Run program on boot with initramfs - linux

I'm running uClinux on a SmartFusion2 as part of a University team building a small cube satellite. However, I'm not super experienced in Linux kernel, and this issue has had me stumped for a few days. I'm trying to get the SmartFusion to run a program on bootup. Currently, the only .uImage that does this is the test 'hello' file. I'm trying to recreate the process for another program, but am running into some difficulties.
in my hello directory I have the following files: hello.busybox, hello.kernel.M2S, help.txt, hello.uImage, Makefile, hello.initramfs, hello (directory)
in the hello subdirectory (projects/hello/hello):
hello (executable), hello.c, hello.gdb, hello.h, hello.o, Makefile
to try and get the uImage to boot and run a different program, I made a copy of my projects/hello/hello directory and renamed it 'goodbye', with a few minor changes int the .h and .c files for testing purposes. Now I'm trying to get the executable 'hello' in projects/hello/goodbye to run on boot.
My initramfs file originally looked like this:
# This is a very simple, default initramfs
dir /dev 0755 0 0
nod /dev/console 0600 0 0 c 5 1
nod /dev/tty 0666 0 0 c 5 0
nod /dev/null 0600 0 0 c 1 3
nod /dev/mem 0600 0 0 c 1 1
nod /dev/kmem 0600 0 0 c 1 2
nod /dev/zero 0600 0 0 c 1 5
nod /dev/random 0600 0 0 c 1 8
nod /dev/urandom 0600 0 0 c 1 9
dir /dev/pts 0755 0 0
nod /dev/ptmx 0666 0 0 c 5 2
nod /dev/ttyS0 0666 0 0 c 4 64
nod /dev/ttyS1 0666 0 0 c 4 65
nod /dev/ttyS2 0666 0 0 c 4 66
nod /dev/ttyS3 0666 0 0 c 4 67
nod /dev/ttyS4 0666 0 0 c 4 68
nod /dev/ttyS5 0666 0 0 c 4 69
dir /bin 755 0 0
dir /proc 755 0 0
file /bin/hello ${INSTALL_ROOT}/projects/${SAMPLE}/hello/hello 755 0 0
slink /bin/init hello 777 0 0
I changed the last two lines of the initramfs to read as follows:
file /bin/hello ${INSTALL_ROOT}/projects/${SAMPLE}/hello/goodbye 755 0 0
slink /bin/init hello 777 0 0
But when I try and boot the SmartFusion2 after remaking the uImage, I get this, witht the error at the bottom:
Starting kernel ...
Linux version 2.6.33-arm1 (ecenstudent#EE10308) (gcc version 4.4.1 (Sourcery G++ Lite 2010q1-189) ) #38 Thu May 25 09:09:08 MDT 2017
CPU: ARMv7-M Processor [412fc231] revision 1 (ARMv7M)
CPU: NO data cache, 8K instruction cache
Machine: Microsemi M2S
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256
Kernel command line: m2s_platform=m2s-fg484-som console=ttyS0,115200 panic=10 ip=10.2.118.102:10.2.118.101:192.168.0.1::m2s-fg484-som:eth0:off ethaddr=3C:FB:96:05:00:53
PID hash table entries: 256 (order: -2, 1024 bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
Memory: 64408k/64408k available, 1128k reserved, 0K highmem
Virtual kernel memory layout:
vector : 0x00000000 - 0x00001000 ( 4 kB)
fixmap : 0xfff00000 - 0xfffe0000 ( 896 kB)
vmalloc : 0x00000000 - 0xffffffff (4095 MB)
lowmem : 0xa0000000 - 0xa4000000 ( 64 MB)
modules : 0xa0000000 - 0x01000000 (1552 MB)
.init : 0xa0008000 - 0xa0012000 ( 40 kB)
.text : 0xa0074bc0 - 0xa0083000 ( 58 kB)
.data : 0xa0084000 - 0xa008cce0 ( 36 kB)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:83
Calibrating delay loop... 132.30 BogoMIPS (lpj=661504)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
Switching to clocksource mss_timer2
Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 2 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
serial8250.0: ttyS0 at MMIO 0x40000000 (irq = 10) is a 16550A
console [ttyS0] enabled
serial8250.1: ttyS1 at MMIO 0x40010000 (irq = 11) is a 16550A
Freeing init memory: 40K
Kernel panic - not syncing: No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel.
Backtrace: no frame pointer
Rebooting in 10 seconds..
Can somebody help explain why this is happening and what I need to do to my initramfs to make it run the proper program on boot? Thanks!!

