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How does Python's slice notation work? That is: when I write code like a[x:y:z], a[:], a[::2] etc., how can I understand which elements end up in the slice? Please include references where appropriate.
See also: Why are slice and range upper-bound exclusive?
The syntax is:
a[start:stop] # items start through stop-1
a[start:] # items start through the rest of the array
a[:stop] # items from the beginning through stop-1
a[:] # a copy of the whole array
There is also the step value, which can be used with any of the above:
a[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step
The key point to remember is that the :stop value represents the first value that is not in the selected slice. So, the difference between stop and start is the number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default).
The other feature is that start or stop may be a negative number, which means it counts from the end of the array instead of the beginning. So:
a[-1] # last item in the array
a[-2:] # last two items in the array
a[:-2] # everything except the last two items
Similarly, step may be a negative number:
a[::-1] # all items in the array, reversed
a[1::-1] # the first two items, reversed
a[:-3:-1] # the last two items, reversed
a[-3::-1] # everything except the last two items, reversed
Python is kind to the programmer if there are fewer items than you ask for. For example, if you ask for a[:-2] and a only contains one element, you get an empty list instead of an error. Sometimes you would prefer the error, so you have to be aware that this may happen.
Relationship with the slice object
A slice object can represent a slicing operation, i.e.:
a[start:stop:step]
is equivalent to:
a[slice(start, stop, step)]
Slice objects also behave slightly differently depending on the number of arguments, similarly to range(), i.e. both slice(stop) and slice(start, stop[, step]) are supported.
To skip specifying a given argument, one might use None, so that e.g. a[start:] is equivalent to a[slice(start, None)] or a[::-1] is equivalent to a[slice(None, None, -1)].
While the :-based notation is very helpful for simple slicing, the explicit use of slice() objects simplifies the programmatic generation of slicing.
The Python tutorial talks about it (scroll down a bit until you get to the part about slicing).
The ASCII art diagram is helpful too for remembering how slices work:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n.
Enumerating the possibilities allowed by the grammar for the sequence x:
>>> x[:] # [x[0], x[1], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[low:] # [x[low], x[low+1], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[:high] # [x[0], x[1], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high] # [x[low], x[low+1], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[::stride] # [x[0], x[stride], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[low::stride] # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[:high:stride] # [x[0], x[stride], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high:stride] # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[high-1]]
Of course, if (high-low)%stride != 0, then the end point will be a little lower than high-1.
If stride is negative, the ordering is changed a bit since we're counting down:
>>> x[::-stride] # [x[-1], x[-1-stride], ..., x[0] ]
>>> x[high::-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[0] ]
>>> x[:low:-stride] # [x[-1], x[-1-stride], ..., x[low+1]]
>>> x[high:low:-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[low+1]]
Extended slicing (with commas and ellipses) are mostly used only by special data structures (like NumPy); the basic sequences don't support them.
>>> class slicee:
... def __getitem__(self, item):
... return repr(item)
...
>>> slicee()[0, 1:2, ::5, ...]
'(0, slice(1, 2, None), slice(None, None, 5), Ellipsis)'
The answers above don't discuss slice assignment. To understand slice assignment, it's helpful to add another concept to the ASCII art:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Slice position: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Index position: 0 1 2 3 4 5
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
# Why the two sets of numbers:
# indexing gives items, not lists
>>> p[0]
'P'
>>> p[5]
'n'
# Slicing gives lists
>>> p[0:1]
['P']
>>> p[0:2]
['P','y']
One heuristic is, for a slice from zero to n, think: "zero is the beginning, start at the beginning and take n items in a list".
>>> p[5] # the last of six items, indexed from zero
'n'
>>> p[0:5] # does NOT include the last item!
['P','y','t','h','o']
>>> p[0:6] # not p[0:5]!!!
['P','y','t','h','o','n']
Another heuristic is, "for any slice, replace the start by zero, apply the previous heuristic to get the end of the list, then count the first number back up to chop items off the beginning"
>>> p[0:4] # Start at the beginning and count out 4 items
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4] # Take one item off the front
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4] # Take two items off the front
['t','h']
# etc.
The first rule of slice assignment is that since slicing returns a list, slice assignment requires a list (or other iterable):
>>> p[2:3]
['t']
>>> p[2:3] = ['T']
>>> p
['P','y','T','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:3] = 't'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only assign an iterable
The second rule of slice assignment, which you can also see above, is that whatever portion of the list is returned by slice indexing, that's the same portion that is changed by slice assignment:
>>> p[2:4]
['T','h']
>>> p[2:4] = ['t','r']
>>> p
['P','y','t','r','o','n']
The third rule of slice assignment is, the assigned list (iterable) doesn't have to have the same length; the indexed slice is simply sliced out and replaced en masse by whatever is being assigned:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n'] # Start over
>>> p[2:4] = ['s','p','a','m']
>>> p
['P','y','s','p','a','m','o','n']
The trickiest part to get used to is assignment to empty slices. Using heuristic 1 and 2 it's easy to get your head around indexing an empty slice:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
['h']
>>> p[4:4]
[]
And then once you've seen that, slice assignment to the empty slice makes sense too:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is same length as slice
>>> p
['P','y','x','y','o','n'] # Result is same length
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[3:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is longer than slice
>>> p
['P','y','t','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[4:4] = ['x','y']
>>> p
['P','y','t','h','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer still
Note that, since we are not changing the second number of the slice (4), the inserted items always stack right up against the 'o', even when we're assigning to the empty slice. So the position for the empty slice assignment is the logical extension of the positions for the non-empty slice assignments.
Backing up a little bit, what happens when you keep going with our procession of counting up the slice beginning?
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
['h']
>>> p[4:4]
[]
>>> p[5:4]
[]
>>> p[6:4]
[]
With slicing, once you're done, you're done; it doesn't start slicing backwards. In Python you don't get negative strides unless you explicitly ask for them by using a negative number.
>>> p[5:3:-1]
['n','o']
There are some weird consequences to the "once you're done, you're done" rule:
>>> p[4:4]
[]
>>> p[5:4]
[]
>>> p[6:4]
[]
>>> p[6]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
In fact, compared to indexing, Python slicing is bizarrely error-proof:
>>> p[100:200]
[]
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)]
[]
This can come in handy sometimes, but it can also lead to somewhat strange behavior:
>>> p
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)] = ['p','o','w','e','r']
>>> p
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n', 'p', 'o', 'w', 'e', 'r']
Depending on your application, that might... or might not... be what you were hoping for there!
Below is the text of my original answer. It has been useful to many people, so I didn't want to delete it.
>>> r=[1,2,3,4]
>>> r[1:1]
[]
>>> r[1:1]=[9,8]
>>> r
[1, 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:1]=['blah']
>>> r
[1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
This may also clarify the difference between slicing and indexing.
Explain Python's slice notation
In short, the colons (:) in subscript notation (subscriptable[subscriptarg]) make slice notation, which has the optional arguments start, stop, and step:
sliceable[start:stop:step]
Python slicing is a computationally fast way to methodically access parts of your data. In my opinion, to be even an intermediate Python programmer, it's one aspect of the language that it is necessary to be familiar with.
Important Definitions
To begin with, let's define a few terms:
start: the beginning index of the slice, it will include the element at this index unless it is the same as stop, defaults to 0, i.e. the first index. If it's negative, it means to start n items from the end.
stop: the ending index of the slice, it does not include the element at this index, defaults to length of the sequence being sliced, that is, up to and including the end.
step: the amount by which the index increases, defaults to 1. If it's negative, you're slicing over the iterable in reverse.
How Indexing Works
You can make any of these positive or negative numbers. The meaning of the positive numbers is straightforward, but for negative numbers, just like indexes in Python, you count backwards from the end for the start and stop, and for the step, you simply decrement your index. This example is from the documentation's tutorial, but I've modified it slightly to indicate which item in a sequence each index references:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
How Slicing Works
To use slice notation with a sequence that supports it, you must include at least one colon in the square brackets that follow the sequence (which actually implement the __getitem__ method of the sequence, according to the Python data model.)
Slice notation works like this:
sequence[start:stop:step]
And recall that there are defaults for start, stop, and step, so to access the defaults, simply leave out the argument.
Slice notation to get the last nine elements from a list (or any other sequence that supports it, like a string) would look like this:
my_list[-9:]
When I see this, I read the part in the brackets as "9th from the end, to the end." (Actually, I abbreviate it mentally as "-9, on")
Explanation:
The full notation is
my_list[-9:None:None]
and to substitute the defaults (actually when step is negative, stop's default is -len(my_list) - 1, so None for stop really just means it goes to whichever end step takes it to):
my_list[-9:len(my_list):1]
The colon, :, is what tells Python you're giving it a slice and not a regular index. That's why the idiomatic way of making a shallow copy of lists in Python 2 is
list_copy = sequence[:]
And clearing them is with:
del my_list[:]
(Python 3 gets a list.copy and list.clear method.)
When step is negative, the defaults for start and stop change
By default, when the step argument is empty (or None), it is assigned to +1.
But you can pass in a negative integer, and the list (or most other standard sliceables) will be sliced from the end to the beginning.
Thus a negative slice will change the defaults for start and stop!
Confirming this in the source
I like to encourage users to read the source as well as the documentation. The source code for slice objects and this logic is found here. First we determine if step is negative:
step_is_negative = step_sign < 0;
If so, the lower bound is -1 meaning we slice all the way up to and including the beginning, and the upper bound is the length minus 1, meaning we start at the end. (Note that the semantics of this -1 is different from a -1 that users may pass indexes in Python indicating the last item.)
if (step_is_negative) {
lower = PyLong_FromLong(-1L);
if (lower == NULL)
goto error;
upper = PyNumber_Add(length, lower);
if (upper == NULL)
goto error;
}
Otherwise step is positive, and the lower bound will be zero and the upper bound (which we go up to but not including) the length of the sliced list.
else {
lower = _PyLong_Zero;
Py_INCREF(lower);
upper = length;
Py_INCREF(upper);
}
Then, we may need to apply the defaults for start and stop—the default then for start is calculated as the upper bound when step is negative:
if (self->start == Py_None) {
start = step_is_negative ? upper : lower;
Py_INCREF(start);
}
and stop, the lower bound:
if (self->stop == Py_None) {
stop = step_is_negative ? lower : upper;
Py_INCREF(stop);
}
Give your slices a descriptive name!
You may find it useful to separate forming the slice from passing it to the list.__getitem__ method (that's what the square brackets do). Even if you're not new to it, it keeps your code more readable so that others that may have to read your code can more readily understand what you're doing.
However, you can't just assign some integers separated by colons to a variable. You need to use the slice object:
last_nine_slice = slice(-9, None)
The second argument, None, is required, so that the first argument is interpreted as the start argument otherwise it would be the stop argument.
You can then pass the slice object to your sequence:
>>> list(range(100))[last_nine_slice]
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
It's interesting that ranges also take slices:
>>> range(100)[last_nine_slice]
range(91, 100)
Memory Considerations:
Since slices of Python lists create new objects in memory, another important function to be aware of is itertools.islice. Typically you'll want to iterate over a slice, not just have it created statically in memory. islice is perfect for this. A caveat, it doesn't support negative arguments to start, stop, or step, so if that's an issue you may need to calculate indices or reverse the iterable in advance.
length = 100
last_nine_iter = itertools.islice(list(range(length)), length-9, None, 1)
list_last_nine = list(last_nine_iter)
and now:
>>> list_last_nine
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
The fact that list slices make a copy is a feature of lists themselves. If you're slicing advanced objects like a Pandas DataFrame, it may return a view on the original, and not a copy.
And a couple of things that weren't immediately obvious to me when I first saw the slicing syntax:
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-1]
[6,5,4,3,2,1]
Easy way to reverse sequences!
And if you wanted, for some reason, every second item in the reversed sequence:
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-2]
[6,4,2]
In Python 2.7
Slicing in Python
[a:b:c]
len = length of string, tuple or list
c -- default is +1. The sign of c indicates forward or backward, absolute value of c indicates steps. Default is forward with step size 1. Positive means forward, negative means backward.
a -- When c is positive or blank, default is 0. When c is negative, default is -1.
b -- When c is positive or blank, default is len. When c is negative, default is -(len+1).
Understanding index assignment is very important.
In forward direction, starts at 0 and ends at len-1
In backward direction, starts at -1 and ends at -len
When you say [a:b:c], you are saying depending on the sign of c (forward or backward), start at a and end at b (excluding element at bth index). Use the indexing rule above and remember you will only find elements in this range:
-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1
But this range continues in both directions infinitely:
...,-len -2 ,-len-1,-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1, len, len +1, len+2 , ....
For example:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a s t r i n g
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
If your choice of a, b, and c allows overlap with the range above as you traverse using rules for a,b,c above you will either get a list with elements (touched during traversal) or you will get an empty list.
One last thing: if a and b are equal, then also you get an empty list:
>>> l1
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[:]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[::-1] # a default is -1 , b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[:-4:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[:-3:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3]
>>> l1[::] # c default is +1, so a default is 0, b default is len
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[::-1] # c is -1 , so a default is -1 and b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[-100:-200:-1] # Interesting
[]
>>> l1[-1:-200:-1] # Interesting
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[-1:-1:1]
[]
>>> l1[-1:5:1] # Interesting
[4]
>>> l1[1:-7:1]
[]
>>> l1[1:-7:-1] # Interesting
[3, 2]
>>> l1[:-2:-2] # a default is -1, stop(b) at -2 , step(c) by 2 in reverse direction
[4]
Found this great table at http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages
Python indexes and slices for a six-element list.
Indexes enumerate the elements, slices enumerate the spaces between the elements.
Index from rear: -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 a=[0,1,2,3,4,5] a[1:]==[1,2,3,4,5]
Index from front: 0 1 2 3 4 5 len(a)==6 a[:5]==[0,1,2,3,4]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ a[0]==0 a[:-2]==[0,1,2,3]
| a | b | c | d | e | f | a[5]==5 a[1:2]==[1]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ a[-1]==5 a[1:-1]==[1,2,3,4]
Slice from front: : 1 2 3 4 5 : a[-2]==4
Slice from rear: : -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 :
b=a[:]
b==[0,1,2,3,4,5] (shallow copy of a)
After using it a bit I realise that the simplest description is that it is exactly the same as the arguments in a for loop...
(from:to:step)
Any of them are optional:
(:to:step)
(from::step)
(from:to)
Then the negative indexing just needs you to add the length of the string to the negative indices to understand it.
This works for me anyway...
I find it easier to remember how it works, and then I can figure out any specific start/stop/step combination.
It's instructive to understand range() first:
def range(start=0, stop, step=1): # Illegal syntax, but that's the effect
i = start
while (i < stop if step > 0 else i > stop):
yield i
i += step
Begin from start, increment by step, do not reach stop. Very simple.
The thing to remember about negative step is that stop is always the excluded end, whether it's higher or lower. If you want same slice in opposite order, it's much cleaner to do the reversal separately: e.g. 'abcde'[1:-2][::-1] slices off one char from left, two from right, then reverses. (See also reversed().)
