I am trying to convert a string to the same value in hex. Eg
If string="abc123" it's hex value should also be 24'habc123.
The length of string is 64 and so I convert each char to hex,I'll get 64*4=256 bits of hex value
eg if text_o_cplus.getc(i)=a i.e 97,I should assign it a hex value a i'e 4'ha;
But I am not getting proper way to do that. That's what I tried
int j=255;
for(int i=text_o_cplus.len();i>0;i--)
begin
while(j>=0)
begin
case(text_o_cplus.getc(i))
48: begin
rev_result[j]=4'b0000;
j=j-4;
break;
end
and so on.
rev_result is defined as
bit [64][4] rev_result;
I tried to define it as
bit [255:0] rev_result
also but it didn't work.
Can someone please suggest how can I achieve it?
Use the built-in function:
bit [255:0] rev_result = text_o_cplus.atohex();
Related
I am trying to verify the RISC-V DUT with 32bit integer set instruction which is available at https://github.com/ucb-bar/vscale
they have their inputs stored in memory as a hex file # vscale/src/test/inputs/ ( from the above link).
I would like to verify my set of instructions for which i need them to be in the hex format .
For example my set of instructions are ( just mentioning briefly)
ADD
SW
LW
SUB
I would like to convert these set of instructions in hex format so that I can verify its functionality. Could anyone help me out on how to go about .... would be really helpful.
vscale/src/test/inputs have several hex inputs with similar format: 32 hex chars per line (16 bytes, 4 of 4-byte words) and 8192 lines. For example:
https://github.com/ucb-bar/vscale/blob/master/src/test/inputs/rv32ui-p-add.hex
000000000000000000010101464c457f
00000034000001000000000100f30002
00280001002000340001000000000d04
00000000000000000000000100020005
00000005000007500000075000000000
...
Such files are loaded by testbench module in verilog with $readmemh function: https://github.com/ucb-bar/vscale/blob/master/src/test/verilog/vscale_hex_tb.v
module vscale_hex_tb();
localparam hexfile_words = 8192;
...
initial begin
$value$plusargs("max-cycles=%d", max_cycles);
$value$plusargs("loadmem=%s", loadmem);
$value$plusargs("vpdfile=%s", vpdfile);
if (loadmem) begin
$readmemh(loadmem, hexfile);
for (i = 0; i < hexfile_words; i = i + 1) begin
for (j = 0; j < 4; j = j + 1) begin
DUT.hasti_mem.mem[4*i+j] = hexfile[i][32*j+:32];
end
end
end
$vcdplusfile(vpdfile);
$vcdpluson();
// $vcdplusmemon();
#100 reset = 0;
end // initial begin
The $readmemh is documented in http://verilog.renerta.com/mobile/source/vrg00016.htm http://fullchipdesign.com/readmemh.htm
.. $readmemh reads hexadecimal data. Data has to exist in a text file. White space is allowed to improve readability, as well as comments in both single line and block. The numbers have to be stored as ... hexadecimal values. The basic form of a memory file contains numbers separated by new line characters that will be loaded into the memory.
The test inputs are used to initialize embedded memory DUT.hasti_mem.mem.
To work with such files you should know the memory map used in this testbench. Some parts of the memory may be not the instructions, but data and some initialization vectors. If you want to disassemble some of files, convert hex into binary (there are parsers for perl or you can write converter in other language or use verilog's $writememb to convert). Then add header of any binary format supported by your riscv disassembler, like elf for riscv objdump, or no any header for radare2 (https://github.com/radare/radare2) with riscv support.
I'm writing a sha-256 hash function in VHDL and it takes in a String. I need to convert this string to a std_logic_vector of bits. So, I must somehow extract the bits from the characters of the String, but I'm not sure of the best way. As far as I can tell there does not exist a built in function to do this in any of the libraries.
Is my only option to loop through each index of the string and use a case block to map the characters to their respective 8-bit ASCII counterparts? Or is there some way to convert a character to bits?
You can convert a string to bits with a function like this (untested):
function to_std_logic_vector(a : string) return std_logic_vector is
variable ret : std_logic_vector(a'length*8-1 downto 0);
begin
for i in a'range loop
ret(i*8+7 downto i*8) := std_logic_vector(to_unsigned(character'pos(a(i)), 8));
end loop;
return ret;
end function to_std_logic_vector;
I don't think type string is synthesisable, so this function is only useful for simulation or static initialization.