As it turns out, I was confused about how those two lines worked. When I finally figured it out, they looked like this:
file /bin/hello ${INSTALL_ROOT}/projects/${SAMPLE}/goodbye/hello 755 0 0
slink /bin/init hello 777 0 0
then it worked as desired, and I was able to implement it into other uImages.

Related

How to craete a NVMe with 4K sector size in KVM-QEMU

For testing purposes, I am creating a virtual machine as it follows:
qemu-img create -f qcow2 \
-o cluster_size=4096,preallocation=full \
/home/marcop/.libvirt/nvme-20G.qcow2 20G
qemu-system-x86_64 -machine q35,accel=kvm \
-m 4096 \
-smp 4 \
-cpu host \
-boot d \
-cdrom /var/lib/libvirt/isos/archlinux-2020.10.01-x86_64.iso \
-drive file=/home/marcop/.libvirt/nvme-20G.qcow2,if=none,aio=native,cache.direct=on,id=D24 \
-device nvme,drive=D24,serial=1234,logical_block_size=4096,physical_block_size=4096
When booted inside the machine, I use fdisk and nvme-cli to check the sector size, but it's always 512B.
pacman -Sy nvme-cli
fdisk -l /dev/nvme0n1
with output:
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: QEMU NVMe Ctrl
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logica/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Looking for the available sector size modes with nvme-cli (see here and here for details on NVMe)
nvme id-ns /dev/nvme0n1
return output:
NVME Identify Namespace 1:
nsze : 0x2800000
ncap : 0x2800000
nuse : 0x2800000
nsfeat : 0
nlbaf : 0
flbas : 0
mc : 0
dpc : 0
dps : 0
nmic : 0
rescap : 0
fpi : 0
dlfeat : 0
nawun : 0
nawupf : 0
nacwu : 0
nabsn : 0
nabo : 0
nabspf : 0
noiob : 0
nvmcap : 0
nsattr : 0
nvmsetid: 0
anagrpid: 0
endgid : 0
nguid : 00000000000000000000000000000000
eui64 : 0000000000000000
lbaf 0 : ms:0 lbads:9 rp:0 (in use)
Which indicates the only one sector profile exits. For comparison, the output of the same command issued for my physical NVMe returns
[...]
lbaf 0 : ms:0 lbads:9 rp:0x2 (in use)
lbaf 1 : ms:0 lbads:12 rp:0x1
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
run command to format with 4k. But beware that format will wipe out data.
nvme format /dev/nvme0n1 --lbaf=1

Which one is PID1: /sbin/init or systemd

I'm using Arch Linux. I have read about systemd, and as I understand it, systemd is the first process, and it starts the rest of the processes.
But when I use:
ps -aux
The result shows that /sbin/init has PID 1. And when I use:
pstree -Apn
The result shows that systemd has PID 1. Which is correct? Is /sbin/init starting systemd?
They're probably both right.
$ sudo ls -ltrh /proc/1/exe
[sudo] password for user:
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 May 30 21:22 /proc/1/exe -> /lib/systemd/systemd
$ echo $(tr '\0' ' ' < /proc/1/cmdline )
/sbin/init splash
$ stat /sbin/init
File: '/sbin/init' -> '/lib/systemd/systemd'
Size: 20 Blocks: 0 IO Block: 4096 symbolic link
Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 527481 Links: 1
Access: (0777/lrwxrwxrwx) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root)
Access: 2017-05-30 21:27:12.058023583 -0500
Modify: 2016-10-26 08:04:58.000000000 -0500
Change: 2016-11-19 11:38:45.749226284 -0600
Birth: -
The commands above show us:
what is the file corresponding to pid 1's executable image?
what was invoked (passed to exec()) when pid 1 was started?
what are the characteristics of the path at /sbin/init?
On my system, /sbin/init is a symlink to "/lib/systemd/systemd". This is likely similar to your system. We can see what information ps -aux is using by straceing it.
$ strace ps -aux
...
open("/proc/1/cmdline", O_RDONLY) = 6
read(6, "/sbin/init\0splash\0", 131072) = 18
read(6, "", 131054) = 0
close(6) = 0
...
and likewise for pstree:
$ strace pstree -Apn
...
getdents(3, /* 332 entries */, 32768) = 8464
open("/proc/1/stat", O_RDONLY) = 4
stat("/proc/1", {st_mode=S_IFDIR|0555, st_size=0, ...}) = 0
fstat(4, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0444, st_size=0, ...}) = 0
read(4, "1 (systemd) S 0 1 1 0 -1 4194560"..., 8192) = 192
read(4, "", 7168) = 0
open("/proc/1/task", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC) = 5
...
So the difference in output is because they use different sources of information. /proc/1/cmdline tells us how the process was invoked. Whereas /proc/1/stat shows that the process' name is systemd.
$ cat /proc/1/stat
1 (systemd) S 0 1 1 0 -1 4194560 34371 596544 1358 3416 231 144 298 1758 20 0 1 0 4 190287872 772 18446744073709551615 1 1 0 0 0 0 671173123 4096 1260 0 0 0 17 2 0 0 12188 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Buildroot does not create /dev entries for emmc on am335x custom board

