From my text, I read:
Estimated soma area, in μm^2, is from 1073 to 2400 and estimated total
somadendritic area is from 3914 to 11,158 μm^2.
How do I convert μm^2 to meters^2?
1 μm = 10^-6 m
Hence
1 μm = 10^-4 cm
so
1 μm^2 = 10^-8 cm^2
Related
If a power meter measures 1% of the total channel power to be -33.9dBm, what is the total channel power?
The key concept here is that dBs enable the use of addition vs. multiplication:
Pt[in Watts] = 100 * Pm[in Watts] ==>
Pt[in dBm's] = 10 log10(100) + Pm[in dBm's] =
20 + -33.9 =
-13.9dBm
Check:
Pm = (10^(-33.9dBm/10))*0.001 = 0.000000407380278 Watts
Pt = (10^(-13.9dBm/10))*0.001 = 0.00004073802778 Watts
Pt[in milliWatts] = 100 * Pm[in milliWatts] =
0.00004073802778 =? 100 * 0.000000407380278 =
0.0000407380278
I have a problem and i need your help!
Here is the code:
kg_lemons = float(input())
kg_sugar = float(input())
water = float(input())
total_lemon_juice = kg_lemons * 980 #in mililiters need to multiply by 1000
total_lemonade = total_lemon_juice + 5 * 1000 + (0.3 * kg_sugar)
cups_made = total_lemonade / 150
money_made = cups_made * 1.20
print(f'All cups sold: {cups_made:.2f}')
print(f'Money earned: {money_made:.2f}')
At then end, after I print it, it must shown the numbers:
All cups sold: 66
Money earned: 79.20
But I got:
All cups sold: 66.01
Money earned: 79.21
So I need to round it up to the second decimal (the lowest number). Should I use math.floor and, if so, how?
I want to open Learn_full_data.txt extract some rows from it and write them on a new file called All_Data.txt using a foor loop.
Learn_full_data.txt Table:
vp run trial img_order mimg perc_aha_norm perc_gen_norm moon_onset moon_pulse moon_pulse_time answer_time answer_pulse answer_pulse_time fix_time fix_pulse fixpulse_time flash_onset flash_pulse flash_pulse_time_(flash_onset) tar_time_(greyscale) tar_pulse tarpulse_time answer RT_answer aha RT_aha condition solved_testphase RT_solvedtest oldnew RT_oldnew remknow RT_remknow
1 1 1 70 mimg433 0,4375 0,5625 18066 6 20029 20083 7 22029 22099 8 24029 24116 8 24029 24633 10 28029 nicht_erkannt 1055 Aha 1145 exp 0 0 old 2030 know 381
1 1 2 146 mimg665 0,6 0,4 30666 12 32029 32683 13 34029 34699 16 40028 40716 16 40028 41233 18 44028 erkannt 990 keinAha 1240 exp 1 2758 old 634 rem 1063
2 1 1 130 mimg640 0,666667 1 17366 5 19328 19383 6 21328 21399 8 25328 25416 8 25328 25933 10 29328 erkannt 871 keinAha 2121 base 1 2891 old 3105 know 533
2 1 2 83 mimg500 0,454545 0,272727 33966 13 35328 35983 14 37328 37999 15 39328 40016 15 39328 40533 17 43328 nicht_erkannt 1031 Aha 1153 exp 0 0 new 2358 kA 2358
The row Vp has two subjects, so I created a list with the subjects from the row Vp (there are many more, but I've just pasted an excerpt from it):
list = ['1','2']
Now I want to iterate over the list with this code (if the item in the list is the same as Vp, than write on All_Data.txt some rows from Learn_full_data.txt):
Learn = open('Learn_full_data.txt','r')
file = open('All_Data.txt','w')
file.write('Vp\tImg\tDescription\tPerc_gen_norm\tPerc_aha_norm\tCond\tGen\tRt_Gen\tRt_Solved\tInsight\tRt_Insight\tOldNew\tRt_OldNew\tRemKnow\tRt_RemKnow\n')