I have an array that I want to load up from a binary file:
parameter c_ROWS = 8;
parameter c_COLS = 16;
reg [15:0] r_Image_Raw[0:c_ROWS-1][0:c_COLS-1];
My input file is binary data, 256 bytes long (same total space as r_Image_Raw). I tried using $fread to accomplish this, but it only works through the 4th column of the last row:
n_File_ID = $fopen(s_File_Name, "r");
n_Temp = $fread(r_Image_Raw, n_File_ID);
I also tried using $fscanf for this, but I get an error about packed types when opening the synthesis tool:
while (!$feof(n_File_ID))
n_Temp = $fscanf(n_File_ID, "%h", r_Image_Raw);
I feel like this should be easy to do. Do I have create a 2D for loop and loop through the r_Image_Raw variable, reading in 16 bits at a time? I feel like it should not be that complicated.
I realized my mistake. It should be:
n_File_ID = $fopen(s_File_Name, "rb");
n_Temp = $fread(r_Image_Raw, n_File_ID);
I was using "r" and not "rb" to specify that it was a binary file. Interestingly enough, "r" does work for the majority of the data, but it is unable read in the last ~13 locations from the file.
Try this.
f_bin = $fopen(s_File_Name,"rb");
for (r = 0; r < c_ROWS; r = r+1) begin
for (c = 0; c < c_COLS; c = c+1) begin
f = $fread(r16,f_bin);
r_Image_Raw[r][c] = r16;
end
end
See that $fread(r16,f_bin) first param is reg, second - file!
Below an example for reading from a binary file with systemverilog.
As shown in IEEE SV Standard documentation, the "nchar_code" will return the number of bytes/chars read. In case EOF have been already reached on last read this number will be zero.
Please, notice that "nchar_code" can be zero but EOF has not been reached, this happens if you have spaces or returns at the end of the data file.
You can control the number of bytes to be read with the $fread function. This is done with the type definition of the "data_write_temp" or "mem" of the below examples. If the "data_write_temp" variable is 16bits long then it will read 16bits each time the $fread is called. Besides, $fread will return "nchar_code=2" because 16bits are 2bytes. In case, "data_write_temp" is 32bits as in the example, the $fread will read nchar_code=4bytes(32bits). You can also define an array and the $fread function will try to fill that array.
Lets define a multidimensional array mem.
logic [31:0] mem [0:2][0:4][5:8];
In the example word contents, wzyx,
-w shows the start of the word
-z corresponds to words of the [0:2] dimension (3 blocks).
-y corresponds to words of the [0:4] dimension (5 rows).
-x corresponds to words of the [5:8] dimension (4 columns).
The file will be structure as below (notice #z shows the z dimension blocks):
#0 w005 w006 w007 w008
w015 w016 w017 w018
w025 w026 w027 w028
w035 w036 w037 w038
w045 w046 w047 w048
#1 w105 w106 w107 w108
w115 w116 w117 w118
w125 w126 w127 w128
w135 w136 w137 w138
w145 w146 w147 w148
#2 w205 w206 w207 w208
w215 w216 w217 w218
w225 w226 w227 w228
w235 w236 w237 w238
w245 w246 w247 w248
In the previous structure, the numbers shows the index of each dimension.
e.g. w048 means, the word w (32bits) value on index z =0, index y= 4 and index x= 8.
Now, you have many ways to read this.
You can read all in a single shot using the type "mem" declared above, or you can do a while loop until EOF reading pieces of 32bits using a "data_write_temp" variable of 32bits. The loop is interesting if you want to do something some checks for every word piece and you are not interested having a memory value.
In case multidimensional array / single shot read is chosen, then you can either use $fread or use an specific function $readmemh defined in SV standard.
$readmemh("mem.data", mem, 1, (3*5*4));
is equivalent to
$readmemh("mem.data", mem);
The $readmemh spare you the need to open/close the file.
If you use $fread for one shot read
logic [31:0] mem [0:2][0:4][5:8];
register_init_id = $fopen("mem.data","rb");
nchar_code = $fread(mem, register_init_id);
if (nchar_code!=(3*5*4)*4)) begin
`uvm_error("do_read_file", $sformatf("Was not possible to read the whole expected bytes"));
end
$fclose(register_init_id);
In case you wanted to do a loop using 32b word read. Then see the following example.
