Setup
I want to unit test my electron app with jest. For this I have the following setup:
I use jest and use #kayahr/jest-electron-runner to run it with electron instead of node. Additionally, since it is a typescript project, I use ts-jest.
My jest.config.js looks like this:
module.exports = {
collectCoverage: true,
coverageDirectory: 'coverage',
coverageProvider: 'v8',
preset: 'ts-jest',
runner: '#kayahr/jest-electron-runner/main',
testEnvironment: 'node',
};
The test is expected to run in the main process. I have reduced my code to the following example function:
import { app } from 'electron';
export function bar() {
console.log('in bar', app); //this is undefined when mocked, but I have a real module if not mocked
const baz = app.getAppPath();
return baz;
}
The test file:
import electron1 from 'electron';
import { bar } from '../src/main/foo';
console.log('in test', electron1); //this is undefined in the test file after import
// jest.mock('electron1'); -> this does just nothing, still undefined
const electron = require('electron');
console.log('in test after require', electron); //I have something here yay
jest.mock('electron'); //-> but if I comment this in -> it is {} but no mock at all
it('should mock app', () => {
bar();
expect(electron.app).toBeCalled();
});
What do I want to do?
I want to mock electron.app with jest to look whether it was called or not.
What is the problem?
Mocking electron does not work. In contrast to other modules like fs-extra where jest.mock() behaves as expected.
I don't understand the behavior happening here:
Importing "electron" via import in the file containing the tests (not the file to be tested!) does not work (other modules work well), but require("electron") does.
I do have the electron module if not mocked in bar(), but after mocking not
while jest.mock("fs-extra") works, after jest.mock("electron") electron is only an empty object, not a mock
I would really like to understand what I did wrong or what the problem is. Switching back to #jest-runner/electron does not seem to be an option, since it is not maintained anymore. Also I don't know if this is even the root of the problem.
Has anyone seen this behavior before and can give me a hint where to start searching?
I had two javascript files in Node Project.
One was router which had routes and corresponding functions in it.
Another was a utility class where commonly used functions are written as prototype. say utilservice.getSomething();
The first file calls utilservice.getSomething() in second file.
I imported the first file in second file (which is unnecessary and unused) .Then i called an API in first file.
I got error 500 stating utilservice.getSomething() is not a function.
I spent so much hours thinking something went wrong with use of Promise and tried with async and await and landed in same error.
Very last, i removed the import and found API call happening well.
I was with an impression that require is just for import of methods in another script. But there's something beyond it. There are resources online which would tell purpose of request. But i like to understand this behavior.
Sample:
File1.js
const utilService = require('../utils/utilService');
router.get('/something',function(req,res){
utilService.getSomething().then((data)=>{
//do something
})
});
File2.js
const file = require('../file1');
function util(){}
util.prototype.getSomething = function(){
return "hello"
}
module.exports = new util();
I hit that /something API. I got utilservice.getSomething is not a function.
While require is usually used to import other modules and scripts, it also executes any code in these modules. This allows modules to overwrite properties of other modules and prototypes of objects. Modules don't require module.exports to be valid to be imported.
Ex:
File1.js
module.exports = {
foo: ()=>{
console.log("hello");
}
};
File2.js
const mod = require("./File1.js");
delete mod.foo;
index.js
const mod = require("./File1.js");
mod.foo(); // hello
require("./File2.js"); // undefined
mod.foo(); // mod.foo is not a function
Congrats, you have landed in the world of circular dependencies. Instead of just telling you what that is, I'll give you an example.
Say you had two files, file1.js and file2.js.
file1.js:
module.exports = {
doSomething: function() {
console.log("did something");
}
};
file2.js:
const util = require("./file1");
util.doSomething();
file1.js exported a function called doSomething, and file2.js called it. So currently, the dependency tree looks like this:
file2.js -> requires -> file1.js
Now problems would start happening when you modify file1.js to this:
const file2 = require("./file2");
module.exports = {
doSomething: function() {
console.log("did something");
}
};
Why? Well, let's look at the dependency tree now.
file2.js -> requires -> file1.js -> requires -> file2.js -> requires -> file1.js
See the problem? file2.js requires file1.js, which requires file2.js, but file2.js requires file1.js (etc, etc). Instead of getting stuck in an infinite loop, Node.JS loads the current state of module.exports from file1.js (which is undefined since the script got stuck on require("./file2")), and that's how you got the TypeError.
In nodeJS, require let you import modules from other files.