Sequence slicing is same, except it first normalizes negative indexes, and it can never go outside the sequence:
TODO: The code below had a bug with "never go outside the sequence" when abs(step)>1; I think I patched it to be correct, but it's hard to understand.
def this_is_how_slicing_works(seq, start=None, stop=None, step=1):
if start is None:
start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
elif start < 0:
start += len(seq)
if not 0 <= start < len(seq): # clip if still outside bounds
start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
if stop is None:
stop = (len(seq) if step > 0 else -1) # really -1, not last element
elif stop < 0:
stop += len(seq)
for i in range(start, stop, step):
if 0 <= i < len(seq):
yield seq[i]
Don't worry about the is None details - just remember that omitting start and/or stop always does the right thing to give you the whole sequence.
Normalizing negative indexes first allows start and/or stop to be counted from the end independently: 'abcde'[1:-2] == 'abcde'[1:3] == 'bc' despite range(1,-2) == [].
The normalization is sometimes thought of as "modulo the length", but note it adds the length just once: e.g. 'abcde'[-53:42] is just the whole string.
I use the "an index points between elements" method of thinking about it myself, but one way of describing it which sometimes helps others get it is this:
mylist[X:Y]
X is the index of the first element you want.
Y is the index of the first element you don't want.
Index:
------------>
0 1 2 3 4
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 -4 -3 -2 -1
<------------
Slice:
<---------------|
|--------------->
: 1 2 3 4 :
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
: -4 -3 -2 -1 :
|--------------->
<---------------|
I hope this will help you to model the list in Python.
Reference: http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages
This is how I teach slices to newbies:
Understanding the difference between indexing and slicing:
Wiki Python has this amazing picture which clearly distinguishes indexing and slicing.
It is a list with six elements in it. To understand slicing better, consider that list as a set of six boxes placed together. Each box has an alphabet in it.
Indexing is like dealing with the contents of box. You can check contents of any box. But you can't check the contents of multiple boxes at once. You can even replace the contents of the box. But you can't place two balls in one box or replace two balls at a time.
In [122]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [123]: alpha
Out[123]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [124]: alpha[0]
Out[124]: 'a'
In [127]: alpha[0] = 'A'
In [128]: alpha
Out[128]: ['A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [129]: alpha[0,1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-129-c7eb16585371> in <module>()
----> 1 alpha[0,1]
TypeError: list indices must be integers, not tuple
Slicing is like dealing with boxes themselves. You can pick up the first box and place it on another table. To pick up the box, all you need to know is the position of beginning and ending of the box.
You can even pick up the first three boxes or the last two boxes or all boxes between 1 and 4. So, you can pick any set of boxes if you know the beginning and ending. These positions are called start and stop positions.
The interesting thing is that you can replace multiple boxes at once. Also you can place multiple boxes wherever you like.
In [130]: alpha[0:1]
Out[130]: ['A']
In [131]: alpha[0:1] = 'a'
In [132]: alpha
Out[132]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [133]: alpha[0:2] = ['A', 'B']
In [134]: alpha
Out[134]: ['A', 'B', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [135]: alpha[2:2] = ['x', 'xx']
In [136]: alpha
Out[136]: ['A', 'B', 'x', 'xx', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
Slicing With Step:
Till now you have picked boxes continuously. But sometimes you need to pick up discretely. For example, you can pick up every second box. You can even pick up every third box from the end. This value is called step size. This represents the gap between your successive pickups. The step size should be positive if You are picking boxes from the beginning to end and vice versa.
In [137]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [142]: alpha[1:5:2]
Out[142]: ['b', 'd']
In [143]: alpha[-1:-5:-2]
Out[143]: ['f', 'd']
In [144]: alpha[1:5:-2]
Out[144]: []
In [145]: alpha[-1:-5:2]
Out[145]: []
How Python Figures Out Missing Parameters:
When slicing, if you leave out any parameter, Python tries to figure it out automatically.
If you check the source code of CPython, you will find a function called PySlice_GetIndicesEx() which figures out indices to a slice for any given parameters. Here is the logical equivalent code in Python.
This function takes a Python object and optional parameters for slicing and returns the start, stop, step, and slice length for the requested slice.
def py_slice_get_indices_ex(obj, start=None, stop=None, step=None):
length = len(obj)
if step is None:
step = 1
if step == 0:
raise Exception("Step cannot be zero.")
if start is None:
start = 0 if step > 0 else length - 1
else:
if start < 0:
start += length
if start < 0:
start = 0 if step > 0 else -1
if start >= length:
start = length if step > 0 else length - 1
if stop is None:
stop = length if step > 0 else -1
else:
if stop < 0:
stop += length
if stop < 0:
stop = 0 if step > 0 else -1
if stop >= length:
stop = length if step > 0 else length - 1
if (step < 0 and stop >= start) or (step > 0 and start >= stop):
slice_length = 0
elif step < 0:
slice_length = (stop - start + 1)/(step) + 1
else:
slice_length = (stop - start - 1)/(step) + 1
return (start, stop, step, slice_length)
This is the intelligence that is present behind slices. Since Python has an built-in function called slice, you can pass some parameters and check how smartly it calculates missing parameters.
In [21]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [22]: s = slice(None, None, None)
In [23]: s
Out[23]: slice(None, None, None)
In [24]: s.indices(len(alpha))
Out[24]: (0, 6, 1)
In [25]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[25]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In [26]: s = slice(None, None, -1)
In [27]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[27]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
In [28]: s = slice(None, 3, -1)
In [29]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[29]: [5, 4]
Note: This post was originally written in my blog, The Intelligence Behind Python Slices.
Python slicing notation:
a[start:end:step]
For start and end, negative values are interpreted as being relative to the end of the sequence.
Positive indices for end indicate the position after the last element to be included.
Blank values are defaulted as follows: [+0:-0:1].
Using a negative step reverses the interpretation of start and end
The notation extends to (numpy) matrices and multidimensional arrays. For example, to slice entire columns you can use:
m[::,0:2:] ## slice the first two columns
Slices hold references, not copies, of the array elements. If you want to make a separate copy an array, you can use deepcopy().
You can also use slice assignment to remove one or more elements from a list:
r = [1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:4] = []
>>> r
[1, 2, 3, 4]
This is just for some extra info...
Consider the list below
>>> l=[12,23,345,456,67,7,945,467]
Few other tricks for reversing the list:
>>> l[len(l):-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[len(l)::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[-1:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
1. Slice Notation
To make it simple, remember slice has only one form：
s[start:end:step]
and here is how it works:
s: an object that can be sliced
start: first index to start iteration
end: last index, NOTE that end index will not be included in the resulted slice
step: pick element every step index
Another import thing: all start,end, step can be omitted! And if they are omitted, their default value will be used: 0,len(s),1 accordingly.
So possible variations are:
# Mostly used variations
s[start:end]
s[start:]
s[:end]
# Step-related variations
s[:end:step]
s[start::step]
s[::step]
# Make a copy
s[:]
NOTE: If start >= end (considering only when step>0), Python will return a empty slice [].
2. Pitfalls
The above part explains the core features on how slice works, and it will work on most occasions. However, there can be pitfalls you should watch out, and this part explains them.
Negative indexes
The very first thing that confuses Python learners is that an index can be negative!
Don't panic: a negative index means count backwards.
For example:
s[-5:] # Start at the 5th index from the end of array,
# thus returning the last 5 elements.
s[:-5] # Start at index 0, and end until the 5th index from end of array,
# thus returning s[0:len(s)-5].
Negative step
Making things more confusing is that step can be negative too!
A negative step means iterate the array backwards: from the end to start, with the end index included, and the start index excluded from the result.
NOTE: when step is negative, the default value for start is len(s) (while end does not equal to 0, because s[::-1] contains s[0]). For example:
s[::-1] # Reversed slice
s[len(s)::-1] # The same as above, reversed slice
s[0:len(s):-1] # Empty list
Out of range error?
Be surprised: slice does not raise an IndexError when the index is out of range!
If the index is out of range, Python will try its best to set the index to 0 or len(s) according to the situation. For example:
s[:len(s)+5] # The same as s[:len(s)]
s[-len(s)-5::] # The same as s[0:]
s[len(s)+5::-1] # The same as s[len(s)::-1], and the same as s[::-1]
3. Examples
Let's finish this answer with examples, explaining everything we have discussed:
# Create our array for demonstration
In [1]: s = [i for i in range(10)]
In [2]: s
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [3]: s[2:] # From index 2 to last index
Out[3]: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [4]: s[:8] # From index 0 up to index 8
Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [5]: s[4:7] # From index 4 (included) up to index 7(excluded)
Out[5]: [4, 5, 6]
In [6]: s[:-2] # Up to second last index (negative index)
Out[6]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [7]: s[-2:] # From second last index (negative index)
Out[7]: [8, 9]
In [8]: s[::-1] # From last to first in reverse order (negative step)
Out[8]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
In [9]: s[::-2] # All odd numbers in reversed order
Out[9]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]
In [11]: s[-2::-2] # All even numbers in reversed order
Out[11]: [8, 6, 4, 2, 0]
In [12]: s[3:15] # End is out of range, and Python will set it to len(s).
Out[12]: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [14]: s[5:1] # Start > end; return empty list
Out[14]: []
In [15]: s[11] # Access index 11 (greater than len(s)) will raise an IndexError
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-79ffc22473a3> in <module>()
----> 1 s[11]
IndexError: list index out of range
As a general rule, writing code with a lot of hardcoded index values leads to a readability
and maintenance mess. For example, if you come back to the code a year later, you’ll
look at it and wonder what you were thinking when you wrote it. The solution shown
is simply a way of more clearly stating what your code is actually doing.
In general, the built-in slice() creates a slice object that can be used anywhere a slice
is allowed. For example:
>>> items = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a = slice(2, 4)
>>> items[2:4]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a] = [10,11]
>>> items
[0, 1, 10, 11, 4, 5, 6]
>>> del items[a]
>>> items
[0, 1, 4, 5, 6]
If you have a slice instance s, you can get more information about it by looking at its
s.start, s.stop, and s.step attributes, respectively. For example:
>>> a = slice(10, 50, 2)
>>> a.start
10
>>> a.stop
50
>>> a.step
2
>>>
The previous answers don't discuss multi-dimensional array slicing which is possible using the famous NumPy package:
Slicing can also be applied to multi-dimensional arrays.
# Here, a is a NumPy array
>>> a
array([[ 1, 2, 3, 4],
[ 5, 6, 7, 8],
[ 9, 10, 11, 12]])
>>> a[:2, 0:3:2]
array([[1, 3],
[5, 7]])
The ":2" before the comma operates on the first dimension and the "0:3:2" after the comma operates on the second dimension.
The rules of slicing are as follows:
[lower bound : upper bound : step size]
I- Convert upper bound and lower bound into common signs.
II- Then check if the step size is a positive or a negative value.
(i) If the step size is a positive value, upper bound should be greater than lower bound, otherwise empty string is printed. For example:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:3:1]
print(s1)
The output:
Wel
However if we run the following code:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:1]
print(s1)
It will return an empty string.
(ii) If the step size if a negative value, upper bound should be lesser than lower bound, otherwise empty string will be printed. For example:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:-1]
print(s1)
The output:
cle
But if we run the following code:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:5:-1]
print(s1)
The output will be an empty string.
Thus in the code:
str = 'abcd'
l = len(str)
str2 = str[l-1:0:-1] #str[3:0:-1]
print(str2)
str2 = str[l-1:-1:-1] #str[3:-1:-1]
print(str2)
In the first str2=str[l-1:0:-1], the upper bound is lesser than the lower bound, thus dcb is printed.
However in str2=str[l-1:-1:-1], the upper bound is not less than the lower bound (upon converting lower bound into negative value which is -1: since index of last element is -1 as well as 3).
In my opinion, you will understand and memorize better the Python string slicing notation if you look at it the following way (read on).
Let's work with the following string ...
azString = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
For those who don't know, you can create any substring from azString using the notation azString[x:y]
Coming from other programming languages, that's when the common sense gets compromised. What are x and y?
I had to sit down and run several scenarios in my quest for a memorization technique that will help me remember what x and y are and help me slice strings properly at the first attempt.
My conclusion is that x and y should be seen as the boundary indexes that are surrounding the strings that we want to extra. So we should see the expression as azString[index1, index2] or even more clearer as azString[index_of_first_character, index_after_the_last_character].
Here is an example visualization of that ...
Letters a b c d e f g h i j ...
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
┊ ┊
Indexes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
┊ ┊
cdefgh index1 index2
So all you have to do is setting index1 and index2 to the values that will surround the desired substring. For instance, to get the substring "cdefgh", you can use azString[2:8], because the index on the left side of "c" is 2 and the one on the right size of "h" is 8.
Remember that we are setting the boundaries. And those boundaries are the positions where you could place some brackets that will be wrapped around the substring like this ...
a b [ c d e f g h ] i j
That trick works all the time and is easy to memorize.
I personally think about it like a for loop:
a[start:end:step]
# for(i = start; i < end; i += step)
Also, note that negative values for start and end are relative to the end of the list and computed in the example above by given_index + a.shape[0].
#!/usr/bin/env python
def slicegraphical(s, lista):
if len(s) > 9:
print """Enter a string of maximum 9 characters,
so the printig would looki nice"""
return 0;
# print " ",
print ' '+'+---' * len(s) +'+'
print ' ',
for letter in s:
print '| {}'.format(letter),
print '|'
print " ",; print '+---' * len(s) +'+'
print " ",
for letter in range(len(s) +1):
print '{} '.format(letter),
print ""
for letter in range(-1*(len(s)), 0):
print ' {}'.format(letter),
print ''
print ''
for triada in lista:
if len(triada) == 3:
if triada[0]==None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
# 000
print s+'[ : : ]' +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
# 001
print s+'[ : :{0:2d} ]'.format(triada[2], '','') +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
# 010
print s+'[ :{0:2d} : ]'.format(triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
# 011
print s+'[ :{0:2d} :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
# 100
print s+'[{0:2d} : : ]'.format(triada[0]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
# 101
print s+'[{0:2d} : :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
# 110
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} : ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
# 111
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} :{2:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif len(triada) == 2:
if triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None:
# 00
print s+'[ : ] ' + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None:
# 01
print s+'[ :{0:2d} ] '.format(triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None:
# 10
print s+'[{0:2d} : ] '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None:
# 11
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} ] '.format(triada[0],triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif len(triada) == 1:
print s+'[{0:2d} ] '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]]
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Change "s" to what ever string you like, make it 9 characters for
# better representation.
s = 'COMPUTERS'
# add to this list different lists to experement with indexes
# to represent ex. s[::], use s[None, None,None], otherwise you get an error
# for s[2:] use s[2:None]
lista = [[4,7],[2,5,2],[-5,1,-1],[4],[-4,-6,-1], [2,-3,1],[2,-3,-1], [None,None,-1],[-5,None],[-5,0,-1],[-5,None,-1],[-1,1,-2]]
slicegraphical(s, lista)
You can run this script and experiment with it, below is some samples that I got from the script.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| C | O | M | P | U | T | E | R | S |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
COMPUTERS[ 4 : 7 ] = UTE
COMPUTERS[ 2 : 5 : 2 ] = MU
COMPUTERS[-5 : 1 :-1 ] = UPM
COMPUTERS[ 4 ] = U
COMPUTERS[-4 :-6 :-1 ] = TU
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 : 1 ] = MPUT
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 :-1 ] =
COMPUTERS[ : :-1 ] = SRETUPMOC
COMPUTERS[-5 : ] = UTERS
COMPUTERS[-5 : 0 :-1 ] = UPMO
COMPUTERS[-5 : :-1 ] = UPMOC
COMPUTERS[-1 : 1 :-2 ] = SEUM
[Finished in 0.9s]
When using a negative step, notice that the answer is shifted to the right by 1.