I have a custom board based on am335x. I am building a buildroot for a minimal root filesystem (minimal by size) : boots off as initramfs. I am able to boot the image but unfortunately there are no /dev/mmcblk0 entry.
I would like to know how to make it create that entry.
The following is some log and data to help.
======================================================================
# ls /dev
console ram14 tty26 tty55
cpu_dma_latency ram15 tty27 tty56
full ram2 tty28 tty57
hwrng ram3 tty29 tty58
i2c-0 ram4 tty3 tty59
i2c-1 ram5 tty30 tty6
input ram6 tty31 tty60
kmem ram7 tty32 tty61
kmsg ram8 tty33 tty62
loop-control ram9 tty34 tty63
loop0 random tty35 tty7
loop1 shm tty36 tty8
loop2 tty tty37 tty9
loop3 tty0 tty38 ttyO0
loop4 tty1 tty39 ttyO1
loop5 tty10 tty4 ttyS0
loop6 tty11 tty40 ttyS1
loop7 tty12 tty41 ttyS2
mem tty13 tty42 ttyS3
network_latency tty14 tty43 ubi_ctrl
network_throughput tty15 tty44 urandom
null tty16 tty45 usbmon0
port tty17 tty46 vcs
psaux tty18 tty47 vcs1
ptmx tty19 tty48 vcsa
pts tty2 tty49 vcsa1
ram0 tty20 tty5 watchdog
ram1 tty21 tty50 watchdog0
ram10 tty22 tty51 zero
ram11 tty23 tty52
ram12 tty24 tty53
ram13 tty25 tty54
# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name# cat /proc/devices
Character devices:
1 mem
4 /dev/vc/0
4 tty
4 ttyS
5 /dev/tty
5 /dev/console
5 /dev/ptmx
7 vcs
10 misc
13 input
29 fb
89 i2c
90 mtd
128 ptm
136 pts
153 spi
166 ttyACM
180 usb
188 ttyUSB
189 usb_device
226 drm
248 ttySDIO
249 usbmon
250 ttyO
251 watchdog
252 ptp
253 pps
254 rtc
Block devices:
1 ramdisk
259 blkext
7 loop
8 sd
31 mtdblock
65 sd
66 sd
67 sd
68 sd
69 sd
70 sd
71 sd
128 sd
129 sd
130 sd
131 sd
132 sd
133 sd
134 sd
135 sd
179 mmc
# cat /etc/fstab
# <file system> <mount pt> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/dev/root / ext2 rw,noauto 0 1
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts defaults,gid=5,mode=620 0 0
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs mode=0777 0 0
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs mode=1777 0 0
tmpfs /run tmpfs mode=0755,nosuid,nodev 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
==================================================================
It is booting busybox and using devtmpfs which are defaults for buildroot.
If I use TI's minimalfs, it does show /dev/mmcblk0 so the kernel and device tree are ok. How to solve this.
Regards,
Preetam
You can create this node manually by mknod
mknod [OPTION]... NAME TYPE [MAJOR MINOR]
In your case type would be b (block). Major number you may find in sources or use
cat /proc/devices the minor number is a partition number.
If this is not the case, try to enable udev in buildroot config.