It helps you split your application and only load necessary files to execute them, instead of having bunches of non used code loaded for nothing.
It actualy exists in many other languages under different names: require(php), include (php), import (typescript, python...etc)
One other thing: to be able to use require properly, you must "export" modules, definitions, functions, classes...etc to be able to use them in another script, using "module.exports" or "exports". So basicaly it has to do with "context", or if you prefer "scope".
This is why there's a folder named "node_modules" when you do a "npm install" using a package.json.
Thanks to "require", you can import only what is necessary, and not the whole project files every time you do something on your app.
What is the purpose of Node.js module.exports and how do you use it?
I can't seem to find any information on this, but it appears to be a rather important part of Node.js as I often see it in source code.
According to the Node.js documentation:
module
A reference to the current
module. In particular module.exports
is the same as the exports object. See
src/node.js for more information.
But this doesn't really help.
What exactly does module.exports do, and what would a simple example be?
module.exports is the object that's actually returned as the result of a require call.
The exports variable is initially set to that same object (i.e. it's a shorthand "alias"), so in the module code you would usually write something like this:
let myFunc1 = function() { ... };
let myFunc2 = function() { ... };
exports.myFunc1 = myFunc1;
exports.myFunc2 = myFunc2;
to export (or "expose") the internally scoped functions myFunc1 and myFunc2.
And in the calling code you would use:
const m = require('./mymodule');
m.myFunc1();
where the last line shows how the result of require is (usually) just a plain object whose properties may be accessed.
NB: if you overwrite exports then it will no longer refer to module.exports. So if you wish to assign a new object (or a function reference) to exports then you should also assign that new object to module.exports
It's worth noting that the name added to the exports object does not have to be the same as the module's internally scoped name for the value that you're adding, so you could have:
let myVeryLongInternalName = function() { ... };
exports.shortName = myVeryLongInternalName;
// add other objects, functions, as required
followed by:
const m = require('./mymodule');
m.shortName(); // invokes module.myVeryLongInternalName
This has already been answered but I wanted to add some clarification...
You can use both exports and module.exports to import code into your application like this:
var mycode = require('./path/to/mycode');
The basic use case you'll see (e.g. in ExpressJS example code) is that you set properties on the exports object in a .js file that you then import using require()
So in a simple counting example, you could have:
(counter.js):
var count = 1;
exports.increment = function() {
count++;
};
exports.getCount = function() {
return count;
};
... then in your application (web.js, or really any other .js file):
var counting = require('./counter.js');
console.log(counting.getCount()); // 1
counting.increment();
console.log(counting.getCount()); // 2
In simple terms, you can think of required files as functions that return a single object, and you can add properties (strings, numbers, arrays, functions, anything) to the object that's returned by setting them on exports.
Sometimes you'll want the object returned from a require() call to be a function you can call, rather than just an object with properties. In that case you need to also set module.exports, like this:
(sayhello.js):
module.exports = exports = function() {
console.log("Hello World!");
};
(app.js):
var sayHello = require('./sayhello.js');
sayHello(); // "Hello World!"
The difference between exports and module.exports is explained better in this answer here.
Note that the NodeJS module mechanism is based on CommonJS modules which are supported in many other implementations like RequireJS, but also SproutCore, CouchDB, Wakanda, OrientDB, ArangoDB, RingoJS, TeaJS, SilkJS, curl.js, or even Adobe Photoshop (via PSLib).
You can find the full list of known implementations here.
Unless your module use node specific features or module, I highly encourage you then using exports instead of module.exports which is not part of the CommonJS standard, and then mostly not supported by other implementations.
Another NodeJS specific feature is when you assign a reference to a new object to exports instead of just adding properties and methods to it like in the last example provided by Jed Watson in this thread. I would personally discourage this practice as this breaks the circular reference support of the CommonJS modules mechanism. It is then not supported by all implementations and Jed example should then be written this way (or a similar one) to provide a more universal module:
(sayhello.js):
exports.run = function() {
console.log("Hello World!");
}
(app.js):
var sayHello = require('./sayhello');
sayHello.run(); // "Hello World!"
Or using ES6 features
(sayhello.js):
Object.assign(exports, {
// Put all your public API here
sayhello() {
console.log("Hello World!");
}
});
(app.js):
const { sayHello } = require('./sayhello');
sayHello(); // "Hello World!"