for i in list:
for splitted in Learn:
splitted = splitted.split()
Vp = splitted[0]
Img = str(splitted[4])
Perc_gen_norm = splitted[6]
Perc_aha_norm = splitted[5]
Cond = splitted[26]
Gen = splitted[22]
Rt_Gen = splitted[23]
Insight = splitted[24]
Rt_Insight = splitted[25]
Rt_Solved = splitted[28]
OldNew = splitted[29]
Rt_OldNew = splitted[30]
RemKnow = splitted[31]
Rt_Remknow = splitted[32]
if i == str(Vp):
file.write(str(Vp)+'\t'+str(Img)+'\t'+'Description'+'\t'+str(Perc_gen_norm)+'\t'+str(Perc_aha_norm)+'\t'+str(Cond)+'\t'+str(Gen)+'\t'+str(Rt_Gen)+'\t'+str(Insight)+'\t'+str(Rt_Insight)+'\t'+str(Rt_Solved)+'\t'+str(OldNew)+'\t'+str(Rt_OldNew)+'\t'+str(RemKnow)+'\t'+str(Rt_Remknow)+'\n’)
The Code output is just the first iteration from the list. I was expecting it to continue iterating:
Vp Img Description Perc_gen_norm Perc_aha_norm Cond Gen Rt_Gen Rt_Solved Insight Rt_Insight OldNew Rt_OldNew RemKnow Rt_RemKnow
1 mimg433 Description 0,5625 0,4375 exp nicht_erkannt 1055 Aha 1145 0 old 2030 know 381
1 mimg665 Description 0,4 0,6 exp erkannt 990 keinAha 1240 2758 old 634 rem 1063
The second iteration designated on the list doesn't happen. The second item of the list is '2' and the Vp item is also '2', so the second iteration should return the same for Vp '2' as it did for Vp '1'. Why does the for loop stop in Vp '1'?
The problem is that you iterate through all the lines in your code in the first iteration of your for i in list loop. In the second iteration, e.g. i = 2, the read cursor is still at the end of the file. You have to set it to the first line in each iteration. This can be done with Learn.seek(0):
for i in list:
Learn.seek(0)
for splitted in Learn:
splitted = splitted.split('\t')
Vp = splitted[0]
Img = str(splitted[4])
Perc_gen_norm = splitted[6]
Perc_aha_norm = splitted[5]
Cond = splitted[26]
Gen = splitted[22]
Rt_Gen = splitted[23]
Insight = splitted[24]
Rt_Insight = splitted[25]
Rt_Solved = splitted[28]
OldNew = splitted[29]
Rt_OldNew = splitted[30]
RemKnow = splitted[31]
Rt_Remknow = splitted[32]
if i == str(Vp):
file.write(str(Vp)+'\t'+str(Img)+'\t'+'Description'+'\t'+str(Perc_gen_norm)+'\t'+str(Perc_aha_norm)+'\t'+str(Cond)+'\t'+str(Gen)+'\t'+str(Rt_Gen)+'\t'+str(Insight)+'\t'+str(Rt_Insight)+'\t'+str(Rt_Solved)+'\t'+str(OldNew)+'\t'+str(Rt_OldNew)+'\t'+str(RemKnow)+'\t'+str(Rt_Remknow))
I had written a code which creates SAS dataset with compress=yes option. That said the resultant datasets is getting compressed with an increased size as seen in log
1374 +proc sql;
1375 + create table seg.KRG_EO_PVS_CUST_PROD_&op_cyc.
1376 + (
1377 + COMPRESS = YES
1378 + ) as
1379 + select
^L32 The SAS System 02:15 Thursday, August 20, 2015
1380 + W6DFFTE1.DIB_CUST_ID length = 8
1381 + format = 15.
1382 + informat = 15.
1383 + label = 'The logical customer id',
1384 + W6DFFTE1.DIB_PROD_ID length = 8
1385 + format = 15.
1386 + informat = 15.
1387 + label = 'The product id',
1388 + case when W5TM24S0.OFFER_FLAG = "1" then "1" else "0" end as OFFER_FLAG length = 1,
1389 + sum(W6DFFTE1.TOT_QUANTITY ) as TOT_QUANTITY length = 8
1390 + format = 10.
1391 + informat = 5.
