How do i split a list in Haskell, for example, "222 33244" into ["222","33","2","444"] only through recursion and fuctions on the prelude?
My current attempt is:
list xs
|length xs == 0 = ""
|otherwise = listSplit xs
listSplit (x:xs)
|x == head xs = x : ListSplitNext x xs
|otherwise = x:[]
listSplitNext a (x:xs)
|a == x = a : listSplitNext x xs
|otherwise = listSplit xs
So since I don't quite understand your approach and ghci lists 18 compile errors in your code, I'm afraid I can't help you with your attempt at a solution.
As pointed out in a comment, a possible solution would be:
listSplit xs = listSplit' [] (filter (`elem` ['0'..'9']) xs)
listSplit' ws (x:xs) = listSplit' (ws ++ [x : takeWhile (==x) xs]) (dropWhile (==x) xs)
listSplit' ws [] = ws
Filter every element of the string that is not a number (Data.Char.isNumber would do this, too, but the premise was to only use Prelude functions) and call listSplit' on the filtered list.
(ws ++ [x : takeWhile (==x) xs]) collects everything in xs until it reaches a letter that does not equal x, wraps this in a list and appends it to ws.
(dropWhile (==x) xs) removes every letter in xs until it reaches a letter that does not equal x.
Finally, the function calls itself with the updated ws and the reduced xs
If there are no more remaining elements, the function returns ws
If your goal is to use very few pre-defined functions this might give you some ideas:
listSplit :: String -> [String]
listSplit xs =
let (as, a) = foldr go ([], []) numbers
in a : as
where
isNumber x = x `elem` ['0'..'9']
numbers = filter isNumber xs
go cur (res, []) = (res, [cur])
go cur (res, lst#(a:_))
| a == cur = (res, a : lst)
| otherwise = (lst : res, [cur])
Of course you can replace foldr with your own recursion as well:
numberSplit :: String -> [String]
numberSplit xs =
let numbers = filter (`elem` ['0'..'9']) xs
in listSplit numbers
listSplit :: Eq a => [a] -> [[a]]
listSplit =
reverse . go [] []
where
go acc as [] = as : acc
go acc [] (x:xs) = go acc [x] xs
go acc as#(a:_) (x:xs)
| a == x = go acc (a : as) xs
| otherwise = go (as : acc) [x] xs
I had a moment to implement this but I think this is what you're looking for.
listSplit s = go filtered
where filtered = [c | c <- s, elem c ['0'..'9']]
go [] = []
go (x:xs) = (x : takeWhile (== x) xs) : (go $ dropWhile (== x) xs)
So I have found that the built-in splitAt function in Haskell can be defined as follows:
splitAt :: Int -> [a] -> ([a], [a])
-- Pre: n >= 0
splitAt n []
= ([], [])
splitAt n (x : xs)
= if n == 0
then ([], x : xs)
else (x : xs', xs'')
where
(xs', xs'') = splitAt (n - 1) xs
What I don't understand here/can't get my head around is the where part.
As an example,
splitAt 2 "Haskell" should return (["Ha"],["skell"]), but I don't really understand how it works here to define (x:xs',xs'') as another function? How would this look like visually?
With the example:
splitAt 2 "Haskell"
= (('H':xs',xs''))
^ so this then does splitAt 1 "askell", but I'm very confused as to what happens to the xs',xs'' in the tuple above...
Thanks.
(xs', xs'') = splitAt (n - 1) xs
This takes the result of splitAt (n - 1) xs, which is a pair, and assigns the name xs' to the first element of that pair (i.e. the first n - 1 elements of xs) and xs'' to the second element (i.e. the remaining elements).
(x:xs', xs'')
This produces a pair. The first element of that pair is a list that's the result of prepending x to xs' (i.e. to the first n-1 elements of xs). The second element is xs'' (i.e. the remaining elements of xs).
I want to double every second element of a list. Here is the code-
doubleSec n [] = []
doubleSec n (x:xs)
| n==1 = x*2 : doubleSec 0 xs
| otherwise = x : doubleSec 1 xs
doubleSecond xs =
doubleSec 0 xs
How can I compact this logic in a single function?
You can match a pattern on the list like this
doubleSec :: [Int] -> [Int]
doubleSec [] = []
doubleSec [x] = [x]
doubleSec (x : y : xs) = x : 2* y : doubleSec xs
letting you do specific things to the second element
How about this
doubleSecond xs = map (\(x,i) -> if odd i then x*2 else x) (zip xs [0..])