My brain seems happy to accept that lst[start:end] contains the start-th item. I might even say that it is a 'natural assumption'.
But occasionally a doubt creeps in and my brain asks for reassurance that it does not contain the end-th element.
In these moments I rely on this simple theorem:
for any n, lst = lst[:n] + lst[n:]
This pretty property tells me that lst[start:end] does not contain the end-th item because it is in lst[end:].
Note that this theorem is true for any n at all. For example, you can check that
lst = range(10)
lst[:-42] + lst[-42:] == lst
returns True.
In Python, the most basic form for slicing is the following:
l[start:end]
where l is some collection, start is an inclusive index, and end is an exclusive index.
In [1]: l = list(range(10))
In [2]: l[:5] # First five elements
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [3]: l[-5:] # Last five elements
Out[3]: [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
When slicing from the start, you can omit the zero index, and when slicing to the end, you can omit the final index since it is redundant, so do not be verbose:
In [5]: l[:3] == l[0:3]
Out[5]: True
In [6]: l[7:] == l[7:len(l)]
Out[6]: True
Negative integers are useful when doing offsets relative to the end of a collection:
In [7]: l[:-1] # Include all elements but the last one
Out[7]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
In [8]: l[-3:] # Take the last three elements
Out[8]: [7, 8, 9]
It is possible to provide indices that are out of bounds when slicing such as:
In [9]: l[:20] # 20 is out of index bounds, and l[20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[9]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [11]: l[-20:] # -20 is out of index bounds, and l[-20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[11]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Keep in mind that the result of slicing a collection is a whole new collection. In addition, when using slice notation in assignments, the length of the slice assignments do not need to be the same. The values before and after the assigned slice will be kept, and the collection will shrink or grow to contain the new values:
In [16]: l[2:6] = list('abc') # Assigning fewer elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l[2:6]
In [17]: l
Out[17]: [0, 1, 'a', 'b', 'c', 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [18]: l[2:5] = list('hello') # Assigning more elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l [2:5]
In [19]: l
Out[19]: [0, 1, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 6, 7, 8, 9]
If you omit the start and end index, you will make a copy of the collection:
In [14]: l_copy = l[:]
In [15]: l == l_copy and l is not l_copy
Out[15]: True
If the start and end indexes are omitted when performing an assignment operation, the entire content of the collection will be replaced with a copy of what is referenced:
In [20]: l[:] = list('hello...')
In [21]: l
Out[21]: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.', '.', '.']
Besides basic slicing, it is also possible to apply the following notation:
l[start:end:step]
where l is a collection, start is an inclusive index, end is an exclusive index, and step is a stride that can be used to take every nth item in l.
In [22]: l = list(range(10))
In [23]: l[::2] # Take the elements which indexes are even
Out[23]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [24]: l[1::2] # Take the elements which indexes are odd
Out[24]: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
Using step provides a useful trick to reverse a collection in Python:
In [25]: l[::-1]
Out[25]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
It is also possible to use negative integers for step as the following example:
In[28]: l[::-2]
Out[28]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]
However, using a negative value for step could become very confusing. Moreover, in order to be Pythonic, you should avoid using start, end, and step in a single slice. In case this is required, consider doing this in two assignments (one to slice, and the other to stride).
In [29]: l = l[::2] # This step is for striding
In [30]: l
Out[30]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [31]: l = l[1:-1] # This step is for slicing
In [32]: l
Out[32]: [2, 4, 6]
I want to add one Hello, World! example that explains the basics of slices for the very beginners. It helped me a lot.
Let's have a list with six values ['P', 'Y', 'T', 'H', 'O', 'N']:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
Now the simplest slices of that list are its sublists. The notation is [<index>:<index>] and the key is to read it like this:
[ start cutting before this index : end cutting before this index ]
Now if you make a slice [2:5] of the list above, this will happen:
| |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
0 1 | 2 3 4 | 5
You made a cut before the element with index 2 and another cut before the element with index 5. So the result will be a slice between those two cuts, a list ['T', 'H', 'O'].
Most of the previous answers clears up questions about slice notation.
The extended indexing syntax used for slicing is aList[start:stop:step], and basic examples are:
:
More slicing examples: 15 Extended Slices
The below is the example of an index of a string:
+---+---+---+---+---+
| H | e | l | p | A |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
str="Name string"
Slicing example: [start:end:step]
str[start:end] # Items start through end-1
str[start:] # Items start through the rest of the array
str[:end] # Items from the beginning through end-1
str[:] # A copy of the whole array
Below is the example usage:
print str[0] = N
print str[0:2] = Na
print str[0:7] = Name st
print str[0:7:2] = Nm t
print str[0:-1:2] = Nm ti
If you feel negative indices in slicing is confusing, here's a very easy way to think about it: just replace the negative index with len - index. So for example, replace -3 with len(list) - 3.
The best way to illustrate what slicing does internally is just show it in code that implements this operation:
def slice(list, start = None, end = None, step = 1):
# Take care of missing start/end parameters
start = 0 if start is None else start
end = len(list) if end is None else end
# Take care of negative start/end parameters
start = len(list) + start if start < 0 else start
end = len(list) + end if end < 0 else end
# Now just execute a for-loop with start, end and step
return [list[i] for i in range(start, end, step)]
I don't think that the Python tutorial diagram (cited in various other answers) is good as this suggestion works for positive stride, but does not for a negative stride.
This is the diagram:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
From the diagram, I expect a[-4,-6,-1] to be yP but it is ty.
>>> a = "Python"
>>> a[2:4:1] # as expected
'th'
>>> a[-4:-6:-1] # off by 1
'ty'
What always work is to think in characters or slots and use indexing as a half-open interval -- right-open if positive stride, left-open if negative stride.
This way, I can think of a[-4:-6:-1] as a(-6,-4] in interval terminology.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n | P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
How does Python's slice notation work? That is: when I write code like a[x:y:z], a[:], a[::2] etc., how can I understand which elements end up in the slice? Please include references where appropriate.
See also: Why are slice and range upper-bound exclusive?
The syntax is:
a[start:stop] # items start through stop-1
a[start:] # items start through the rest of the array
a[:stop] # items from the beginning through stop-1
a[:] # a copy of the whole array
There is also the step value, which can be used with any of the above:
a[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step
The key point to remember is that the :stop value represents the first value that is not in the selected slice. So, the difference between stop and start is the number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default).
The other feature is that start or stop may be a negative number, which means it counts from the end of the array instead of the beginning. So:
a[-1] # last item in the array
a[-2:] # last two items in the array
a[:-2] # everything except the last two items
Similarly, step may be a negative number:
a[::-1] # all items in the array, reversed
a[1::-1] # the first two items, reversed
a[:-3:-1] # the last two items, reversed
a[-3::-1] # everything except the last two items, reversed
Python is kind to the programmer if there are fewer items than you ask for. For example, if you ask for a[:-2] and a only contains one element, you get an empty list instead of an error. Sometimes you would prefer the error, so you have to be aware that this may happen.
Relationship with the slice object
A slice object can represent a slicing operation, i.e.:
a[start:stop:step]
is equivalent to:
a[slice(start, stop, step)]
Slice objects also behave slightly differently depending on the number of arguments, similarly to range(), i.e. both slice(stop) and slice(start, stop[, step]) are supported.
To skip specifying a given argument, one might use None, so that e.g. a[start:] is equivalent to a[slice(start, None)] or a[::-1] is equivalent to a[slice(None, None, -1)].
While the :-based notation is very helpful for simple slicing, the explicit use of slice() objects simplifies the programmatic generation of slicing.
The Python tutorial talks about it (scroll down a bit until you get to the part about slicing).
The ASCII art diagram is helpful too for remembering how slices work:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n.
Enumerating the possibilities allowed by the grammar for the sequence x:
>>> x[:] # [x[0], x[1], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[low:] # [x[low], x[low+1], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[:high] # [x[0], x[1], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high] # [x[low], x[low+1], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[::stride] # [x[0], x[stride], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[low::stride] # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[:high:stride] # [x[0], x[stride], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high:stride] # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[high-1]]
Of course, if (high-low)%stride != 0, then the end point will be a little lower than high-1.
If stride is negative, the ordering is changed a bit since we're counting down:
>>> x[::-stride] # [x[-1], x[-1-stride], ..., x[0] ]
>>> x[high::-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[0] ]
>>> x[:low:-stride] # [x[-1], x[-1-stride], ..., x[low+1]]
>>> x[high:low:-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[low+1]]
Extended slicing (with commas and ellipses) are mostly used only by special data structures (like NumPy); the basic sequences don't support them.
>>> class slicee:
... def __getitem__(self, item):
... return repr(item)
...
>>> slicee()[0, 1:2, ::5, ...]
'(0, slice(1, 2, None), slice(None, None, 5), Ellipsis)'
The answers above don't discuss slice assignment. To understand slice assignment, it's helpful to add another concept to the ASCII art:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Slice position: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Index position: 0 1 2 3 4 5
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
# Why the two sets of numbers:
# indexing gives items, not lists
>>> p[0]
'P'
>>> p[5]
'n'
# Slicing gives lists
>>> p[0:1]
['P']
>>> p[0:2]
['P','y']
One heuristic is, for a slice from zero to n, think: "zero is the beginning, start at the beginning and take n items in a list".
>>> p[5] # the last of six items, indexed from zero
'n'
>>> p[0:5] # does NOT include the last item!
['P','y','t','h','o']
>>> p[0:6] # not p[0:5]!!!
['P','y','t','h','o','n']
Another heuristic is, "for any slice, replace the start by zero, apply the previous heuristic to get the end of the list, then count the first number back up to chop items off the beginning"
>>> p[0:4] # Start at the beginning and count out 4 items
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4] # Take one item off the front
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4] # Take two items off the front
['t','h']
# etc.
The first rule of slice assignment is that since slicing returns a list, slice assignment requires a list (or other iterable):
>>> p[2:3]
['t']
>>> p[2:3] = ['T']
>>> p
['P','y','T','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:3] = 't'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only assign an iterable
The second rule of slice assignment, which you can also see above, is that whatever portion of the list is returned by slice indexing, that's the same portion that is changed by slice assignment:
>>> p[2:4]
['T','h']
>>> p[2:4] = ['t','r']
>>> p
['P','y','t','r','o','n']
The third rule of slice assignment is, the assigned list (iterable) doesn't have to have the same length; the indexed slice is simply sliced out and replaced en masse by whatever is being assigned:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n'] # Start over
>>> p[2:4] = ['s','p','a','m']
>>> p
['P','y','s','p','a','m','o','n']
The trickiest part to get used to is assignment to empty slices. Using heuristic 1 and 2 it's easy to get your head around indexing an empty slice:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
['h']
>>> p[4:4]
[]
And then once you've seen that, slice assignment to the empty slice makes sense too:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is same length as slice
>>> p
['P','y','x','y','o','n'] # Result is same length
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[3:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is longer than slice
>>> p
['P','y','t','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[4:4] = ['x','y']
>>> p
['P','y','t','h','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer still
Note that, since we are not changing the second number of the slice (4), the inserted items always stack right up against the 'o', even when we're assigning to the empty slice. So the position for the empty slice assignment is the logical extension of the positions for the non-empty slice assignments.
Backing up a little bit, what happens when you keep going with our procession of counting up the slice beginning?
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
['h']
>>> p[4:4]
[]
>>> p[5:4]
[]
>>> p[6:4]
[]
With slicing, once you're done, you're done; it doesn't start slicing backwards. In Python you don't get negative strides unless you explicitly ask for them by using a negative number.
>>> p[5:3:-1]
['n','o']
There are some weird consequences to the "once you're done, you're done" rule:
>>> p[4:4]
[]
>>> p[5:4]
[]
>>> p[6:4]
[]
>>> p[6]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
In fact, compared to indexing, Python slicing is bizarrely error-proof:
>>> p[100:200]
[]
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)]
[]
This can come in handy sometimes, but it can also lead to somewhat strange behavior:
>>> p
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)] = ['p','o','w','e','r']
>>> p
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n', 'p', 'o', 'w', 'e', 'r']
Depending on your application, that might... or might not... be what you were hoping for there!
Below is the text of my original answer. It has been useful to many people, so I didn't want to delete it.
>>> r=[1,2,3,4]
>>> r[1:1]
[]
>>> r[1:1]=[9,8]
>>> r
[1, 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:1]=['blah']
>>> r
[1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
This may also clarify the difference between slicing and indexing.
Explain Python's slice notation
In short, the colons (:) in subscript notation (subscriptable[subscriptarg]) make slice notation, which has the optional arguments start, stop, and step:
sliceable[start:stop:step]
Python slicing is a computationally fast way to methodically access parts of your data. In my opinion, to be even an intermediate Python programmer, it's one aspect of the language that it is necessary to be familiar with.
Important Definitions
To begin with, let's define a few terms:
start: the beginning index of the slice, it will include the element at this index unless it is the same as stop, defaults to 0, i.e. the first index. If it's negative, it means to start n items from the end.
stop: the ending index of the slice, it does not include the element at this index, defaults to length of the sequence being sliced, that is, up to and including the end.
step: the amount by which the index increases, defaults to 1. If it's negative, you're slicing over the iterable in reverse.
How Indexing Works
You can make any of these positive or negative numbers. The meaning of the positive numbers is straightforward, but for negative numbers, just like indexes in Python, you count backwards from the end for the start and stop, and for the step, you simply decrement your index. This example is from the documentation's tutorial, but I've modified it slightly to indicate which item in a sequence each index references:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
How Slicing Works
To use slice notation with a sequence that supports it, you must include at least one colon in the square brackets that follow the sequence (which actually implement the __getitem__ method of the sequence, according to the Python data model.)
Slice notation works like this:
sequence[start:stop:step]
And recall that there are defaults for start, stop, and step, so to access the defaults, simply leave out the argument.
Slice notation to get the last nine elements from a list (or any other sequence that supports it, like a string) would look like this:
my_list[-9:]
When I see this, I read the part in the brackets as "9th from the end, to the end." (Actually, I abbreviate it mentally as "-9, on")
Explanation:
The full notation is
my_list[-9:None:None]
and to substitute the defaults (actually when step is negative, stop's default is -len(my_list) - 1, so None for stop really just means it goes to whichever end step takes it to):
my_list[-9:len(my_list):1]
The colon, :, is what tells Python you're giving it a slice and not a regular index. That's why the idiomatic way of making a shallow copy of lists in Python 2 is
list_copy = sequence[:]
And clearing them is with:
del my_list[:]
(Python 3 gets a list.copy and list.clear method.)
When step is negative, the defaults for start and stop change
By default, when the step argument is empty (or None), it is assigned to +1.