PS: It looks like Appcelerator also implements CommonJS modules, but without the circular reference support (see: Appcelerator and CommonJS modules (caching and circular references))
Some few things you must take care if you assign a reference to a new object to exports and /or modules.exports:
1. All properties/methods previously attached to the original exports or module.exports are of course lost because the exported object will now reference another new one
This one is obvious, but if you add an exported method at the beginning of an existing module, be sure the native exported object is not referencing another object at the end
exports.method1 = function () {}; // exposed to the original exported object
exports.method2 = function () {}; // exposed to the original exported object
module.exports.method3 = function () {}; // exposed with method1 & method2
var otherAPI = {
// some properties and/or methods
}
exports = otherAPI; // replace the original API (works also with module.exports)
2. In case one of exports or module.exports reference a new value, they don't reference to the same object any more
exports = function AConstructor() {}; // override the original exported object
exports.method2 = function () {}; // exposed to the new exported object
// method added to the original exports object which not exposed any more
module.exports.method3 = function () {};
3. Tricky consequence. If you change the reference to both exports and module.exports, hard to say which API is exposed (it looks like module.exports wins)
// override the original exported object
module.exports = function AConstructor() {};
// try to override the original exported object
// but module.exports will be exposed instead
exports = function AnotherConstructor() {};
the module.exports property or the exports object allows a module to select what should be shared with the application
I have a video on module_export available here
When dividing your program code over multiple files, module.exports is used to publish variables and functions to the consumer of a module. The require() call in your source file is replaced with corresponding module.exports loaded from the module.
Remember when writing modules
Module loads are cached, only initial call evaluates JavaScript.
It's possible to use local variables and functions inside a module, not everything needs to be exported.
The module.exports object is also available as exports shorthand. But when returning a sole function, always use module.exports.
According to: "Modules Part 2 - Writing modules".
the refer link is like this:
exports = module.exports = function(){
//....
}
the properties of exports or module.exports ,such as functions or variables , will be exposed outside
there is something you must pay more attention : don't override exports .
why ?
because exports just the reference of module.exports , you can add the properties onto the exports ,but if you override the exports , the reference link will be broken .
good example :
exports.name = 'william';
exports.getName = function(){
console.log(this.name);
}
bad example :
exports = 'william';
exports = function(){
//...
}
If you just want to exposed only one function or variable , like this:
// test.js
var name = 'william';
module.exports = function(){
console.log(name);
}
// index.js
var test = require('./test');
test();
this module only exposed one function and the property of name is private for the outside .
There are some default or existing modules in node.js when you download and install node.js like http, sys etc.
Since they are already in node.js, when we want to use these modules we basically do like import modules, but why? because they are already present in the node.js. Importing is like taking them from node.js and putting them into your program. And then using them.
Whereas Exports is exactly the opposite, you are creating the module you want, let's say the module addition.js and putting that module into the node.js, you do it by exporting it.
Before I write anything here, remember, module.exports.additionTwo is same as exports.additionTwo
Huh, so that's the reason, we do like
exports.additionTwo = function(x)
{return x+2;};
Be careful with the path
Lets say you have created an addition.js module,
exports.additionTwo = function(x){
return x + 2;
};
When you run this on your NODE.JS command prompt:
node
var run = require('addition.js');
This will error out saying
Error: Cannot find module addition.js
This is because the node.js process is unable the addition.js since we didn't mention the path. So, we have can set the path by using NODE_PATH
set NODE_PATH = path/to/your/additon.js
Now, this should run successfully without any errors!!
One more thing, you can also run the addition.js file by not setting the NODE_PATH, back to your nodejs command prompt:
node
var run = require('./addition.js');
Since we are providing the path here by saying it's in the current directory ./ this should also run successfully.
A module encapsulates related code into a single unit of code. When creating a module, this can be interpreted as moving all related functions into a file.
Suppose there is a file Hello.js which include two functions
sayHelloInEnglish = function() {
return "Hello";
};
sayHelloInSpanish = function() {
return "Hola";
};
We write a function only when utility of the code is more than one call.
Suppose we want to increase utility of the function to a different file say World.js,in this case exporting a file comes into picture which can be obtained by module.exports.
You can just export both the function by the code given below
var anyVariable={
sayHelloInEnglish = function() {
return "Hello";
};
sayHelloInSpanish = function() {
return "Hola";
};
}
module.export=anyVariable;
Now you just need to require the file name into World.js inorder to use those functions
var world= require("./hello.js");
The intent is:
Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes
separating the functionality of a program into independent,
interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary
to execute only one aspect of the desired functionality.