The example uses the data which is read from the file to write to AHB Bus using an AHB Verification Component.
logic [31:0] data_write_temp;
...
//DO REGISTER FILE
register_init_id = $fopen("../../software/binary.bin","rb");
if (register_init_id==0) begin `uvm_error("do_read_file", $sformatf("Was not possible to open the register_init_id file")); end
count_32b_words=0;
while(!$feof(register_init_id)) begin
nchar_code = $fread(data_write_temp, register_init_id);
if ((nchar_code!=4)||(nchar_code==0)) begin
if (nchar_code!=0) begin
`uvm_error("do_read_file", $sformatf("Was not possible to read from file a whole 4bytes word:%0d",nchar_code));
end
end else begin
tmp_ahb_address = (pnio_pkg::conf_ahb_register_init_file_part1 + 4*count_32b_words);
data_write_temp = (data_write_temp << 8*( (tmp_ahb_address)%(DATAWIDTH/(8))));//bit shift if necessary not aligned to 4 bytes
`uvm_create_on(m_ahb_xfer,p_sequencer.ahb0_seqr);
assert(m_ahb_xfer.randomize(* solvefaildebug *) with {
write == 1;//perform a write
HADDR == tmp_ahb_address;
HSIZE == SIZE_32_BIT;
HBURST == HBURST_SINGLE;
HXDATA.size() == 1; //only one data for single bust
HXDATA[0] == data_write_temp;
}) else $fatal (0, "Randomization failed"); //end assert
`uvm_send(m_ahb_xfer);
count_32b_words++;
end //end if there is a word read
end //end while
$fclose(register_init_id);
I've seen lots of answers to this, but I cannot seem to get any to work. I think I'm getting confused between variable types. I have an input from NetworkStream that is put a hex code into a String^. I need to take part of this string, convert it to a number (presumably int) so I can add some arithemetic, then output the reult on the form. The code I have so far:
String^ msg; // gets filled later, e.g. with "A55A6B0550000000FFFBDE0030C8"
String^ test;
//I have selected the relevant part of the string, e.g. 5A
test = msg->Substring(2, 2);
//I have tried many different routes to extract the numverical value of the
//substring. Below are some of them:
std::stringstream ss;
hexInt = 0;
//Works if test is string, not String^ but then I can't output it later.
ss << sscanf(test.c_str(), "%x", &hexInt);
//--------
sprintf(&hexInt, "%d", test);
//--------
//And a few others that I've deleted after they don't work at all.
//Output:
this->textBox1->AppendText("Display numerical value after a bit of math");
Any help with this would be greatly appreciated.
Chris
Does this help?
String^ hex = L"5A";
int converted = System::Convert::ToInt32(hex, 16);
The documentation for the Convert static method used is on the MSDN.
You need to stop thinking about using the standard C++ library with managed types. The .Net BCL is really very good...
Hope this helps:
/*
the method demonstrates converting hexadecimal values,
which are broken into low and high bytes.
*/
int main(){
//character buffer
char buf[1];
buf[0]= 0x06; //buffer initialized to some hex value
buf[1]= 0xAE; //buffer initialized to some hex value
int number=0;
//number generated by binary shift of high byte and its OR with low byte
number = 0xFFFF&((buf[1]<<8)|buf[0]);
printf("%x",number); //this prints AE06
printf(“%d”,number); //this prints the integer equivalent
getch();
}
I'm trying to write a few integers to a file (as a string.) Every time I try to run this bit of code I get the integers into the text file like planned, but before the integers, I get some gibberish. I did some experimenting, and found out that if I put nothing into System::String ^ b, it would give the same gibberish output into the file or a message box, but I couldn't figure out why it would do this if I was concatenating those integers to it (as strings). What could be going wrong here?
using namespace msclr::interop;
using namespace System;
using namespace System::IO;
using namespace System::Text;
...
System::IO::StreamWriter ^ x;
char buffer[21], buffer2[3];
int a;
for(a = 0; a < 10; a++){
itoa(weight[a], buffer, 10);
strcat(buffer, buffer2);
}
System::String ^ b = marshal_as<String^>(buffer);
x->WriteLine(b);
What format is the file in? You may be reading a UTF-8 file with a byte-order mark that is silently applied by a text editing program.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order_mark
Typo in question or bug in code: pass buffer2 to itoa instead of buffer.
Also, initialize buffer to "";