But you can pass in a negative integer, and the list (or most other standard sliceables) will be sliced from the end to the beginning.
Thus a negative slice will change the defaults for start and stop!
Confirming this in the source
I like to encourage users to read the source as well as the documentation. The source code for slice objects and this logic is found here. First we determine if step is negative:
step_is_negative = step_sign < 0;
If so, the lower bound is -1 meaning we slice all the way up to and including the beginning, and the upper bound is the length minus 1, meaning we start at the end. (Note that the semantics of this -1 is different from a -1 that users may pass indexes in Python indicating the last item.)
if (step_is_negative) {
lower = PyLong_FromLong(-1L);
if (lower == NULL)
goto error;
upper = PyNumber_Add(length, lower);
if (upper == NULL)
goto error;
}
Otherwise step is positive, and the lower bound will be zero and the upper bound (which we go up to but not including) the length of the sliced list.
else {
lower = _PyLong_Zero;
Py_INCREF(lower);
upper = length;
Py_INCREF(upper);
}
Then, we may need to apply the defaults for start and stop—the default then for start is calculated as the upper bound when step is negative:
if (self->start == Py_None) {
start = step_is_negative ? upper : lower;
Py_INCREF(start);
}
and stop, the lower bound:
if (self->stop == Py_None) {
stop = step_is_negative ? lower : upper;
Py_INCREF(stop);
}
Give your slices a descriptive name!
You may find it useful to separate forming the slice from passing it to the list.__getitem__ method (that's what the square brackets do). Even if you're not new to it, it keeps your code more readable so that others that may have to read your code can more readily understand what you're doing.
However, you can't just assign some integers separated by colons to a variable. You need to use the slice object:
last_nine_slice = slice(-9, None)
The second argument, None, is required, so that the first argument is interpreted as the start argument otherwise it would be the stop argument.
You can then pass the slice object to your sequence:
>>> list(range(100))[last_nine_slice]
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
It's interesting that ranges also take slices:
>>> range(100)[last_nine_slice]
range(91, 100)
Memory Considerations:
Since slices of Python lists create new objects in memory, another important function to be aware of is itertools.islice. Typically you'll want to iterate over a slice, not just have it created statically in memory. islice is perfect for this. A caveat, it doesn't support negative arguments to start, stop, or step, so if that's an issue you may need to calculate indices or reverse the iterable in advance.
length = 100
last_nine_iter = itertools.islice(list(range(length)), length-9, None, 1)
list_last_nine = list(last_nine_iter)
and now:
>>> list_last_nine
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
The fact that list slices make a copy is a feature of lists themselves. If you're slicing advanced objects like a Pandas DataFrame, it may return a view on the original, and not a copy.
And a couple of things that weren't immediately obvious to me when I first saw the slicing syntax:
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-1]
[6,5,4,3,2,1]
Easy way to reverse sequences!
And if you wanted, for some reason, every second item in the reversed sequence:
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-2]
[6,4,2]
In Python 2.7
Slicing in Python
[a:b:c]
len = length of string, tuple or list
c -- default is +1. The sign of c indicates forward or backward, absolute value of c indicates steps. Default is forward with step size 1. Positive means forward, negative means backward.
a -- When c is positive or blank, default is 0. When c is negative, default is -1.
b -- When c is positive or blank, default is len. When c is negative, default is -(len+1).
Understanding index assignment is very important.
In forward direction, starts at 0 and ends at len-1
In backward direction, starts at -1 and ends at -len
When you say [a:b:c], you are saying depending on the sign of c (forward or backward), start at a and end at b (excluding element at bth index). Use the indexing rule above and remember you will only find elements in this range:
-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1
But this range continues in both directions infinitely:
...,-len -2 ,-len-1,-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1, len, len +1, len+2 , ....
For example:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a s t r i n g
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
If your choice of a, b, and c allows overlap with the range above as you traverse using rules for a,b,c above you will either get a list with elements (touched during traversal) or you will get an empty list.
One last thing: if a and b are equal, then also you get an empty list:
>>> l1
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[:]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[::-1] # a default is -1 , b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[:-4:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[:-3:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3]
>>> l1[::] # c default is +1, so a default is 0, b default is len
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[::-1] # c is -1 , so a default is -1 and b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[-100:-200:-1] # Interesting
[]
>>> l1[-1:-200:-1] # Interesting
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[-1:-1:1]
[]
>>> l1[-1:5:1] # Interesting
[4]
>>> l1[1:-7:1]
[]
>>> l1[1:-7:-1] # Interesting
[3, 2]
>>> l1[:-2:-2] # a default is -1, stop(b) at -2 , step(c) by 2 in reverse direction
[4]
Found this great table at http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages
Python indexes and slices for a six-element list.
Indexes enumerate the elements, slices enumerate the spaces between the elements.
Index from rear: -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 a=[0,1,2,3,4,5] a[1:]==[1,2,3,4,5]
Index from front: 0 1 2 3 4 5 len(a)==6 a[:5]==[0,1,2,3,4]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ a[0]==0 a[:-2]==[0,1,2,3]
| a | b | c | d | e | f | a[5]==5 a[1:2]==[1]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ a[-1]==5 a[1:-1]==[1,2,3,4]
Slice from front: : 1 2 3 4 5 : a[-2]==4
Slice from rear: : -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 :
b=a[:]
b==[0,1,2,3,4,5] (shallow copy of a)
After using it a bit I realise that the simplest description is that it is exactly the same as the arguments in a for loop...
(from:to:step)
Any of them are optional:
(:to:step)
(from::step)
(from:to)
Then the negative indexing just needs you to add the length of the string to the negative indices to understand it.
This works for me anyway...
I find it easier to remember how it works, and then I can figure out any specific start/stop/step combination.
It's instructive to understand range() first:
def range(start=0, stop, step=1): # Illegal syntax, but that's the effect
i = start
while (i < stop if step > 0 else i > stop):
yield i
i += step
Begin from start, increment by step, do not reach stop. Very simple.
The thing to remember about negative step is that stop is always the excluded end, whether it's higher or lower. If you want same slice in opposite order, it's much cleaner to do the reversal separately: e.g. 'abcde'[1:-2][::-1] slices off one char from left, two from right, then reverses. (See also reversed().)
Sequence slicing is same, except it first normalizes negative indexes, and it can never go outside the sequence:
TODO: The code below had a bug with "never go outside the sequence" when abs(step)>1; I think I patched it to be correct, but it's hard to understand.
def this_is_how_slicing_works(seq, start=None, stop=None, step=1):
if start is None:
start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
elif start < 0:
start += len(seq)
if not 0 <= start < len(seq): # clip if still outside bounds
start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
if stop is None:
stop = (len(seq) if step > 0 else -1) # really -1, not last element
elif stop < 0:
stop += len(seq)
for i in range(start, stop, step):
if 0 <= i < len(seq):
yield seq[i]
Don't worry about the is None details - just remember that omitting start and/or stop always does the right thing to give you the whole sequence.
Normalizing negative indexes first allows start and/or stop to be counted from the end independently: 'abcde'[1:-2] == 'abcde'[1:3] == 'bc' despite range(1,-2) == [].
The normalization is sometimes thought of as "modulo the length", but note it adds the length just once: e.g. 'abcde'[-53:42] is just the whole string.
I use the "an index points between elements" method of thinking about it myself, but one way of describing it which sometimes helps others get it is this:
mylist[X:Y]
X is the index of the first element you want.
Y is the index of the first element you don't want.
Index:
------------>
0 1 2 3 4
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 -4 -3 -2 -1
<------------
Slice:
<---------------|
|--------------->
: 1 2 3 4 :
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
: -4 -3 -2 -1 :
|--------------->
<---------------|
I hope this will help you to model the list in Python.
Reference: http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages
This is how I teach slices to newbies:
Understanding the difference between indexing and slicing:
Wiki Python has this amazing picture which clearly distinguishes indexing and slicing.
It is a list with six elements in it. To understand slicing better, consider that list as a set of six boxes placed together. Each box has an alphabet in it.
Indexing is like dealing with the contents of box. You can check contents of any box. But you can't check the contents of multiple boxes at once. You can even replace the contents of the box. But you can't place two balls in one box or replace two balls at a time.
In [122]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [123]: alpha
Out[123]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [124]: alpha[0]
Out[124]: 'a'
In [127]: alpha[0] = 'A'
In [128]: alpha
Out[128]: ['A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [129]: alpha[0,1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-129-c7eb16585371> in <module>()
----> 1 alpha[0,1]
TypeError: list indices must be integers, not tuple
Slicing is like dealing with boxes themselves. You can pick up the first box and place it on another table. To pick up the box, all you need to know is the position of beginning and ending of the box.
You can even pick up the first three boxes or the last two boxes or all boxes between 1 and 4. So, you can pick any set of boxes if you know the beginning and ending. These positions are called start and stop positions.
The interesting thing is that you can replace multiple boxes at once. Also you can place multiple boxes wherever you like.
In [130]: alpha[0:1]
Out[130]: ['A']
In [131]: alpha[0:1] = 'a'
In [132]: alpha
Out[132]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [133]: alpha[0:2] = ['A', 'B']
In [134]: alpha
Out[134]: ['A', 'B', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [135]: alpha[2:2] = ['x', 'xx']
In [136]: alpha
Out[136]: ['A', 'B', 'x', 'xx', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
Slicing With Step:
Till now you have picked boxes continuously. But sometimes you need to pick up discretely. For example, you can pick up every second box. You can even pick up every third box from the end. This value is called step size. This represents the gap between your successive pickups. The step size should be positive if You are picking boxes from the beginning to end and vice versa.
In [137]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [142]: alpha[1:5:2]
Out[142]: ['b', 'd']
In [143]: alpha[-1:-5:-2]
Out[143]: ['f', 'd']
In [144]: alpha[1:5:-2]
Out[144]: []
In [145]: alpha[-1:-5:2]
Out[145]: []
How Python Figures Out Missing Parameters:
When slicing, if you leave out any parameter, Python tries to figure it out automatically.
If you check the source code of CPython, you will find a function called PySlice_GetIndicesEx() which figures out indices to a slice for any given parameters. Here is the logical equivalent code in Python.
This function takes a Python object and optional parameters for slicing and returns the start, stop, step, and slice length for the requested slice.
def py_slice_get_indices_ex(obj, start=None, stop=None, step=None):
length = len(obj)
if step is None:
step = 1
if step == 0:
raise Exception("Step cannot be zero.")
if start is None:
start = 0 if step > 0 else length - 1
else:
if start < 0:
start += length
if start < 0:
start = 0 if step > 0 else -1
if start >= length:
start = length if step > 0 else length - 1
if stop is None:
stop = length if step > 0 else -1
else:
if stop < 0:
stop += length
if stop < 0:
stop = 0 if step > 0 else -1
if stop >= length:
stop = length if step > 0 else length - 1
if (step < 0 and stop >= start) or (step > 0 and start >= stop):
slice_length = 0
elif step < 0:
slice_length = (stop - start + 1)/(step) + 1
else:
slice_length = (stop - start - 1)/(step) + 1
return (start, stop, step, slice_length)
This is the intelligence that is present behind slices. Since Python has an built-in function called slice, you can pass some parameters and check how smartly it calculates missing parameters.
In [21]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [22]: s = slice(None, None, None)
In [23]: s
Out[23]: slice(None, None, None)
In [24]: s.indices(len(alpha))
Out[24]: (0, 6, 1)
In [25]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[25]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In [26]: s = slice(None, None, -1)
In [27]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[27]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
In [28]: s = slice(None, 3, -1)
In [29]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[29]: [5, 4]
Note: This post was originally written in my blog, The Intelligence Behind Python Slices.
Python slicing notation:
a[start:end:step]
For start and end, negative values are interpreted as being relative to the end of the sequence.
Positive indices for end indicate the position after the last element to be included.
Blank values are defaulted as follows: [+0:-0:1].
Using a negative step reverses the interpretation of start and end
The notation extends to (numpy) matrices and multidimensional arrays. For example, to slice entire columns you can use:
m[::,0:2:] ## slice the first two columns
Slices hold references, not copies, of the array elements. If you want to make a separate copy an array, you can use deepcopy().
You can also use slice assignment to remove one or more elements from a list:
r = [1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:4] = []
>>> r
[1, 2, 3, 4]
This is just for some extra info...
Consider the list below
>>> l=[12,23,345,456,67,7,945,467]
Few other tricks for reversing the list:
>>> l[len(l):-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[len(l)::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[-1:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
1. Slice Notation
To make it simple, remember slice has only one form：
s[start:end:step]
and here is how it works:
s: an object that can be sliced
start: first index to start iteration
end: last index, NOTE that end index will not be included in the resulted slice
step: pick element every step index
Another import thing: all start,end, step can be omitted! And if they are omitted, their default value will be used: 0,len(s),1 accordingly.
So possible variations are:
# Mostly used variations
s[start:end]
s[start:]
s[:end]
# Step-related variations
s[:end:step]
s[start::step]
s[::step]
# Make a copy
s[:]
NOTE: If start >= end (considering only when step>0), Python will return a empty slice [].
2. Pitfalls
The above part explains the core features on how slice works, and it will work on most occasions. However, there can be pitfalls you should watch out, and this part explains them.
Negative indexes
The very first thing that confuses Python learners is that an index can be negative!
Don't panic: a negative index means count backwards.
For example:
s[-5:] # Start at the 5th index from the end of array,
# thus returning the last 5 elements.
s[:-5] # Start at index 0, and end until the 5th index from end of array,
# thus returning s[0:len(s)-5].
Negative step
Making things more confusing is that step can be negative too!
A negative step means iterate the array backwards: from the end to start, with the end index included, and the start index excluded from the result.
NOTE: when step is negative, the default value for start is len(s) (while end does not equal to 0, because s[::-1] contains s[0]). For example:
s[::-1] # Reversed slice
s[len(s)::-1] # The same as above, reversed slice
s[0:len(s):-1] # Empty list
Out of range error?
Be surprised: slice does not raise an IndexError when the index is out of range!
If the index is out of range, Python will try its best to set the index to 0 or len(s) according to the situation. For example:
s[:len(s)+5] # The same as s[:len(s)]
s[-len(s)-5::] # The same as s[0:]
s[len(s)+5::-1] # The same as s[len(s)::-1], and the same as s[::-1]
3. Examples
Let's finish this answer with examples, explaining everything we have discussed:
# Create our array for demonstration
In [1]: s = [i for i in range(10)]
In [2]: s
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [3]: s[2:] # From index 2 to last index
Out[3]: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [4]: s[:8] # From index 0 up to index 8
Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [5]: s[4:7] # From index 4 (included) up to index 7(excluded)
Out[5]: [4, 5, 6]
In [6]: s[:-2] # Up to second last index (negative index)
Out[6]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [7]: s[-2:] # From second last index (negative index)
Out[7]: [8, 9]
In [8]: s[::-1] # From last to first in reverse order (negative step)
Out[8]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
In [9]: s[::-2] # All odd numbers in reversed order
Out[9]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]
In [11]: s[-2::-2] # All even numbers in reversed order
Out[11]: [8, 6, 4, 2, 0]
In [12]: s[3:15] # End is out of range, and Python will set it to len(s).
