Just when I thought I had my head wrapped around converting unicode to strings Python 2.7 throws an exception.
The code below loops over a number of accented characters and converts them to their non-accented equivalents. I've put in an special case for the double s.
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import unicodedata
def unicodeToString(uni):
return unicodedata.normalize("NFD", uni).encode("ascii", "ignore")
accentList = [
#(grave accent)
u"à",
u"è",
u"ì",
u"ò",
u"ù",
u"À",
u"È",
u"Ì",
u"Ò",
u"Ù",
#(acute accent)
u"á",
u"é",
u"í",
u"ó",
u"ú",
u"ý",
u"Á",
u"É",
u"Í",
u"Ó",
u"Ú",
u"Ý",
#(arrete accent)
u"â",
u"ê",
u"î",
u"ô",
u"û",
u"Â",
u"Ê",
u"Î",
u"Ô",
u"Û",
#(tilde )
u"ã",
u"ñ",
u"õ",
u"Ã",
u"Ñ",
u"Õ",
#(diaresses)
u"ä",
u"ë",
u"ï",
u"ö",
u"ü",
u"ÿ",
u"Ä",
u"Ë",
u"Ï",
u"Ö",
u"Ü",
u"Ÿ",
#ring
u"å",
u"Å",
#ae ligature
u"æ",
u"Æ",
#oe ligature
u"œ",
u"Œ",
#c cidilla
u"ç",
u"Ç",
# D stroke?
u"ð",
u"Ð",
# o slash
u"ø",
u"Ø",
u"¿", # Spanish ?
u"¡", # Spanish !
u"ß" # Double s
]
for i in range(0, len(accentList)):
try:
u = accentList[i]
s = unicodeToString(u)
if u == u"ß":
s = "ss"
print("%s -> %s" % (u, s))
except:
pass
Without the try/except I get an error:
File "C:\Python27\lib\encodings\cp437.py", line 12, in encode
return codecs.charmap_encode(input,errors,encoding_map)
UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode character u'\xc0' in position 0
: character maps to <undefined>
Is there anything I can do to make the code run without using the try/except? I'm using Sublime Text 2.
try/except does not make Unicode work. It just hides errors.
To fix the UnicodeEncodeError error, drop try/except and see Python, Unicode, and the Windows console.
Related
After looking all over the Internet, I've come to this.
Let's say I have already made a text file that reads:
Hello World
Well, I want to remove the very last character (in this case d) from this text file.
So now the text file should look like this: Hello Worl
But I have no idea how to do this.
All I want, more or less, is a single backspace function for text files on my HDD.
This needs to work on Linux as that's what I'm using.
Use fileobject.seek() to seek 1 position from the end, then use file.truncate() to remove the remainder of the file:
import os
with open(filename, 'rb+') as filehandle:
filehandle.seek(-1, os.SEEK_END)
filehandle.truncate()
This works fine for single-byte encodings. If you have a multi-byte encoding (such as UTF-16 or UTF-32) you need to seek back enough bytes from the end to account for a single codepoint.
For variable-byte encodings, it depends on the codec if you can use this technique at all. For UTF-8, you need to find the first byte (from the end) where bytevalue & 0xC0 != 0x80 is true, and truncate from that point on. That ensures you don't truncate in the middle of a multi-byte UTF-8 codepoint:
with open(filename, 'rb+') as filehandle:
# move to end, then scan forward until a non-continuation byte is found
filehandle.seek(-1, os.SEEK_END)
while filehandle.read(1) & 0xC0 == 0x80:
# we just read 1 byte, which moved the file position forward,
# skip back 2 bytes to move to the byte before the current.
filehandle.seek(-2, os.SEEK_CUR)
# last read byte is our truncation point, move back to it.
filehandle.seek(-1, os.SEEK_CUR)
filehandle.truncate()
Note that UTF-8 is a superset of ASCII, so the above works for ASCII-encoded files too.
Accepted answer of Martijn is simple and kind of works, but does not account for text files with:
UTF-8 encoding containing non-English characters (which is the default encoding for text files in Python 3)
one newline character at the end of the file (which is the default in Linux editors like vim or gedit)
If the text file contains non-English characters, neither of the answers provided so far would work.