This method will preserve the O(n) running time:
doubleSecond xs =
[ if isOddStep then 2 * x else x |
(isOddStep, x) <- zip (cycle [False, True]) xs ]
An more succinct version by #DavidFletcher:
doubleSecond = zipWith ($) (cycle [id, (2*)])
or:
doubleSecond = zipWith id (cycle [id, (2*)])
as suggested by #Carl.
I have a function for finite lists
> kart :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a,b)]
> kart xs ys = [(x,y) | x <- xs, y <- ys]
but how to implement it for infinite lists? I have heard something about Cantor and set theory.
I also found a function like
> genFromPair (e1, e2) = [x*e1 + y*e2 | x <- [0..], y <- [0..]]
But I'm not sure if it helps, because Hugs only gives out pairs without ever stopping.
Thanks for help.
Your first definition, kart xs ys = [(x,y) | x <- xs, y <- ys], is equivalent to
kart xs ys = xs >>= (\x ->
ys >>= (\y -> [(x,y)]))
where
(x:xs) >>= g = g x ++ (xs >>= g)
(x:xs) ++ ys = x : (xs ++ ys)
are sequential operations. Redefine them as alternating operations,
(x:xs) >>/ g = g x +/ (xs >>/ g)
(x:xs) +/ ys = x : (ys +/ xs)
[] +/ ys = ys
and your definition should be good to go for infinite lists as well:
kart_i xs ys = xs >>/ (\x ->
ys >>/ (\y -> [(x,y)]))
testing,
Prelude> take 20 $ kart_i [1..] [101..]
[(1,101),(2,101),(1,102),(3,101),(1,103),(2,102),(1,104),(4,101),(1,105),(2,103)
,(1,106),(3,102),(1,107),(2,104),(1,108),(5,101),(1,109),(2,105),(1,110),(3,103)]
courtesy of "The Reasoned Schemer". (see also conda, condi, conde, condu).
another way, more explicit, is to create separate sub-streams and combine them:
kart_i2 xs ys = foldr g [] [map (x,) ys | x <- xs]
where
g a b = head a : head b : g (tail a) (tail b)
this actually produces exactly the same results. But now we have more control over how we combine the sub-streams. We can be more diagonal:
kart_i3 xs ys = g [] [map (x,) ys | x <- xs]
where -- works both for finite
g [] [] = [] -- and infinite lists
g a b = concatMap (take 1) a
++ g (filter (not . null) (take 1 b ++ map (drop 1) a))
(drop 1 b)
so that now we get
Prelude> take 20 $ kart_i3 [1..] [101..]
[(1,101),(2,101),(1,102),(3,101),(2,102),(1,103),(4,101),(3,102),(2,103),(1,104)
,(5,101),(4,102),(3,103),(2,104),(1,105),(6,101),(5,102),(4,103),(3,104),(2,105)]
With some searching on SO I've also found an answer by Norman Ramsey with seemingly yet another way to generate the sequence, splitting these sub-streams into four areas - top-left tip, top row, left column, and recursively the rest. His merge there is the same as our +/ here.
Your second definition,
genFromPair (e1, e2) = [x*e1 + y*e2 | x <- [0..], y <- [0..]]
is equivalent to just
genFromPair (e1, e2) = [0*e1 + y*e2 | y <- [0..]]
Because the list [0..] is infinite there's no chance for any other value of x to come into play. This is the problem that the above definitions all try to avoid.
Prelude> let kart = (\xs ys -> [(x,y) | ls <- map (\x -> map (\y -> (x,y)) ys) xs, (x,y) <- ls])
Prelude> :t kart
kart :: [t] -> [t1] -> [(t, t1)]
Prelude> take 10 $ kart [0..] [1..]
[(0,1),(0,2),(0,3),(0,4),(0,5),(0,6),(0,7),(0,8),(0,9),(0,10)]
Prelude> take 10 $ kart [0..] [5..10]
[(0,5),(0,6),(0,7),(0,8),(0,9),(0,10),(1,5),(1,6),(1,7),(1,8)]
you can think of the sequel as
0: (0, 0)
/ \
1: (1,0) (0,1)
/ \ / \
2: (2,0) (1, 1) (0,2)
...
Each level can be expressed by level n: [(n,0), (n-1, 1), (n-2, 2), ..., (0, n)]
Doing this to n <- [0..]
We have
cartesianProducts = [(n-m, m) | n<-[0..], m<-[0..n]]