Out[12]: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [14]: s[5:1] # Start > end; return empty list
Out[14]: []
In [15]: s[11] # Access index 11 (greater than len(s)) will raise an IndexError
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-79ffc22473a3> in <module>()
----> 1 s[11]
IndexError: list index out of range
As a general rule, writing code with a lot of hardcoded index values leads to a readability
and maintenance mess. For example, if you come back to the code a year later, you’ll
look at it and wonder what you were thinking when you wrote it. The solution shown
is simply a way of more clearly stating what your code is actually doing.
In general, the built-in slice() creates a slice object that can be used anywhere a slice
is allowed. For example:
>>> items = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a = slice(2, 4)
>>> items[2:4]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a] = [10,11]
>>> items
[0, 1, 10, 11, 4, 5, 6]
>>> del items[a]
>>> items
[0, 1, 4, 5, 6]
If you have a slice instance s, you can get more information about it by looking at its
s.start, s.stop, and s.step attributes, respectively. For example:
>>> a = slice(10, 50, 2)
>>> a.start
10
>>> a.stop
50
>>> a.step
2
>>>
The previous answers don't discuss multi-dimensional array slicing which is possible using the famous NumPy package:
Slicing can also be applied to multi-dimensional arrays.
# Here, a is a NumPy array
>>> a
array([[ 1, 2, 3, 4],
[ 5, 6, 7, 8],
[ 9, 10, 11, 12]])
>>> a[:2, 0:3:2]
array([[1, 3],
[5, 7]])
The ":2" before the comma operates on the first dimension and the "0:3:2" after the comma operates on the second dimension.
The rules of slicing are as follows:
[lower bound : upper bound : step size]
I- Convert upper bound and lower bound into common signs.
II- Then check if the step size is a positive or a negative value.
(i) If the step size is a positive value, upper bound should be greater than lower bound, otherwise empty string is printed. For example:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:3:1]
print(s1)
The output:
Wel
However if we run the following code:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:1]
print(s1)
It will return an empty string.
(ii) If the step size if a negative value, upper bound should be lesser than lower bound, otherwise empty string will be printed. For example:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:-1]
print(s1)
The output:
cle
But if we run the following code:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:5:-1]
print(s1)
The output will be an empty string.
Thus in the code:
str = 'abcd'
l = len(str)
str2 = str[l-1:0:-1] #str[3:0:-1]
print(str2)
str2 = str[l-1:-1:-1] #str[3:-1:-1]
print(str2)
In the first str2=str[l-1:0:-1], the upper bound is lesser than the lower bound, thus dcb is printed.
However in str2=str[l-1:-1:-1], the upper bound is not less than the lower bound (upon converting lower bound into negative value which is -1: since index of last element is -1 as well as 3).
In my opinion, you will understand and memorize better the Python string slicing notation if you look at it the following way (read on).
Let's work with the following string ...
azString = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
For those who don't know, you can create any substring from azString using the notation azString[x:y]
Coming from other programming languages, that's when the common sense gets compromised. What are x and y?
I had to sit down and run several scenarios in my quest for a memorization technique that will help me remember what x and y are and help me slice strings properly at the first attempt.
My conclusion is that x and y should be seen as the boundary indexes that are surrounding the strings that we want to extra. So we should see the expression as azString[index1, index2] or even more clearer as azString[index_of_first_character, index_after_the_last_character].
Here is an example visualization of that ...
Letters a b c d e f g h i j ...
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
┊ ┊
Indexes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
┊ ┊
cdefgh index1 index2
So all you have to do is setting index1 and index2 to the values that will surround the desired substring. For instance, to get the substring "cdefgh", you can use azString[2:8], because the index on the left side of "c" is 2 and the one on the right size of "h" is 8.
Remember that we are setting the boundaries. And those boundaries are the positions where you could place some brackets that will be wrapped around the substring like this ...
a b [ c d e f g h ] i j
That trick works all the time and is easy to memorize.
I personally think about it like a for loop:
a[start:end:step]
# for(i = start; i < end; i += step)
Also, note that negative values for start and end are relative to the end of the list and computed in the example above by given_index + a.shape[0].
#!/usr/bin/env python
def slicegraphical(s, lista):
if len(s) > 9:
print """Enter a string of maximum 9 characters,
so the printig would looki nice"""
return 0;
# print " ",
print ' '+'+---' * len(s) +'+'
print ' ',
for letter in s:
print '| {}'.format(letter),
print '|'
print " ",; print '+---' * len(s) +'+'
print " ",
for letter in range(len(s) +1):
print '{} '.format(letter),
print ""
for letter in range(-1*(len(s)), 0):
print ' {}'.format(letter),
print ''
print ''
for triada in lista:
if len(triada) == 3:
if triada[0]==None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
# 000
print s+'[ : : ]' +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
# 001
print s+'[ : :{0:2d} ]'.format(triada[2], '','') +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
# 010
print s+'[ :{0:2d} : ]'.format(triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
# 011
print s+'[ :{0:2d} :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
# 100
print s+'[{0:2d} : : ]'.format(triada[0]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
# 101
print s+'[{0:2d} : :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
# 110
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} : ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
# 111
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} :{2:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif len(triada) == 2:
if triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None:
# 00
print s+'[ : ] ' + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None:
# 01
print s+'[ :{0:2d} ] '.format(triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None:
# 10
print s+'[{0:2d} : ] '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None:
# 11
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} ] '.format(triada[0],triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif len(triada) == 1:
print s+'[{0:2d} ] '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]]
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Change "s" to what ever string you like, make it 9 characters for
# better representation.
s = 'COMPUTERS'
# add to this list different lists to experement with indexes
# to represent ex. s[::], use s[None, None,None], otherwise you get an error
# for s[2:] use s[2:None]
lista = [[4,7],[2,5,2],[-5,1,-1],[4],[-4,-6,-1], [2,-3,1],[2,-3,-1], [None,None,-1],[-5,None],[-5,0,-1],[-5,None,-1],[-1,1,-2]]
slicegraphical(s, lista)
You can run this script and experiment with it, below is some samples that I got from the script.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| C | O | M | P | U | T | E | R | S |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
COMPUTERS[ 4 : 7 ] = UTE
COMPUTERS[ 2 : 5 : 2 ] = MU
COMPUTERS[-5 : 1 :-1 ] = UPM
COMPUTERS[ 4 ] = U
COMPUTERS[-4 :-6 :-1 ] = TU
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 : 1 ] = MPUT
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 :-1 ] =
COMPUTERS[ : :-1 ] = SRETUPMOC
COMPUTERS[-5 : ] = UTERS
COMPUTERS[-5 : 0 :-1 ] = UPMO
COMPUTERS[-5 : :-1 ] = UPMOC
COMPUTERS[-1 : 1 :-2 ] = SEUM
[Finished in 0.9s]
When using a negative step, notice that the answer is shifted to the right by 1.
My brain seems happy to accept that lst[start:end] contains the start-th item. I might even say that it is a 'natural assumption'.
But occasionally a doubt creeps in and my brain asks for reassurance that it does not contain the end-th element.
In these moments I rely on this simple theorem:
for any n, lst = lst[:n] + lst[n:]
This pretty property tells me that lst[start:end] does not contain the end-th item because it is in lst[end:].
Note that this theorem is true for any n at all. For example, you can check that
lst = range(10)
lst[:-42] + lst[-42:] == lst
returns True.
In Python, the most basic form for slicing is the following:
l[start:end]
where l is some collection, start is an inclusive index, and end is an exclusive index.
In [1]: l = list(range(10))
In [2]: l[:5] # First five elements
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [3]: l[-5:] # Last five elements
Out[3]: [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
When slicing from the start, you can omit the zero index, and when slicing to the end, you can omit the final index since it is redundant, so do not be verbose:
In [5]: l[:3] == l[0:3]
Out[5]: True
In [6]: l[7:] == l[7:len(l)]
Out[6]: True
Negative integers are useful when doing offsets relative to the end of a collection:
In [7]: l[:-1] # Include all elements but the last one
Out[7]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
In [8]: l[-3:] # Take the last three elements
Out[8]: [7, 8, 9]
It is possible to provide indices that are out of bounds when slicing such as:
In [9]: l[:20] # 20 is out of index bounds, and l[20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[9]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [11]: l[-20:] # -20 is out of index bounds, and l[-20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[11]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Keep in mind that the result of slicing a collection is a whole new collection. In addition, when using slice notation in assignments, the length of the slice assignments do not need to be the same. The values before and after the assigned slice will be kept, and the collection will shrink or grow to contain the new values:
In [16]: l[2:6] = list('abc') # Assigning fewer elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l[2:6]
In [17]: l
Out[17]: [0, 1, 'a', 'b', 'c', 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [18]: l[2:5] = list('hello') # Assigning more elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l [2:5]
In [19]: l
Out[19]: [0, 1, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 6, 7, 8, 9]
If you omit the start and end index, you will make a copy of the collection:
In [14]: l_copy = l[:]
In [15]: l == l_copy and l is not l_copy
Out[15]: True
If the start and end indexes are omitted when performing an assignment operation, the entire content of the collection will be replaced with a copy of what is referenced:
In [20]: l[:] = list('hello...')
In [21]: l
Out[21]: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.', '.', '.']
Besides basic slicing, it is also possible to apply the following notation:
l[start:end:step]
where l is a collection, start is an inclusive index, end is an exclusive index, and step is a stride that can be used to take every nth item in l.
In [22]: l = list(range(10))
In [23]: l[::2] # Take the elements which indexes are even
Out[23]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [24]: l[1::2] # Take the elements which indexes are odd
Out[24]: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
Using step provides a useful trick to reverse a collection in Python:
In [25]: l[::-1]
Out[25]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
It is also possible to use negative integers for step as the following example:
In[28]: l[::-2]
Out[28]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]
However, using a negative value for step could become very confusing. Moreover, in order to be Pythonic, you should avoid using start, end, and step in a single slice. In case this is required, consider doing this in two assignments (one to slice, and the other to stride).
In [29]: l = l[::2] # This step is for striding
In [30]: l
Out[30]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [31]: l = l[1:-1] # This step is for slicing
In [32]: l
Out[32]: [2, 4, 6]
I want to add one Hello, World! example that explains the basics of slices for the very beginners. It helped me a lot.
Let's have a list with six values ['P', 'Y', 'T', 'H', 'O', 'N']:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
Now the simplest slices of that list are its sublists. The notation is [<index>:<index>] and the key is to read it like this:
[ start cutting before this index : end cutting before this index ]
Now if you make a slice [2:5] of the list above, this will happen:
| |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
0 1 | 2 3 4 | 5
You made a cut before the element with index 2 and another cut before the element with index 5. So the result will be a slice between those two cuts, a list ['T', 'H', 'O'].
Most of the previous answers clears up questions about slice notation.
The extended indexing syntax used for slicing is aList[start:stop:step], and basic examples are:
:
More slicing examples: 15 Extended Slices
The below is the example of an index of a string:
+---+---+---+---+---+
| H | e | l | p | A |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
str="Name string"
Slicing example: [start:end:step]
str[start:end] # Items start through end-1
str[start:] # Items start through the rest of the array
str[:end] # Items from the beginning through end-1
str[:] # A copy of the whole array
Below is the example usage:
print str[0] = N
print str[0:2] = Na
print str[0:7] = Name st
print str[0:7:2] = Nm t
print str[0:-1:2] = Nm ti
If you feel negative indices in slicing is confusing, here's a very easy way to think about it: just replace the negative index with len - index. So for example, replace -3 with len(list) - 3.
The best way to illustrate what slicing does internally is just show it in code that implements this operation:
def slice(list, start = None, end = None, step = 1):
# Take care of missing start/end parameters
start = 0 if start is None else start
end = len(list) if end is None else end
# Take care of negative start/end parameters
start = len(list) + start if start < 0 else start
end = len(list) + end if end < 0 else end
# Now just execute a for-loop with start, end and step
return [list[i] for i in range(start, end, step)]
I don't think that the Python tutorial diagram (cited in various other answers) is good as this suggestion works for positive stride, but does not for a negative stride.
This is the diagram:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
From the diagram, I expect a[-4,-6,-1] to be yP but it is ty.
>>> a = "Python"
>>> a[2:4:1] # as expected
'th'
>>> a[-4:-6:-1] # off by 1
'ty'
What always work is to think in characters or slots and use indexing as a half-open interval -- right-open if positive stride, left-open if negative stride.
This way, I can think of a[-4:-6:-1] as a(-6,-4] in interval terminology.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n | P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
How does Python's slice notation work? That is: when I write code like a[x:y:z], a[:], a[::2] etc., how can I understand which elements end up in the slice? Please include references where appropriate.
See also: Why are slice and range upper-bound exclusive?
The syntax is:
a[start:stop] # items start through stop-1
a[start:] # items start through the rest of the array
a[:stop] # items from the beginning through stop-1
a[:] # a copy of the whole array
There is also the step value, which can be used with any of the above:
a[start:stop:step] # start through not past stop, by step
The key point to remember is that the :stop value represents the first value that is not in the selected slice. So, the difference between stop and start is the number of elements selected (if step is 1, the default).
The other feature is that start or stop may be a negative number, which means it counts from the end of the array instead of the beginning. So:
a[-1] # last item in the array
a[-2:] # last two items in the array
a[:-2] # everything except the last two items
Similarly, step may be a negative number:
a[::-1] # all items in the array, reversed
a[1::-1] # the first two items, reversed
a[:-3:-1] # the last two items, reversed
a[-3::-1] # everything except the last two items, reversed
Python is kind to the programmer if there are fewer items than you ask for. For example, if you ask for a[:-2] and a only contains one element, you get an empty list instead of an error. Sometimes you would prefer the error, so you have to be aware that this may happen.
Relationship with the slice object
A slice object can represent a slicing operation, i.e.:
a[start:stop:step]
is equivalent to:
a[slice(start, stop, step)]
Slice objects also behave slightly differently depending on the number of arguments, similarly to range(), i.e. both slice(stop) and slice(start, stop[, step]) are supported.
To skip specifying a given argument, one might use None, so that e.g. a[start:] is equivalent to a[slice(start, None)] or a[::-1] is equivalent to a[slice(None, None, -1)].
While the :-based notation is very helpful for simple slicing, the explicit use of slice() objects simplifies the programmatic generation of slicing.
The Python tutorial talks about it (scroll down a bit until you get to the part about slicing).
The ASCII art diagram is helpful too for remembering how slices work:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
One way to remember how slices work is to think of the indices as pointing between characters, with the left edge of the first character numbered 0. Then the right edge of the last character of a string of n characters has index n.
Enumerating the possibilities allowed by the grammar for the sequence x:
>>> x[:] # [x[0], x[1], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[low:] # [x[low], x[low+1], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[:high] # [x[0], x[1], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high] # [x[low], x[low+1], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[::stride] # [x[0], x[stride], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[low::stride] # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[-1] ]
>>> x[:high:stride] # [x[0], x[stride], ..., x[high-1]]
>>> x[low:high:stride] # [x[low], x[low+stride], ..., x[high-1]]
Of course, if (high-low)%stride != 0, then the end point will be a little lower than high-1.