What follows is an example, that solves both problems, which also allows removing more than one character from the end of the file:
import os
def truncate_utf8_chars(filename, count, ignore_newlines=True):
"""
Truncates last `count` characters of a text file encoded in UTF-8.
:param filename: The path to the text file to read
:param count: Number of UTF-8 characters to remove from the end of the file
:param ignore_newlines: Set to true, if the newline character at the end of the file should be ignored
"""
with open(filename, 'rb+') as f:
last_char = None
size = os.fstat(f.fileno()).st_size
offset = 1
chars = 0
while offset <= size:
f.seek(-offset, os.SEEK_END)
b = ord(f.read(1))
if ignore_newlines:
if b == 0x0D or b == 0x0A:
offset += 1
continue
if b & 0b10000000 == 0 or b & 0b11000000 == 0b11000000:
# This is the first byte of a UTF8 character
chars += 1
if chars == count:
# When `count` number of characters have been found, move current position back
# with one byte (to include the byte just checked) and truncate the file
f.seek(-1, os.SEEK_CUR)
f.truncate()
return
offset += 1
How it works:
Reads only the last few bytes of a UTF-8 encoded text file in binary mode
Iterates the bytes backwards, looking for the start of a UTF-8 character
Once a character (different from a newline) is found, return that as the last character in the text file
Sample text file - bg.txt:
Здравей свят
How to use:
filename = 'bg.txt'
print('Before truncate:', open(filename).read())
truncate_utf8_chars(filename, 1)
print('After truncate:', open(filename).read())
Outputs:
Before truncate: Здравей свят
After truncate: Здравей свя
This works with both UTF-8 and ASCII encoded files.
In case you are not reading the file in binary mode, where you have only 'w' permissions, I can suggest the following.
f.seek(f.tell() - 1, os.SEEK_SET)
f.write('')
In this code above, f.seek() will only accept f.tell() b/c you do not have 'b' access. then you can set the cursor to the starting of the last element. Then you can delete the last element by an empty string.
with open(urfile, 'rb+') as f:
f.seek(0,2) # end of file
size=f.tell() # the size...
f.truncate(size-1) # truncate at that size - how ever many characters
Be sure to use binary mode on windows since Unix file line ending many return an illegal or incorrect character count.
with open('file.txt', 'w') as f:
f.seek(0, 2) # seek to end of file; f.seek(0, os.SEEK_END) is legal
f.seek(f.tell() - 2, 0) # seek to the second last char of file; f.seek(f.tell()-2, os.SEEK_SET) is legal
f.truncate()
subject to what last character of the file is, could be newline (\n) or anything else.
This may not be optimal, but if the above approaches don't work out, you could do:
with open('myfile.txt', 'r') as file:
data = file.read()[:-1]
with open('myfile.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write(data)
The code first opens the file, and then copies its content (with the exception of the last character) to the string data. Afterwards, the file is truncated to zero length (i.e. emptied), and the content of data is saved to the file, with the same name.
This is basically the same as vins ms's answer, except that it doesn't use the os package, and that is used the safer 'with open' syntax. This may not be recommended if the text file is huge. (I wrote this since none of the above approaches worked out too well for me in python 3.8).
here is a dirty way (erase & recreate)...
i don't advice to use this, but, it's possible to do like this ..
x = open("file").read()
os.remove("file")
open("file").write(x[:-1])
On a Linux system or (Cygwin under Windows). You can use the standard truncate command. You can reduce or increase the size of your file with this command.
In order to reduce a file by 1G the command would be truncate -s 1G filename. In the following example I reduce a file called update.iso by 1G.
