-Vocabulary (OOV) words, and I'm not being able to accomplish it.
So, the process i'm following is training a tiny model with a toy corpus, and then comparing the resulting vectors of a word in the vocabulary. That means if the whole process is OK, the output arrays should be the same.
Here is the code I've used for the test:
from gensim.models import FastText
import numpy as np
# Default gensim's function for hashing ngrams
from gensim.models._utils_any2vec import ft_hash_bytes
# Toy corpus
sentences = [['hello', 'test', 'hello', 'greeting'],
['hey', 'hello', 'another', 'test']]
# Instatiate FastText gensim's class
ft = FastText(sg=1, size=5, min_count=1, \
window=2, hs=0, negative=20, \
seed=0, workers=1, bucket=100, \
min_n=3, max_n=4)
# Build vocab
ft.build_vocab(sentences)
# Fit model weights (vectors_ngram)
ft.train(sentences=sentences, total_examples=ft.corpus_count, epochs=5)
# Save model
ft.save('./ft.model')
del ft
# Load model
ft = FastText.load('./ft.model')
# Generate ngrams for test-word given min_n=3 and max_n=4
encoded_ngrams = [b"<he", b"<hel", b"hel", b"hell", b"ell", b"ello", b"llo", b"llo>", b"lo>"]
# Hash ngrams to its corresponding index, just as Gensim does
ngram_hashes = [ft_hash_bytes(n) % 100 for n in encoded_ngrams]
word_vec = np.zeros(5, dtype=np.float32)
for nh in ngram_hashes:
word_vec += ft.wv.vectors_ngrams[nh]
# Compare both arrays
print(np.isclose(ft.wv['hello'], word_vec))
The output of this script is False for every dimension of the compared arrays.
It would be nice if someone could point me out if i'm missing something or doing something wrong. Thanks in advance!
The calculation of a full word's FastText word-vector is not just the sum of its character n-gram vectors, but also a raw full-word vector that's also trained for in-vocabulary words.
The full-word vectors you get back from ft.wv[word] for known-words have already had this combination pre-calculated. See the adjust_vectors() method for an example of this full calculation:
https://github.com/RaRe-Technologies/gensim/blob/68ec5b8ed7f18e75e0b13689f4da53405ef3ed96/gensim/models/keyedvectors.py#L2282
The raw full-word vectors are in a .vectors_vocab array on the model.wv object.
(If this isn't enough to reconcile matters: ensure you're using the latest gensim, as there have been many recent FT fixes. And, ensure your list of ngram-hashes matches the output of the ft_ngram_hashes() method of the library – if not, your manual ngram-list-creation and subsequent hashing may be doing something different.)