If stride is negative, the ordering is changed a bit since we're counting down:
>>> x[::-stride] # [x[-1], x[-1-stride], ..., x[0] ]
>>> x[high::-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[0] ]
>>> x[:low:-stride] # [x[-1], x[-1-stride], ..., x[low+1]]
>>> x[high:low:-stride] # [x[high], x[high-stride], ..., x[low+1]]
Extended slicing (with commas and ellipses) are mostly used only by special data structures (like NumPy); the basic sequences don't support them.
>>> class slicee:
... def __getitem__(self, item):
... return repr(item)
...
>>> slicee()[0, 1:2, ::5, ...]
'(0, slice(1, 2, None), slice(None, None, 5), Ellipsis)'
The answers above don't discuss slice assignment. To understand slice assignment, it's helpful to add another concept to the ASCII art:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
Slice position: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Index position: 0 1 2 3 4 5
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
# Why the two sets of numbers:
# indexing gives items, not lists
>>> p[0]
'P'
>>> p[5]
'n'
# Slicing gives lists
>>> p[0:1]
['P']
>>> p[0:2]
['P','y']
One heuristic is, for a slice from zero to n, think: "zero is the beginning, start at the beginning and take n items in a list".
>>> p[5] # the last of six items, indexed from zero
'n'
>>> p[0:5] # does NOT include the last item!
['P','y','t','h','o']
>>> p[0:6] # not p[0:5]!!!
['P','y','t','h','o','n']
Another heuristic is, "for any slice, replace the start by zero, apply the previous heuristic to get the end of the list, then count the first number back up to chop items off the beginning"
>>> p[0:4] # Start at the beginning and count out 4 items
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4] # Take one item off the front
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4] # Take two items off the front
['t','h']
# etc.
The first rule of slice assignment is that since slicing returns a list, slice assignment requires a list (or other iterable):
>>> p[2:3]
['t']
>>> p[2:3] = ['T']
>>> p
['P','y','T','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:3] = 't'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only assign an iterable
The second rule of slice assignment, which you can also see above, is that whatever portion of the list is returned by slice indexing, that's the same portion that is changed by slice assignment:
>>> p[2:4]
['T','h']
>>> p[2:4] = ['t','r']
>>> p
['P','y','t','r','o','n']
The third rule of slice assignment is, the assigned list (iterable) doesn't have to have the same length; the indexed slice is simply sliced out and replaced en masse by whatever is being assigned:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n'] # Start over
>>> p[2:4] = ['s','p','a','m']
>>> p
['P','y','s','p','a','m','o','n']
The trickiest part to get used to is assignment to empty slices. Using heuristic 1 and 2 it's easy to get your head around indexing an empty slice:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
['h']
>>> p[4:4]
[]
And then once you've seen that, slice assignment to the empty slice makes sense too:
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[2:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is same length as slice
>>> p
['P','y','x','y','o','n'] # Result is same length
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[3:4] = ['x','y'] # Assigned list is longer than slice
>>> p
['P','y','t','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[4:4] = ['x','y']
>>> p
['P','y','t','h','x','y','o','n'] # The result is longer still
Note that, since we are not changing the second number of the slice (4), the inserted items always stack right up against the 'o', even when we're assigning to the empty slice. So the position for the empty slice assignment is the logical extension of the positions for the non-empty slice assignments.
Backing up a little bit, what happens when you keep going with our procession of counting up the slice beginning?
>>> p = ['P','y','t','h','o','n']
>>> p[0:4]
['P','y','t','h']
>>> p[1:4]
['y','t','h']
>>> p[2:4]
['t','h']
>>> p[3:4]
['h']
>>> p[4:4]
[]
>>> p[5:4]
[]
>>> p[6:4]
[]
With slicing, once you're done, you're done; it doesn't start slicing backwards. In Python you don't get negative strides unless you explicitly ask for them by using a negative number.
>>> p[5:3:-1]
['n','o']
There are some weird consequences to the "once you're done, you're done" rule:
>>> p[4:4]
[]
>>> p[5:4]
[]
>>> p[6:4]
[]
>>> p[6]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
In fact, compared to indexing, Python slicing is bizarrely error-proof:
>>> p[100:200]
[]
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)]
[]
This can come in handy sometimes, but it can also lead to somewhat strange behavior:
>>> p
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
>>> p[int(2e99):int(1e99)] = ['p','o','w','e','r']
>>> p
['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n', 'p', 'o', 'w', 'e', 'r']
Depending on your application, that might... or might not... be what you were hoping for there!
Below is the text of my original answer. It has been useful to many people, so I didn't want to delete it.
>>> r=[1,2,3,4]
>>> r[1:1]
[]
>>> r[1:1]=[9,8]
>>> r
[1, 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:1]=['blah']
>>> r
[1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
This may also clarify the difference between slicing and indexing.
Explain Python's slice notation
In short, the colons (:) in subscript notation (subscriptable[subscriptarg]) make slice notation, which has the optional arguments start, stop, and step:
sliceable[start:stop:step]
Python slicing is a computationally fast way to methodically access parts of your data. In my opinion, to be even an intermediate Python programmer, it's one aspect of the language that it is necessary to be familiar with.
Important Definitions
To begin with, let's define a few terms:
start: the beginning index of the slice, it will include the element at this index unless it is the same as stop, defaults to 0, i.e. the first index. If it's negative, it means to start n items from the end.
stop: the ending index of the slice, it does not include the element at this index, defaults to length of the sequence being sliced, that is, up to and including the end.
step: the amount by which the index increases, defaults to 1. If it's negative, you're slicing over the iterable in reverse.
How Indexing Works
You can make any of these positive or negative numbers. The meaning of the positive numbers is straightforward, but for negative numbers, just like indexes in Python, you count backwards from the end for the start and stop, and for the step, you simply decrement your index. This example is from the documentation's tutorial, but I've modified it slightly to indicate which item in a sequence each index references:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
How Slicing Works
To use slice notation with a sequence that supports it, you must include at least one colon in the square brackets that follow the sequence (which actually implement the __getitem__ method of the sequence, according to the Python data model.)
Slice notation works like this:
sequence[start:stop:step]
And recall that there are defaults for start, stop, and step, so to access the defaults, simply leave out the argument.
Slice notation to get the last nine elements from a list (or any other sequence that supports it, like a string) would look like this:
my_list[-9:]
When I see this, I read the part in the brackets as "9th from the end, to the end." (Actually, I abbreviate it mentally as "-9, on")
Explanation:
The full notation is
my_list[-9:None:None]
and to substitute the defaults (actually when step is negative, stop's default is -len(my_list) - 1, so None for stop really just means it goes to whichever end step takes it to):
my_list[-9:len(my_list):1]
The colon, :, is what tells Python you're giving it a slice and not a regular index. That's why the idiomatic way of making a shallow copy of lists in Python 2 is
list_copy = sequence[:]
And clearing them is with:
del my_list[:]
(Python 3 gets a list.copy and list.clear method.)
When step is negative, the defaults for start and stop change
By default, when the step argument is empty (or None), it is assigned to +1.
But you can pass in a negative integer, and the list (or most other standard sliceables) will be sliced from the end to the beginning.
Thus a negative slice will change the defaults for start and stop!
Confirming this in the source
I like to encourage users to read the source as well as the documentation. The source code for slice objects and this logic is found here. First we determine if step is negative:
step_is_negative = step_sign < 0;
If so, the lower bound is -1 meaning we slice all the way up to and including the beginning, and the upper bound is the length minus 1, meaning we start at the end. (Note that the semantics of this -1 is different from a -1 that users may pass indexes in Python indicating the last item.)
if (step_is_negative) {
lower = PyLong_FromLong(-1L);
if (lower == NULL)
goto error;
upper = PyNumber_Add(length, lower);
if (upper == NULL)
goto error;
}
Otherwise step is positive, and the lower bound will be zero and the upper bound (which we go up to but not including) the length of the sliced list.
else {
lower = _PyLong_Zero;
Py_INCREF(lower);
upper = length;
Py_INCREF(upper);
}
Then, we may need to apply the defaults for start and stop—the default then for start is calculated as the upper bound when step is negative:
if (self->start == Py_None) {
start = step_is_negative ? upper : lower;
Py_INCREF(start);
}
and stop, the lower bound:
if (self->stop == Py_None) {
stop = step_is_negative ? lower : upper;
Py_INCREF(stop);
}
Give your slices a descriptive name!
You may find it useful to separate forming the slice from passing it to the list.__getitem__ method (that's what the square brackets do). Even if you're not new to it, it keeps your code more readable so that others that may have to read your code can more readily understand what you're doing.
However, you can't just assign some integers separated by colons to a variable. You need to use the slice object:
last_nine_slice = slice(-9, None)
The second argument, None, is required, so that the first argument is interpreted as the start argument otherwise it would be the stop argument.
You can then pass the slice object to your sequence:
>>> list(range(100))[last_nine_slice]
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
It's interesting that ranges also take slices:
>>> range(100)[last_nine_slice]
range(91, 100)
Memory Considerations:
Since slices of Python lists create new objects in memory, another important function to be aware of is itertools.islice. Typically you'll want to iterate over a slice, not just have it created statically in memory. islice is perfect for this. A caveat, it doesn't support negative arguments to start, stop, or step, so if that's an issue you may need to calculate indices or reverse the iterable in advance.
length = 100
last_nine_iter = itertools.islice(list(range(length)), length-9, None, 1)
list_last_nine = list(last_nine_iter)
and now:
>>> list_last_nine
[91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]
The fact that list slices make a copy is a feature of lists themselves. If you're slicing advanced objects like a Pandas DataFrame, it may return a view on the original, and not a copy.
And a couple of things that weren't immediately obvious to me when I first saw the slicing syntax:
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-1]
[6,5,4,3,2,1]
Easy way to reverse sequences!
And if you wanted, for some reason, every second item in the reversed sequence:
>>> x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> x[::-2]
[6,4,2]
In Python 2.7
Slicing in Python
[a:b:c]
len = length of string, tuple or list
c -- default is +1. The sign of c indicates forward or backward, absolute value of c indicates steps. Default is forward with step size 1. Positive means forward, negative means backward.
a -- When c is positive or blank, default is 0. When c is negative, default is -1.
b -- When c is positive or blank, default is len. When c is negative, default is -(len+1).
Understanding index assignment is very important.
In forward direction, starts at 0 and ends at len-1
In backward direction, starts at -1 and ends at -len
When you say [a:b:c], you are saying depending on the sign of c (forward or backward), start at a and end at b (excluding element at bth index). Use the indexing rule above and remember you will only find elements in this range:
-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1
But this range continues in both directions infinitely:
...,-len -2 ,-len-1,-len, -len+1, -len+2, ..., 0, 1, 2,3,4 , len -1, len, len +1, len+2 , ....
For example:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
a s t r i n g
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
If your choice of a, b, and c allows overlap with the range above as you traverse using rules for a,b,c above you will either get a list with elements (touched during traversal) or you will get an empty list.
One last thing: if a and b are equal, then also you get an empty list:
>>> l1
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[:]
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[::-1] # a default is -1 , b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[:-4:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[:-3:-1] # a default is -1
[4, 3]
>>> l1[::] # c default is +1, so a default is 0, b default is len
[2, 3, 4]
>>> l1[::-1] # c is -1 , so a default is -1 and b default is -(len+1)
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[-100:-200:-1] # Interesting
[]
>>> l1[-1:-200:-1] # Interesting
[4, 3, 2]
>>> l1[-1:-1:1]
[]
>>> l1[-1:5:1] # Interesting
[4]
>>> l1[1:-7:1]
[]
>>> l1[1:-7:-1] # Interesting
[3, 2]
>>> l1[:-2:-2] # a default is -1, stop(b) at -2 , step(c) by 2 in reverse direction
[4]
Found this great table at http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages
Python indexes and slices for a six-element list.
Indexes enumerate the elements, slices enumerate the spaces between the elements.
Index from rear: -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 a=[0,1,2,3,4,5] a[1:]==[1,2,3,4,5]
Index from front: 0 1 2 3 4 5 len(a)==6 a[:5]==[0,1,2,3,4]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ a[0]==0 a[:-2]==[0,1,2,3]
| a | b | c | d | e | f | a[5]==5 a[1:2]==[1]
+---+---+---+---+---+---+ a[-1]==5 a[1:-1]==[1,2,3,4]
Slice from front: : 1 2 3 4 5 : a[-2]==4
Slice from rear: : -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 :
b=a[:]
b==[0,1,2,3,4,5] (shallow copy of a)
After using it a bit I realise that the simplest description is that it is exactly the same as the arguments in a for loop...
(from:to:step)
Any of them are optional:
(:to:step)
(from::step)
(from:to)
Then the negative indexing just needs you to add the length of the string to the negative indices to understand it.
This works for me anyway...
I find it easier to remember how it works, and then I can figure out any specific start/stop/step combination.
It's instructive to understand range() first:
def range(start=0, stop, step=1): # Illegal syntax, but that's the effect
i = start
while (i < stop if step > 0 else i > stop):
yield i
i += step
Begin from start, increment by step, do not reach stop. Very simple.
The thing to remember about negative step is that stop is always the excluded end, whether it's higher or lower. If you want same slice in opposite order, it's much cleaner to do the reversal separately: e.g. 'abcde'[1:-2][::-1] slices off one char from left, two from right, then reverses. (See also reversed().)
Sequence slicing is same, except it first normalizes negative indexes, and it can never go outside the sequence:
TODO: The code below had a bug with "never go outside the sequence" when abs(step)>1; I think I patched it to be correct, but it's hard to understand.
def this_is_how_slicing_works(seq, start=None, stop=None, step=1):
if start is None:
start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
elif start < 0:
start += len(seq)
if not 0 <= start < len(seq): # clip if still outside bounds
start = (0 if step > 0 else len(seq)-1)
if stop is None:
stop = (len(seq) if step > 0 else -1) # really -1, not last element
elif stop < 0:
stop += len(seq)
for i in range(start, stop, step):
if 0 <= i < len(seq):
yield seq[i]
Don't worry about the is None details - just remember that omitting start and/or stop always does the right thing to give you the whole sequence.
Normalizing negative indexes first allows start and/or stop to be counted from the end independently: 'abcde'[1:-2] == 'abcde'[1:3] == 'bc' despite range(1,-2) == [].
The normalization is sometimes thought of as "modulo the length", but note it adds the length just once: e.g. 'abcde'[-53:42] is just the whole string.
I use the "an index points between elements" method of thinking about it myself, but one way of describing it which sometimes helps others get it is this:
mylist[X:Y]
X is the index of the first element you want.
Y is the index of the first element you don't want.
Index:
------------>
0 1 2 3 4
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 -4 -3 -2 -1
<------------
Slice:
<---------------|
|--------------->
: 1 2 3 4 :
+---+---+---+---+---+
| a | b | c | d | e |
+---+---+---+---+---+
: -4 -3 -2 -1 :
|--------------->
<---------------|
I hope this will help you to model the list in Python.
Reference: http://wiki.python.org/moin/MovingToPythonFromOtherLanguages
This is how I teach slices to newbies:
Understanding the difference between indexing and slicing:
Wiki Python has this amazing picture which clearly distinguishes indexing and slicing.