Note that this operation took less than five seconds.
chris#SR-ENG-P18 /cygdrive/c/Projects
$ stat update.iso
File: update.iso
Size: 30802968576 Blocks: 30081024 IO Block: 65536 regular file
Device: ee6ddbceh/4000177102d Inode: 19421773395035112 Links: 1
Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--) Uid: (1052727/ chris) Gid: (1049089/Domain Users)
Access: 2020-06-12 07:39:00.572940600 -0400
Modify: 2020-06-12 07:39:00.572940600 -0400
Change: 2020-06-12 07:39:00.572940600 -0400
Birth: 2020-06-11 13:31:21.170568000 -0400
chris#SR-ENG-P18 /cygdrive/c/Projects
$ truncate -s -1G update.iso
chris#SR-ENG-P18 /cygdrive/c/Projects
$ stat update.iso
File: update.iso
Size: 29729226752 Blocks: 29032448 IO Block: 65536 regular file
Device: ee6ddbceh/4000177102d Inode: 19421773395035112 Links: 1
Access: (0664/-rw-rw-r--) Uid: (1052727/ chris) Gid: (1049089/Domain Users)
Access: 2020-06-12 07:42:38.335782800 -0400
Modify: 2020-06-12 07:42:38.335782800 -0400
Change: 2020-06-12 07:42:38.335782800 -0400
Birth: 2020-06-11 13:31:21.170568000 -0400
The stat command tells you lots of info about a file including its size.
How do I set indentation for string-based value spanning multiple lines in ConfigObj such that the second line, etc. does surpass the delimiter?
For example:
about = {'Info' : {'Purpose': 'blabla continues for fixed chars ...\
\n and another line of bla ... etc.'}} # here nicely aligned under "b" from bla.
# 11 white-spaces.
config = ConfigObj(indent_type= 3*' ', interpolation=True, encoding='utf8')
config.filename = 'lol.ini'
config['About'] = about
config.write()
this result shows in the ini file as:
[About]
[[Info]]
Purpose = '''blabla continues for fixed chars ...
and another line of bla ... etc.''' # here the indentation goes sub-optimal/wrong.
# 11 white spaces but missing the indentations (6 white-spaces)
For two levels the indentation shift would be 6 white-spaces to add (for "About"and for "Info" 3 earch). Apparently, "interpolation=True" is not what does the trick. Any suggestions?
Configobj ver. = 5.0.6
Py = 3.9
I am trying to write Chinese characters to a CSV file based on their Unicode code points found in a text file in unicode.org/Public/zipped/13.0.0/Unihan.zip. For instance, one example character is U+9109.
In the example below I can get the correct output by hard coding the value (line 8), but keep getting it wrong with every permutation I've tried at generating the bytes from the code point (lines 14-16).
I'm running this in Python 3.8.3 on a Debian-based Linux distro.
Minimal working (broken) example:
1 #!/usr/bin/env python3
2
3 def main():
4
5 output = open("test.csv", "wb")
6
7 # Hardcoded values work just fine
8 output.write('\u9109'.encode("utf-8"))
9
10 # Comma separation
11 output.write(','.encode("utf-8"))
12
13 # Problem is here
14 codepoint = '9109'
15 u_str = '\\' + 'u' + codepoint
16 output.write(u_str.encode("utf-8"))
17
18 # End with newline
19 output.write('\n'.encode("utf-8"))
20
21 output.close()
22
23 if __name__ == "__main__":
24 main()
Executing and viewing results:
example $
example $./test.py
example $
example $cat test.csv
鄉,\u9109
example $
The expected output would look like this (Chinese character occurring on both sides of the comma):
example $
example $./test.py
example $cat test.csv
鄉,鄉
example $
chr is used to convert integers to code points in Python 3. Your code could use:
output.write(chr(0x9109).encode("utf-8"))
But if you specify the encoding in the open instead of using binary mode you don't have to manually encode everything. print to a file handles newlines for you as well.
with open("test.txt",'w',encoding='utf-8') as output:
for i in range(0x4e00,0x4e10):
print(f'U+{i:04X} {chr(i)}',file=output)
Output:
U+4E00 一
U+4E01 丁
U+4E02 丂
U+4E03 七
U+4E04 丄
U+4E05 丅
U+4E06 丆
U+4E07 万
U+4E08 丈
U+4E09 三
U+4E0A 上
U+4E0B 下
U+4E0C 丌
U+4E0D 不
U+4E0E 与
U+4E0F 丏
I am reading the text file consisting of bengali words. But I am unable to print the dependent vowels like KA,KI etc...