Can't flash with avrisp mkII in avrdude Version 6.0.1

I have had problems with this programming board. It is set up correctly seems to be an AVRISP MKII.
I received the following error messages upon flashing with avrdude:
(trusty)chandran#localhost:~$ avrdude -c avrispmkii -p t85 -vv
avrdude: Version 6.0.1, compiled on Oct 21 2013 at 15:55:32
Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, h ttp://www.bdmicro.com/
Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Joerg Wunsch
System wide configuration file is "/etc/avrdude.conf"
User configuration file is "/home/chandran/.avrduderc"
User configuration file does not exist or is not a regular file, skipping
Using Port : usb
Using Programmer : avrispmkii
avrdude: usb_open(): cannot read serial number "error sending control
message: Connection timed out"
avrdude: usbdev_open(): Found AVRISP mkII, serno: [unknown]
avrdude: usbdev_recv_frame(): usb_bulk_read(): error submitting URB: No
such file or directory
avrdude: stk500v2_recv_mk2: error in USB receive
avrdude: usbdev_recv_frame(): usb_bulk_read(): error submitting URB: No such file or directory
avrdude: stk500v2_recv_mk2: error in USB receive
avrdude: stk500v2_getsync(): timeout communicating with programmer
AVR Part : ATtiny85
Chip Erase delay : 4500 us
PAGEL : P00
BS2 : P00
RESET disposition : possible i/o
RETRY pulse : SCK
serial program mode : yes
parallel program mode : yes
Timeout : 200
StabDelay : 100
CmdexeDelay : 25
SyncLoops : 32
ByteDelay : 0
PollIndex : 3
PollValue : 0x53
Memory Detail :
Block Poll Page Polled
Memory Type Mode Delay Size Indx Paged Size Size #Pages MinW MaxW ReadBack
----------- ---- ----- ----- ---- ------ ------ ---- ------ ----- ----- ---------
eeprom 65 6 4 0 no 512 4 0 4000 4500 0xff 0xff
flash 65 6 32 0 yes 8192 64 128 4500 4500 0xff 0xff
signature 0 0 0 0 no 3 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
lock 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
lfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
hfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
efuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
calibration 0 0 0 0 no 2 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
Programmer Type : STK500V2
Description : Atmel AVR ISP mkII
Programmer Model: AVRISP mkII
avrdude: usbdev_recv_frame(): usb_bulk_read(): error submitting URB: No such file or directory
It is hard to identify the issue since my version of the programming board doesn't have such great documentation.
Thanks in advance!
This bug was causing the problems. I simply reverted to the previous version of avrdude (5.11.1) and it worked. By now there is an even newer version of avrdude (6.3), this bug might no longer be a problem in latest version.
Here are some steps:
Revert to an older version of avrdude either by using sudo apt-get install <package-name>=<package-version-number> OR sudo apt-get install <package-name>=<package-version-number>
Check if it works: avrdude -p <your part name> -c <your programmer name (avrispmkII)>
You might have to specify a port. Use something like ''watch ls /dev/tty*'' to find your device if you get an error like this one:
(trusty)chandran#localhost:~$ avrdude -c avrispmkII -p t85
avrdude: ser_open(): can't open device "/dev/ttyS0": No such file or directory
avrdude done. Thank you.
Here is what it will look like when you get it right:
(trusty)chandran#localhost:~$ avrdude -c avrispmkII -p t85 -P usb -vv
avrdude: Version 5.11.1, compiled on Oct 30 2011 at 10:37:28
Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, http://www.bdmicro.com/
Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Joerg Wunsch
System wide configuration file is "/etc/avrdude.conf"
User configuration file is "/home/chandran/.avrduderc"
User configuration file does not exist or is not a regular file, skipping
Using Port : usb
Using Programmer : avrispmkII
avrdude: usb_open(): cannot read serial number "No error"
avrdude: usbdev_open(): Found AVRISP mkII, serno: [unknown]
avrdude: usbdev_open(): using read endpoint 0x83
AVR Part : ATtiny85
Chip Erase delay : 4500 us
PAGEL : P00
BS2 : P00
RESET disposition : possible i/o
RETRY pulse : SCK
serial program mode : yes
parallel program mode : yes
Timeout : 200
StabDelay : 100
CmdexeDelay : 25
SyncLoops : 32
ByteDelay : 0
PollIndex : 3
PollValue : 0x53
Memory Detail :
Block Poll Page Polled
Memory Type Mode Delay Size Indx Paged Size Size #Pages MinW MaxW ReadBack
----------- ---- ----- ----- ---- ------ ------ ---- ------ ----- ----- ---------
eeprom 65 6 4 0 no 512 4 0 4000 4500 0xff 0xff
flash 65 6 32 0 yes 8192 64 128 4500 4500 0xff 0xff
signature 0 0 0 0 no 3 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
lock 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
lfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
hfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
efuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 9000 9000 0x00 0x00
calibration 0 0 0 0 no 2 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
Programmer Type : STK500V2
Description : Atmel AVR ISP mkII
Programmer Model: AVRISP mkII
Hardware Version: 0
Firmware Version Master : 1.255
Vtarget : 3.3 V
SCK period : 8.00 us
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e930b
avrdude: safemode: lfuse reads as 62
avrdude: safemode: hfuse reads as DF
avrdude: safemode: efuse reads as FF
avrdude: safemode: lfuse reads as 62
avrdude: safemode: hfuse reads as DF
avrdude: safemode: efuse reads as FF
avrdude: safemode: Fuses OK
avrdude done. Thank you.
If this doesn't fix your problem, you might want to look at some other solutions:
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/78302/avrisp-mkii-not-reading-device-signature/189488
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/67757/why-does-my-avrisp-mkii-programmer-not-work
AVRISP MKII doesn't work with AVRDUDE on Linux
https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/74298/how-does-avrdude-with-avr-isp-mkii-respond-when-no-target-board-is-connected
Good luck!