It is a list with six elements in it. To understand slicing better, consider that list as a set of six boxes placed together. Each box has an alphabet in it.
Indexing is like dealing with the contents of box. You can check contents of any box. But you can't check the contents of multiple boxes at once. You can even replace the contents of the box. But you can't place two balls in one box or replace two balls at a time.
In [122]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [123]: alpha
Out[123]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [124]: alpha[0]
Out[124]: 'a'
In [127]: alpha[0] = 'A'
In [128]: alpha
Out[128]: ['A', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [129]: alpha[0,1]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-129-c7eb16585371> in <module>()
----> 1 alpha[0,1]
TypeError: list indices must be integers, not tuple
Slicing is like dealing with boxes themselves. You can pick up the first box and place it on another table. To pick up the box, all you need to know is the position of beginning and ending of the box.
You can even pick up the first three boxes or the last two boxes or all boxes between 1 and 4. So, you can pick any set of boxes if you know the beginning and ending. These positions are called start and stop positions.
The interesting thing is that you can replace multiple boxes at once. Also you can place multiple boxes wherever you like.
In [130]: alpha[0:1]
Out[130]: ['A']
In [131]: alpha[0:1] = 'a'
In [132]: alpha
Out[132]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [133]: alpha[0:2] = ['A', 'B']
In [134]: alpha
Out[134]: ['A', 'B', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [135]: alpha[2:2] = ['x', 'xx']
In [136]: alpha
Out[136]: ['A', 'B', 'x', 'xx', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
Slicing With Step:
Till now you have picked boxes continuously. But sometimes you need to pick up discretely. For example, you can pick up every second box. You can even pick up every third box from the end. This value is called step size. This represents the gap between your successive pickups. The step size should be positive if You are picking boxes from the beginning to end and vice versa.
In [137]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [142]: alpha[1:5:2]
Out[142]: ['b', 'd']
In [143]: alpha[-1:-5:-2]
Out[143]: ['f', 'd']
In [144]: alpha[1:5:-2]
Out[144]: []
In [145]: alpha[-1:-5:2]
Out[145]: []
How Python Figures Out Missing Parameters:
When slicing, if you leave out any parameter, Python tries to figure it out automatically.
If you check the source code of CPython, you will find a function called PySlice_GetIndicesEx() which figures out indices to a slice for any given parameters. Here is the logical equivalent code in Python.
This function takes a Python object and optional parameters for slicing and returns the start, stop, step, and slice length for the requested slice.
def py_slice_get_indices_ex(obj, start=None, stop=None, step=None):
length = len(obj)
if step is None:
step = 1
if step == 0:
raise Exception("Step cannot be zero.")
if start is None:
start = 0 if step > 0 else length - 1
else:
if start < 0:
start += length
if start < 0:
start = 0 if step > 0 else -1
if start >= length:
start = length if step > 0 else length - 1
if stop is None:
stop = length if step > 0 else -1
else:
if stop < 0:
stop += length
if stop < 0:
stop = 0 if step > 0 else -1
if stop >= length:
stop = length if step > 0 else length - 1
if (step < 0 and stop >= start) or (step > 0 and start >= stop):
slice_length = 0
elif step < 0:
slice_length = (stop - start + 1)/(step) + 1
else:
slice_length = (stop - start - 1)/(step) + 1
return (start, stop, step, slice_length)
This is the intelligence that is present behind slices. Since Python has an built-in function called slice, you can pass some parameters and check how smartly it calculates missing parameters.
In [21]: alpha = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
In [22]: s = slice(None, None, None)
In [23]: s
Out[23]: slice(None, None, None)
In [24]: s.indices(len(alpha))
Out[24]: (0, 6, 1)
In [25]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[25]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
In [26]: s = slice(None, None, -1)
In [27]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[27]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
In [28]: s = slice(None, 3, -1)
In [29]: range(*s.indices(len(alpha)))
Out[29]: [5, 4]
Note: This post was originally written in my blog, The Intelligence Behind Python Slices.
Python slicing notation:
a[start:end:step]
For start and end, negative values are interpreted as being relative to the end of the sequence.
Positive indices for end indicate the position after the last element to be included.
Blank values are defaulted as follows: [+0:-0:1].
Using a negative step reverses the interpretation of start and end
The notation extends to (numpy) matrices and multidimensional arrays. For example, to slice entire columns you can use:
m[::,0:2:] ## slice the first two columns
Slices hold references, not copies, of the array elements. If you want to make a separate copy an array, you can use deepcopy().
You can also use slice assignment to remove one or more elements from a list:
r = [1, 'blah', 9, 8, 2, 3, 4]
>>> r[1:4] = []
>>> r
[1, 2, 3, 4]
This is just for some extra info...
Consider the list below
>>> l=[12,23,345,456,67,7,945,467]
Few other tricks for reversing the list:
>>> l[len(l):-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[len(l)::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[::-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
>>> l[-1:-len(l)-1:-1]
[467, 945, 7, 67, 456, 345, 23, 12]
1. Slice Notation
To make it simple, remember slice has only one form：
s[start:end:step]
and here is how it works:
s: an object that can be sliced
start: first index to start iteration
end: last index, NOTE that end index will not be included in the resulted slice
step: pick element every step index
Another import thing: all start,end, step can be omitted! And if they are omitted, their default value will be used: 0,len(s),1 accordingly.
So possible variations are:
# Mostly used variations
s[start:end]
s[start:]
s[:end]
# Step-related variations
s[:end:step]
s[start::step]
s[::step]
# Make a copy
s[:]
NOTE: If start >= end (considering only when step>0), Python will return a empty slice [].
2. Pitfalls
The above part explains the core features on how slice works, and it will work on most occasions. However, there can be pitfalls you should watch out, and this part explains them.
Negative indexes
The very first thing that confuses Python learners is that an index can be negative!
Don't panic: a negative index means count backwards.
For example:
s[-5:] # Start at the 5th index from the end of array,
# thus returning the last 5 elements.
s[:-5] # Start at index 0, and end until the 5th index from end of array,
# thus returning s[0:len(s)-5].
Negative step
Making things more confusing is that step can be negative too!
A negative step means iterate the array backwards: from the end to start, with the end index included, and the start index excluded from the result.
NOTE: when step is negative, the default value for start is len(s) (while end does not equal to 0, because s[::-1] contains s[0]). For example:
s[::-1] # Reversed slice
s[len(s)::-1] # The same as above, reversed slice
s[0:len(s):-1] # Empty list
Out of range error?
Be surprised: slice does not raise an IndexError when the index is out of range!
If the index is out of range, Python will try its best to set the index to 0 or len(s) according to the situation. For example:
s[:len(s)+5] # The same as s[:len(s)]
s[-len(s)-5::] # The same as s[0:]
s[len(s)+5::-1] # The same as s[len(s)::-1], and the same as s[::-1]
3. Examples
Let's finish this answer with examples, explaining everything we have discussed:
# Create our array for demonstration
In [1]: s = [i for i in range(10)]
In [2]: s
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [3]: s[2:] # From index 2 to last index
Out[3]: [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [4]: s[:8] # From index 0 up to index 8
Out[4]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [5]: s[4:7] # From index 4 (included) up to index 7(excluded)
Out[5]: [4, 5, 6]
In [6]: s[:-2] # Up to second last index (negative index)
Out[6]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
In [7]: s[-2:] # From second last index (negative index)
Out[7]: [8, 9]
In [8]: s[::-1] # From last to first in reverse order (negative step)
Out[8]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
In [9]: s[::-2] # All odd numbers in reversed order
Out[9]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]
In [11]: s[-2::-2] # All even numbers in reversed order
Out[11]: [8, 6, 4, 2, 0]
In [12]: s[3:15] # End is out of range, and Python will set it to len(s).
Out[12]: [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [14]: s[5:1] # Start > end; return empty list
Out[14]: []
In [15]: s[11] # Access index 11 (greater than len(s)) will raise an IndexError
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
IndexError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-79ffc22473a3> in <module>()
----> 1 s[11]
IndexError: list index out of range
As a general rule, writing code with a lot of hardcoded index values leads to a readability
and maintenance mess. For example, if you come back to the code a year later, you’ll
look at it and wonder what you were thinking when you wrote it. The solution shown
is simply a way of more clearly stating what your code is actually doing.
In general, the built-in slice() creates a slice object that can be used anywhere a slice
is allowed. For example:
>>> items = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a = slice(2, 4)
>>> items[2:4]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a]
[2, 3]
>>> items[a] = [10,11]
>>> items
[0, 1, 10, 11, 4, 5, 6]
>>> del items[a]
>>> items
[0, 1, 4, 5, 6]
If you have a slice instance s, you can get more information about it by looking at its
s.start, s.stop, and s.step attributes, respectively. For example:
>>> a = slice(10, 50, 2)
>>> a.start
10
>>> a.stop
50
>>> a.step
2
>>>
The previous answers don't discuss multi-dimensional array slicing which is possible using the famous NumPy package:
Slicing can also be applied to multi-dimensional arrays.
# Here, a is a NumPy array
>>> a
array([[ 1, 2, 3, 4],
[ 5, 6, 7, 8],
[ 9, 10, 11, 12]])
>>> a[:2, 0:3:2]
array([[1, 3],
[5, 7]])
The ":2" before the comma operates on the first dimension and the "0:3:2" after the comma operates on the second dimension.
The rules of slicing are as follows:
[lower bound : upper bound : step size]
I- Convert upper bound and lower bound into common signs.
II- Then check if the step size is a positive or a negative value.
(i) If the step size is a positive value, upper bound should be greater than lower bound, otherwise empty string is printed. For example:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:3:1]
print(s1)
The output:
Wel
However if we run the following code:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:1]
print(s1)
It will return an empty string.
(ii) If the step size if a negative value, upper bound should be lesser than lower bound, otherwise empty string will be printed. For example:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[3:0:-1]
print(s1)
The output:
cle
But if we run the following code:
s="Welcome"
s1=s[0:5:-1]
print(s1)
The output will be an empty string.
Thus in the code:
str = 'abcd'
l = len(str)
str2 = str[l-1:0:-1] #str[3:0:-1]
print(str2)
str2 = str[l-1:-1:-1] #str[3:-1:-1]
print(str2)
In the first str2=str[l-1:0:-1], the upper bound is lesser than the lower bound, thus dcb is printed.
However in str2=str[l-1:-1:-1], the upper bound is not less than the lower bound (upon converting lower bound into negative value which is -1: since index of last element is -1 as well as 3).
In my opinion, you will understand and memorize better the Python string slicing notation if you look at it the following way (read on).
Let's work with the following string ...
azString = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
For those who don't know, you can create any substring from azString using the notation azString[x:y]
Coming from other programming languages, that's when the common sense gets compromised. What are x and y?
I had to sit down and run several scenarios in my quest for a memorization technique that will help me remember what x and y are and help me slice strings properly at the first attempt.
My conclusion is that x and y should be seen as the boundary indexes that are surrounding the strings that we want to extra. So we should see the expression as azString[index1, index2] or even more clearer as azString[index_of_first_character, index_after_the_last_character].
Here is an example visualization of that ...
Letters a b c d e f g h i j ...
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
┊ ┊
Indexes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ...
┊ ┊
cdefgh index1 index2
So all you have to do is setting index1 and index2 to the values that will surround the desired substring. For instance, to get the substring "cdefgh", you can use azString[2:8], because the index on the left side of "c" is 2 and the one on the right size of "h" is 8.
Remember that we are setting the boundaries. And those boundaries are the positions where you could place some brackets that will be wrapped around the substring like this ...
a b [ c d e f g h ] i j
That trick works all the time and is easy to memorize.
I personally think about it like a for loop:
a[start:end:step]
# for(i = start; i < end; i += step)
Also, note that negative values for start and end are relative to the end of the list and computed in the example above by given_index + a.shape[0].
#!/usr/bin/env python
def slicegraphical(s, lista):
if len(s) > 9:
print """Enter a string of maximum 9 characters,
so the printig would looki nice"""
return 0;
# print " ",
print ' '+'+---' * len(s) +'+'
print ' ',
for letter in s:
print '| {}'.format(letter),
print '|'
print " ",; print '+---' * len(s) +'+'
print " ",
for letter in range(len(s) +1):
print '{} '.format(letter),
print ""
for letter in range(-1*(len(s)), 0):
print ' {}'.format(letter),
print ''
print ''
for triada in lista:
if len(triada) == 3:
if triada[0]==None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
# 000
print s+'[ : : ]' +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
# 001
print s+'[ : :{0:2d} ]'.format(triada[2], '','') +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
# 010
print s+'[ :{0:2d} : ]'.format(triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
# 011
print s+'[ :{0:2d} :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] == None:
# 100
print s+'[{0:2d} : : ]'.format(triada[0]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None and triada[2] != None:
# 101
print s+'[{0:2d} : :{1:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] == None:
# 110
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} : ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None and triada[2] != None:
# 111
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} :{2:2d} ]'.format(triada[0], triada[1], triada[2]) +' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]:triada[2]]
elif len(triada) == 2:
if triada[0] == None and triada[1] == None:
# 00
print s+'[ : ] ' + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] == None and triada[1] != None:
# 01
print s+'[ :{0:2d} ] '.format(triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] == None:
# 10
print s+'[{0:2d} : ] '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif triada[0] != None and triada[1] != None:
# 11
print s+'[{0:2d} :{1:2d} ] '.format(triada[0],triada[1]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]:triada[1]]
elif len(triada) == 1:
print s+'[{0:2d} ] '.format(triada[0]) + ' = ', s[triada[0]]
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Change "s" to what ever string you like, make it 9 characters for
# better representation.
s = 'COMPUTERS'
# add to this list different lists to experement with indexes
# to represent ex. s[::], use s[None, None,None], otherwise you get an error
# for s[2:] use s[2:None]
lista = [[4,7],[2,5,2],[-5,1,-1],[4],[-4,-6,-1], [2,-3,1],[2,-3,-1], [None,None,-1],[-5,None],[-5,0,-1],[-5,None,-1],[-1,1,-2]]
slicegraphical(s, lista)
You can run this script and experiment with it, below is some samples that I got from the script.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| C | O | M | P | U | T | E | R | S |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
COMPUTERS[ 4 : 7 ] = UTE
COMPUTERS[ 2 : 5 : 2 ] = MU
COMPUTERS[-5 : 1 :-1 ] = UPM
COMPUTERS[ 4 ] = U
COMPUTERS[-4 :-6 :-1 ] = TU
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 : 1 ] = MPUT
COMPUTERS[ 2 :-3 :-1 ] =
COMPUTERS[ : :-1 ] = SRETUPMOC
COMPUTERS[-5 : ] = UTERS
COMPUTERS[-5 : 0 :-1 ] = UPMO
COMPUTERS[-5 : :-1 ] = UPMOC
COMPUTERS[-1 : 1 :-2 ] = SEUM
[Finished in 0.9s]
When using a negative step, notice that the answer is shifted to the right by 1.
My brain seems happy to accept that lst[start:end] contains the start-th item. I might even say that it is a 'natural assumption'.