1392 + label = 'Number of items purchased'
1393 + from
1394 + work.W6DFFTE1 left join
1395 + work.W5TM24S0
1396 + on
1397 + (
1398 + W5TM24S0.DIB_STORE_ID = W6DFFTE1.DIB_STORE_ID
1399 + and W5TM24S0.DIB_SCAN_ID = W6DFFTE1.DIB_SCAN_ID
1400 + )
1401 + group by
1402 + W6DFFTE1.DIB_CUST_ID,
1403 + W6DFFTE1.DIB_PROD_ID,
1404 + W5TM24S0.OFFER_FLAG
1405 + ;
NOTE: Compressing data set SEG.KRG_EO_PVS_CUST_PROD_20150701 increased size by 43.27 percent.
Compressed is 1961732 pages; un-compressed would require 1369265 pages.
NOTE: Table SEG.KRG_EO_PVS_CUST_PROD_20150701 created, with 346423801 rows and 4 columns.
I just want to know what are the probable reasons for this to happen
SAS compression is pretty primitive and compress=yes just lets SAS save disk space by not writing actual bytes of data for unused length in character variables. It looks like your data is three numeric variables, plus a one-character-long variable. This is not much to work with, plus it would have to add whatever formatting overhead is involved with a compressed file.
If you need to compress files for medium or long term storage, you're much better off using a separate zip or tar utility.
EDIT: I don't mean to disparage SAS compression. I believe the designers were more concerned with preserving relatively fast disk access than with with providing actual zip-style compression.
I'm using FMOD library to extract PCM from an MP3. I get the whole 2 channel - 16 bit thing, and I also get that a sample rate of 44100hz is 44,100 samples of "sound" in 1 second. What I don't get is, what exactly does the 16 bit value represent. I know how to plot coordinates on an xy axis, but what am I plotting? The y axis represents time, the x axis represents what? Sound level? Is that the same as amplitude? How do I determine the different sounds that compose this value. I mean, how do I get a spectrum from a 16 bit number.
This may be a separate question, but it's actually what I really need answered: How do I get the amplitude at every 25 milliseconds? Do I take 44,100 values, divide by 40 (40 * 0.025 seconds = 1 sec) ? That gives 1102.5 samples; so would I feed 1102 values into a blackbox that gives me the amplitude for that moment in time?
Edited original post to add code I plan to test soon: (note, I changed the frame rate from 25 ms to 40 ms)
// 44100 / 25 frames = 1764 samples per frame -> 1764 * 2 channels * 2 bytes [16 bit sample] = 7056 bytes
private const int CHUNKSIZE = 7056;
uint bytesread = 0;
var squares = new double[CHUNKSIZE / 4];
const double scale = 1.0d / 32768.0d;
do
{
result = sound.readData(data, CHUNKSIZE, ref read);
Marshal.Copy(data, buffer, 0, CHUNKSIZE);
//PCM samples are 16 bit little endian
Array.Reverse(buffer);
for (var i = 0; i < buffer.Length; i += 4)
{
var avg = scale * (Math.Abs((double)BitConverter.ToInt16(buffer, i)) + Math.Abs((double)BitConverter.ToInt16(buffer, i + 2))) / 2.0d;
squares[i >> 2] = avg * avg;
}
var rmsAmplitude = ((int)(Math.Floor(Math.Sqrt(squares.Average()) * 32768.0d))).ToString("X2");
fs.Write(buffer, 0, (int) read);
bytesread += read;
statusBar.Text = "writing " + bytesread + " bytes of " + length + " to output.raw";
} while (result == FMOD.RESULT.OK && read == CHUNKSIZE);
After loading mp3, seems my rmsAmplitude is in the range 3C00 to 4900. Have I done something wrong? I was expecting a wider spread.
Yes, a sample represents amplitude (at that point in time).
To get a spectrum, you typically convert it from the time domain to the frequency domain.
Last Q: Multiple approaches are used - You may want the RMS.
Generally, the x axis is the time value and y axis is the amplitude. To get the frequency, you need to take the Fourier transform of the data (most likely using the Fast Fourier Transform [fft] algorithm).
To use one of the simplest "sounds", let's assume you have a single frequency noise with frequency f. This is represented (in the amplitude/time domain) as y = sin(2 * pi * x / f).
If you convert that into the frequency domain, you just end up with Frequency = f.
Each sample represents the voltage of the analog signal at a given time.