Wikipedia
I imagine it becomes difficult to write a large programs without modular / reusable code. In nodejs we can create modular programs utilising module.exports defining what we expose and compose our program with require.
Try this example:
fileLog.js
function log(string) { require('fs').appendFileSync('log.txt',string); }
module.exports = log;
stdoutLog.js
function log(string) { console.log(string); }
module.exports = log;
program.js
const log = require('./stdoutLog.js')
log('hello world!');
execute
$ node program.js
hello world!
Now try swapping ./stdoutLog.js for ./fileLog.js.
What is the purpose of a module system?
It accomplishes the following things:
Keeps our files from bloating to really big sizes. Having files with e.g. 5000 lines of code in it are usually real hard to deal with during development.
Enforces separation of concerns. Having our code split up into multiple files allows us to have appropriate file names for every file. This way we can easily identify what every module does and where to find it (assuming we made a logical directory structure which is still your responsibility).
Having modules makes it easier to find certain parts of code which makes our code more maintainable.
How does it work?
NodejS uses the CommomJS module system which works in the following manner:
If a file wants to export something it has to declare it using module.export syntax
If a file wants to import something it has to declare it using require('file') syntax
Example:
test1.js
const test2 = require('./test2'); // returns the module.exports object of a file
test2.Func1(); // logs func1
test2.Func2(); // logs func2
test2.js
module.exports.Func1 = () => {console.log('func1')};
exports.Func2 = () => {console.log('func2')};
Other useful things to know:
Modules are getting cached. When you are loading the same module in 2 different files the module only has to be loaded once. The second time a require() is called on the same module the is pulled from the cache.
Modules are loaded in synchronous. This behavior is required, if it was asynchronous we couldn't access the object retrieved from require() right away.
ECMAScript modules - 2022
From Node 14.0 ECMAScript modules are no longer experimental and you can use them instead of classic Node's CommonJS modules.
ECMAScript modules are the official standard format to package JavaScript code for reuse. Modules are defined using a variety of import and export statements.
You can define an ES module that exports a function:
// my-fun.mjs
function myFun(num) {
// do something
}
export { myFun };
Then, you can import the exported function from my-fun.mjs:
// app.mjs
import { myFun } from './my-fun.mjs';
myFun();
.mjs is the default extension for Node.js ECMAScript modules.
But you can configure the default modules extension to lookup when resolving modules using the package.json "type" field, or the --input-type flag in the CLI.
Recent versions of Node.js fully supports both ECMAScript and CommonJS modules. Moreover, it provides interoperability between them.
module.exports
ECMAScript and CommonJS modules have many differences but the most relevant difference - to this question - is that there are no more requires, no more exports, no more module.exports
In most cases, the ES module import can be used to load CommonJS modules.
If needed, a require function can be constructed within an ES module using module.createRequire().
ECMAScript modules releases history
Release
Changes
v15.3.0, v14.17.0, v12.22.0
Stabilized modules implementation
v14.13.0, v12.20.0
Support for detection of CommonJS named exports
v14.0.0, v13.14.0, v12.20.0
Remove experimental modules warning
v13.2.0, v12.17.0
Loading ECMAScript modules no longer requires a command-line flag
v12.0.0
Add support for ES modules using .js file extension via package.json "type" field
v8.5.0
Added initial ES modules implementation
You can find all the changelogs in Node.js repository
let test = function() {
return "Hello world"
};
exports.test = test;
The below code is working with nodejs 4.4:
"use strict";
const test = (res) => {
return (data) => {
return res.json({"message": "testing"});
};
};
module.exports = test;
My question is using const correct, or is it correctly written using ES6?
Yes, you can use const like that. const means "the value of this variable cannot be changed" and the interpreter will complain if you try to assign a new value to it.
Is the code above "correctly written using ES6"? Depends what you mean... for example, ES6 uses export instead of module.exports, but what you've written is not wrong. After all, it works.
ES6 is not a different language - it's Javascript with some new features. It's up to you to decide how many of those features you want to use.
I use webstorm ide with nodejs. When I create modules and require them, I don't have code completion.
For example:
test.js
/** #module test*/
module.exports = {
run: function () {}
};
main.js
var test = require(__dirname+"/test.js");
test. //code completion does not offer "run"
I haven't found anything about module usages in jsdoc 3 documentation yet. :S
var test = require("./test.js");
test. //code completion offers "run"
So you have to use "." instead of __dirname.