But occasionally a doubt creeps in and my brain asks for reassurance that it does not contain the end-th element.
In these moments I rely on this simple theorem:
for any n, lst = lst[:n] + lst[n:]
This pretty property tells me that lst[start:end] does not contain the end-th item because it is in lst[end:].
Note that this theorem is true for any n at all. For example, you can check that
lst = range(10)
lst[:-42] + lst[-42:] == lst
returns True.
In Python, the most basic form for slicing is the following:
l[start:end]
where l is some collection, start is an inclusive index, and end is an exclusive index.
In [1]: l = list(range(10))
In [2]: l[:5] # First five elements
Out[2]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
In [3]: l[-5:] # Last five elements
Out[3]: [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
When slicing from the start, you can omit the zero index, and when slicing to the end, you can omit the final index since it is redundant, so do not be verbose:
In [5]: l[:3] == l[0:3]
Out[5]: True
In [6]: l[7:] == l[7:len(l)]
Out[6]: True
Negative integers are useful when doing offsets relative to the end of a collection:
In [7]: l[:-1] # Include all elements but the last one
Out[7]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
In [8]: l[-3:] # Take the last three elements
Out[8]: [7, 8, 9]
It is possible to provide indices that are out of bounds when slicing such as:
In [9]: l[:20] # 20 is out of index bounds, and l[20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[9]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [11]: l[-20:] # -20 is out of index bounds, and l[-20] will raise an IndexError exception
Out[11]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Keep in mind that the result of slicing a collection is a whole new collection. In addition, when using slice notation in assignments, the length of the slice assignments do not need to be the same. The values before and after the assigned slice will be kept, and the collection will shrink or grow to contain the new values:
In [16]: l[2:6] = list('abc') # Assigning fewer elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l[2:6]
In [17]: l
Out[17]: [0, 1, 'a', 'b', 'c', 6, 7, 8, 9]
In [18]: l[2:5] = list('hello') # Assigning more elements than the ones contained in the sliced collection l [2:5]
In [19]: l
Out[19]: [0, 1, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 6, 7, 8, 9]
If you omit the start and end index, you will make a copy of the collection:
In [14]: l_copy = l[:]
In [15]: l == l_copy and l is not l_copy
Out[15]: True
If the start and end indexes are omitted when performing an assignment operation, the entire content of the collection will be replaced with a copy of what is referenced:
In [20]: l[:] = list('hello...')
In [21]: l
Out[21]: ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '.', '.', '.']
Besides basic slicing, it is also possible to apply the following notation:
l[start:end:step]
where l is a collection, start is an inclusive index, end is an exclusive index, and step is a stride that can be used to take every nth item in l.
In [22]: l = list(range(10))
In [23]: l[::2] # Take the elements which indexes are even
Out[23]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [24]: l[1::2] # Take the elements which indexes are odd
Out[24]: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
Using step provides a useful trick to reverse a collection in Python:
In [25]: l[::-1]
Out[25]: [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
It is also possible to use negative integers for step as the following example:
In[28]: l[::-2]
Out[28]: [9, 7, 5, 3, 1]
However, using a negative value for step could become very confusing. Moreover, in order to be Pythonic, you should avoid using start, end, and step in a single slice. In case this is required, consider doing this in two assignments (one to slice, and the other to stride).
In [29]: l = l[::2] # This step is for striding
In [30]: l
Out[30]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
In [31]: l = l[1:-1] # This step is for slicing
In [32]: l
Out[32]: [2, 4, 6]
I want to add one Hello, World! example that explains the basics of slices for the very beginners. It helped me a lot.
Let's have a list with six values ['P', 'Y', 'T', 'H', 'O', 'N']:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
Now the simplest slices of that list are its sublists. The notation is [<index>:<index>] and the key is to read it like this:
[ start cutting before this index : end cutting before this index ]
Now if you make a slice [2:5] of the list above, this will happen:
| |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
| P | Y | T | H | O | N |
+---+---|---+---+---|---+
0 1 | 2 3 4 | 5
You made a cut before the element with index 2 and another cut before the element with index 5. So the result will be a slice between those two cuts, a list ['T', 'H', 'O'].
Most of the previous answers clears up questions about slice notation.
The extended indexing syntax used for slicing is aList[start:stop:step], and basic examples are:
:
More slicing examples: 15 Extended Slices
The below is the example of an index of a string:
+---+---+---+---+---+
| H | e | l | p | A |
+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
str="Name string"
Slicing example: [start:end:step]
str[start:end] # Items start through end-1
str[start:] # Items start through the rest of the array
str[:end] # Items from the beginning through end-1
str[:] # A copy of the whole array
Below is the example usage:
print str[0] = N
print str[0:2] = Na
print str[0:7] = Name st
print str[0:7:2] = Nm t
print str[0:-1:2] = Nm ti
If you feel negative indices in slicing is confusing, here's a very easy way to think about it: just replace the negative index with len - index. So for example, replace -3 with len(list) - 3.
The best way to illustrate what slicing does internally is just show it in code that implements this operation:
def slice(list, start = None, end = None, step = 1):
# Take care of missing start/end parameters
start = 0 if start is None else start
end = len(list) if end is None else end
# Take care of negative start/end parameters
start = len(list) + start if start < 0 else start
end = len(list) + end if end < 0 else end
# Now just execute a for-loop with start, end and step
return [list[i] for i in range(start, end, step)]
I don't think that the Python tutorial diagram (cited in various other answers) is good as this suggestion works for positive stride, but does not for a negative stride.
This is the diagram:
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
From the diagram, I expect a[-4,-6,-1] to be yP but it is ty.
>>> a = "Python"
>>> a[2:4:1] # as expected
'th'
>>> a[-4:-6:-1] # off by 1
'ty'
What always work is to think in characters or slots and use indexing as a half-open interval -- right-open if positive stride, left-open if negative stride.
This way, I can think of a[-4:-6:-1] as a(-6,-4] in interval terminology.
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n | P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Lets say I have a list of numbers [1, 2, 3, ..., 100]. Now I want to select numbers from the list where each number is either accepted or rejected with a given probability 0 < p < 1 . The accepted numbers are then stored in a separate list. How can I do that?
The main problem is choosing the number with probability p. Is there an inbuilt function for that?
The value of p is given by the user.
You can use random.random() and a list comprehension:
import random
l = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
k = [x for x in l if random.random() > 0.23] # supply user input value here as 0.23
print(l)
print(k)
Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
to check each element of the list if it has a probability of > 0.23 of staying in the list.
Sidenote:
random.choices() has the ability to accept weights:
random.choices(population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None, k=1)
but those only change the probability inside the given list for drawing one of the elements (absolute or relative weights are possible) - thats not working for "independent" probabilities though.
I have the following code:
[x ** 2 for x in range(10)]
When I run it in the Python shell, it returns:
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
I've searched and it seems this is called a list comprehension and similarly there seem to be set/dict comprehensions and generator expressions. But how does it work?
From the documentation:
List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Common applications are to make new lists where each element is the result of some operations applied to each member of another sequence or iterable, or to create a subsequence of those elements that satisfy a certain condition.
About your question, the list comprehension does the same thing as the following "plain" Python code:
>>> l = []
>>> for x in range(10):
... l.append(x**2)
>>> l
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
How do you write it in one line? Hmm...we can...probably...use map() with lambda:
>>> list(map(lambda x: x**2, range(10)))
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
But isn't it clearer and simpler to just use a list comprehension?
>>> [x**2 for x in range(10)]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
Basically, we can do anything with x. Not only x**2. For example, run a method of x:
>>> [x.strip() for x in ('foo\n', 'bar\n', 'baz\n')]
['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
Or use x as another function's argument:
>>> [int(x) for x in ('1', '2', '3')]
[1, 2, 3]
We can also, for example, use x as the key of a dict object. Let's see:
>>> d = {'foo': '10', 'bar': '20', 'baz': '30'}
>>> [d[x] for x in ['foo', 'baz']]
['10', '30']
How about a combination?
>>> d = {'foo': '10', 'bar': '20', 'baz': '30'}
>>> [int(d[x].rstrip('0')) for x in ['foo', 'baz']]
[1, 3]
And so on.
You can also use if or if...else in a list comprehension. For example, you only want odd numbers in range(10). You can do:
>>> l = []
>>> for x in range(10):
... if x%2:
... l.append(x)
>>> l
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
Ah that's too complex. What about the following version?
>>> [x for x in range(10) if x%2]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
To use an if...else ternary expression, you need put the if ... else ... after x, not after range(10):
>>> [i if i%2 != 0 else None for i in range(10)]
[None, 1, None, 3, None, 5, None, 7, None, 9]
Have you heard about nested list comprehension? You can put two or more fors in one list comprehension. For example:
>>> [i for x in [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]] for i in x]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> [j for x in [[[1, 2], [3]], [[4, 5], [6]]] for i in x for j in i]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Let's talk about the first part, for x in [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]] which gives [1, 2, 3] and [4, 5, 6]. Then, for i in x gives 1, 2, 3 and 4, 5, 6.
Warning: You always need put for x in [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]] before for i in x:
>>> [j for j in x for x in [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'x' is not defined
We also have set comprehensions, dict comprehensions, and generator expressions.
set comprehensions and list comprehensions are basically the same, but the former returns a set instead of a list:
>>> {x for x in [1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]}
{1, 2, 3}
It's the same as:
>>> set([i for i in [1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 1]])
{1, 2, 3}
A dict comprehension looks like a set comprehension, but it uses {key: value for key, value in ...} or {i: i for i in ...} instead of {i for i in ...}.
For example:
>>> {i: i**2 for i in range(5)}
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
And it equals:
>>> d = {}
>>> for i in range(5):
... d[i] = i**2
>>> d
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16}
Does (i for i in range(5)) give a tuple? No!, it's a generator expression. Which returns a generator:
>>> (i for i in range(5))
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7f52703fbca8>
It's the same as:
>>> def gen():
... for i in range(5):
... yield i
>>> gen()
<generator object gen at 0x7f5270380db0>
And you can use it as a generator:
>>> gen = (i for i in range(5))
>>> next(gen)
0
>>> next(gen)
1
>>> list(gen)
[2, 3, 4]
>>> next(gen)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration
Note: If you use a list comprehension inside a function, you don't need the [] if that function could loop over a generator. For example, sum():
>>> sum(i**2 for i in range(5))
30
Related (about generators): Understanding Generators in Python.
There are list, dictionary, and set comprehensions, but no tuple comprehensions (though do explore "generator expressions").
They address the problem that traditional loops in Python are statements (don't return anything) not expressions which return a value.
They are not the solution to every problem and can be rewritten as traditional loops. They become awkward when state needs to be maintained & updated between iterations.
They typically consist of:
[<output expr> <loop expr <input expr>> <optional predicate expr>]
but can be twisted in lots of interesting and bizarre ways.
They can be analogous to the traditional map() and filter() operations which still exist in Python and continue to be used.
When done well, they have a high satisfaction quotient.
If you prefer a more visual way of figuring out what's going on then maybe this will help:
# for the example in the question...
y = []
for x in range(10):
y += [x**2]
# is equivalent to...
y = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
# for a slightly more complex example, it is useful
# to visualize where the various x's end up...
a = [1,2,3,4]
b = [3,4,5,6]
c = []
for x in a:
if x in b:
c += [x]
# \ \ /
# \ _____\______/
# \ / \
# \/ \
# /\ \
# / \ \
# / \ \
c = [x for x in a if x in b]
print(c)
...produces the output [3, 4]
I've seen a lot of confusion lately (on other SO questions and from coworkers) about how list comprehensions work. A wee bit of math education can help with why the syntax is like this, and what list comprehensions really mean.
The syntax
It's best to think of list comprehensions as predicates over a set/collection, like we would in mathematics by using set builder notation. The notation actually feels pretty natural to me, because I hold an undergrad degree in Mathematics. But forget about me, Guido van Rossum (inventor of Python) holds a masters in Mathematics and has a math background.
Set builder notation crash course
Here's the (very basics) of how set builder notation works:
So, this set builder notation represents the set of numbers that are strictly positive (i.e. [1,2,3,4,...]).
Points of confusion
1) The predicate filter in set builder notation only specifies which items we want to keep, and list comprehension predicates do the same thing. You don't have to include special logic for omitting items, they are omitted unless included by the predicate. The empty predicate (i.e. no conditional at the end) includes all items in the given collection.
2) The predicate filter in set builder notation goes at the end, and similarly in list comprehensions. (some) Beginners think something like [x < 5 for x in range(10)] will give them the list [0,1,2,3,4], when in fact it outputs [True, True, True, True, True, False, False, False, False, False]. We get the output [True, True, True, True, True, False, False, False, False, False] because we asked Python to evaluate x < 5 for all items in range(10). No predicate implies that we get everything from the set (just like in set builder notation).
If you keep set builder notation in the back of your mind while using list comprehensions, they're a bit easier to swallow.
HTH!
Introduction
A list comprehension is a high level, declarative way to create a list in Python. The main benefits of comprehensions are readability and maintainability. A lot of people find them very readable, and even developers who have never seen them before can usually guess correctly what it means.
# Snippet 1
squares = [n ** 2 for n in range(5)]
# Snippet 2
squares = []
for n in range(5):
squares.append(n ** 2)
Both snippets of code will produce squares to be equal to [0, 1, 4, 9, 16].
Notice that in the first snippet, what you type is declaring what kind of list you want, while the second is specifying how to create it. This is why a comprehension is a high-level and declarative.
Syntax
[EXPRESSION for VARIABLE in SEQUENCE]
EXPRESSION is any Python expression, but it is typical to have some variable in it. This variable is stated in VARIABLE field. SEQUENCE defines the source of values the variable enumerates through.
Considering Snippet 1, [n ** 2 for n in range(5)]:
EXPRESSION is n ** 2
VARIABLE is n
SEQUENCE is range(5)
Notice that if you check the type of squares you will get that the list comprehension is just a regular list:
>>> type(squares)
<class 'list'>
More about EXPRESSION
The expression can be anything that reduces to a value:
Arithmetic expressions such as n ** 2 + 3 * n + 1
A function call like f(n) using n as variable
A slice operation like s[::-1]
Method calls bar.foo()
...
Some examples:
>>> [2 * x + 3 for x in range(5)]
[3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
>>> [abs(num) for num in range(-5, 5)]
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> animals = ['dog', 'cat', 'lion', 'tiger']
>>> [animal.upper() for animal in animals]
['DOG', 'CAT', 'LION', 'TIGER']
Filtering:
The order of elements in the final list is determined by the order of SEQUENCE. However, you can filter out elements adding an if clause:
[EXPRESSION for VARIABLE in SEQUENCE if CONDITION]
CONDITION is an expression that evaluates to True or False. Technically, the condition doesn't have to depend upon VARIABLE, but it typically uses it.
Examples:
>>> [n ** 2 for n in range(5) if n % 2 == 0]
[0, 4, 16]
>>> animals = ['dog', 'cat', 'lion', 'tiger']
>>> [animal for animal in animals if len(animal) == 3]
['dog', 'cat']
Also, remember that Python allows you to write other kinds of comprehensions other than lists:
dictionary comprehensions
set comprehensions