Here is my sample code and output
import unicodedata
bengali_phoneme_maplist={u'অ':'A',u'আ':'AA',u'ই':'I',u'ঈ':'II',u'উ':'U',u'ঊ ':'UU',u'ঋ ':'R',u'ঌ ':'L',u'এ ':'E',u'ঐ ':'AI',u'ও ':'O',u'ঔ ':'AU',u'ক':'KA',u'খ ':'KHA',u'গ ':'GA',u'ঘ':'GHA',u'ঙ ':'NGA',u'চ ':'CA',u'ছ':'CHA',u'জ ':'JA',u'ঝ':'JHA',u'ঞ':'NYA',u'ট ':'TTA',u'ঠ':'TTHA',u'ড ':'DDA',u'ঢ':'DDHA',u'ণ ':'NNA',u'ত ':'TA',u'ত ':'THA',u'দ':'DA',u'ধ':'DHA',u'ন':'NA',u'প':'PA',u'ফ':'PHA',u'ব':'BA',u'ভ':'BHA',u'ম ':'MA',u'য ':'YA',u'র':'RA',u'ল ':'LA',u'শ ':'SHA',u'ষ':'SSA',u'স ':'SA',u'হ':'ha',u' া ':'AAV',u' ি':'IV',u'ী':'IIV',u'ু':'UV',u'ূ':'UUV',u'ৃ':'RRV',u'ৄ ':'RR',u'ৄ':'EV',u' ৈ':'EV',u'়':'NUKTHA',u'ঽ':'AVAGRAHA'}
bengali_phoneme_maplist_normalise={unicodedata.normalize('NFKD',k):v
for k,v in bengali_phoneme_maplist.items()}
with open('bengali.txt','r')as infile:
lines=infile.readlines()
for index,line in enumerate(lines):
print('Phonemes in line{0}.total{1} symbols'.format(index,len(line)))
unknown=[]
words=line.split()
for word in words:
print(word,':',sep=' ', end='')
for character in word:
c=unicodedata.normalize('NFKD',character).casefold()
try:
print(bengali_phoneme_maplist_normalise[c],sep='',end='')
except KeyError:
print('_',sep='',end='')
if c not in unknown:
unknown.append(c)
print()
if unknown:
print('Unrecognised symbols:{0},total {1} symbols'.format(','.join(unknown),len(unknown)))
Sample input:
শিল্পাঞ্চলে ঢোকার মুখে, স্ন্যাক্সবারে খাবার কিনছিলেন, বহুজাতিক তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি সংস্থার কর্মী, শুভময় বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়
Sample output:
Phonemes in line0.total129 symbols
text_000002 :___________
"শিল্পাঞ্চলে :_____PA_NYA____
ঢোকার :DDHA_KA_RA
মুখে, :_UV___
স্ন্যাক্সবারে :__NA___KA__BA_RA_
খাবার :__BA_RA
কিনছিলেন, :KA_NACHA___NA_
Unrecognisedsymbols:t,e,x,_,0,2,",শ,ি,ল,্,া,চ,ে,ো,ম,খ,,,স,য,জ,ত,থ,ং,য়,),
(Note that I know nohting about Bengali. :)
There are a few problems in your code:
There are many extra SPACE chars in the bengali_phoneme_maplist definition. For example, u'ঊ ' should be u'ঊ'. And it seems like it's not easy to input chars like u'া' in an text editor so I suggest you directly use unicode in the code, like '\u09be':'AAV'. (Actually I'd suggest you use '\uxxxx' for all chars and write the real chars in comments.)
u'ত':'TA',u'ত':'THA' should change to u'ত':'TA',u'থ':'THA'.
The chars in bengali_phoneme_maplist are not complete. For example there's no ো , ৌ , ্ and ং
After fixing these errors you will get the correct result.
Hi i have the following code in python3.4.2:
s='416f1c7918f83a4f1922d86df5e78348'; w="0123456789abcdef"; x=''.join([chr(w.index(s[i])*16+w.index(s[i+1])) if(i%2==0) else '' for i in range(len(s))]); print(x);
and it shows this error
UnicodeEncodeError:
'ascii' codec can't encode character '\xf8' in position 5: ordinal not in range
(128)
Why is this happening ? isn't chr in python3 supposed to take more than 128 ?
Too much work.
>>> binascii.unhexlify(s)
b'Ao\x1cy\x18\xf8:O\x19"\xd8m\xf5\xe7\x83H'