Cannot talk to atmega328p over AVRisp mkII

I have similar issue as here(AVRISPmkII connection status: Unknown status 0x00) but different setup and changing bitcklock didn't help.
The current setup is atmega328p with external oscillator 16MHz connected to ISP interface of avrisp mkII programmer but whatever I do It keeps on showing the same output all the time:
mike#asus:~/wireless-temp-sens/tests$ sudo avrdude -p atmega328p -P usb -c avrispv2 -U lfuse:w:0xff:m -U hfuse:w:0xd9:m -U efuse:w:0xfe:m -v
avrdude: Version 6.0.1, compiled on Oct 21 2013 at 17:07:18
Copyright (c) 2000-2005 Brian Dean, http://www.bdmicro.com/
Copyright (c) 2007-2009 Joerg Wunsch
System wide configuration file is "/etc/avrdude.conf"
User configuration file is "/home/mike/.avrduderc"
User configuration file does not exist or is not a regular file, skipping
Using Port : usb
Using Programmer : avrispv2
avrdude: usbdev_open(): Found AVRISP mkII, serno: 000200209719
AVR Part : ATmega328P
Chip Erase delay : 9000 us
PAGEL : PD7
BS2 : PC2
RESET disposition : dedicated
RETRY pulse : SCK
serial program mode : yes
parallel program mode : yes
Timeout : 200
StabDelay : 100
CmdexeDelay : 25
SyncLoops : 32
ByteDelay : 0
PollIndex : 3
PollValue : 0x53
Memory Detail :
Block Poll Page Polled
Memory Type Mode Delay Size Indx Paged Size Size #Pages MinW MaxW ReadBack
----------- ---- ----- ----- ---- ------ ------ ---- ------ ----- ----- ---------
eeprom 65 20 4 0 no 1024 4 0 3600 3600 0xff 0xff
flash 65 6 128 0 yes 32768 128 256 4500 4500 0xff 0xff
lfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 4500 4500 0x00 0x00
hfuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 4500 4500 0x00 0x00
efuse 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 4500 4500 0x00 0x00
lock 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 4500 4500 0x00 0x00
calibration 0 0 0 0 no 1 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
signature 0 0 0 0 no 3 0 0 0 0 0x00 0x00
Programmer Type : STK500V2
Description : Atmel AVR ISP V2
Programmer Model: AVRISP mkII
Hardware Version: 1
Firmware Version Master : 1.23
Vtarget : 4.9 V
SCK period : 2053.39 us
avrdude: stk500v2_command(): command failed
avrdude: stk500v2_program_enable(): bad AVRISPmkII connection status: Unknown status 0x00
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
Double check connections and try again, or use -F to override
this check.
avrdude done. Thank you.
Any help is appreciated!
Problem resolved! Don't remember what was the reason exactly. I guess clock crystal didn't have proper connections on a breadboard. So, I would say:
Check your wiring
Check your wiring
Check your wiring

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