Is it possible to create an index on a UUID/TIMEUUID column in Cassandra? I'm testing out a model design which would have an index on a UUID column, but queries on that column always return 0 rows found.
I have a table like this:
create table some_data (site_id int, user_id int, run_id uuid, value int, primary key((site_id, user_id), run_id));
I create an index with this command:
create index idx on some_data (run_id) ;
No errors are thrown by CQL when I create this index.
I have a small bit of test data in the table:
site_id | user_id | run_id | value
---------+---------+--------------------------------------+-----------------
1 | 1 | 9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d | 3
However, when I run the query:
select * from some_data where run_id = 9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d
CQLSH just returns: (0 rows)
If I use an int for the run_id then the index behaves as expected.
Yes, you can create a secondary index on a UUID. The real question is "should you?"
In any case, I followed your steps, and got it to work.
Connected to Test Cluster at 192.168.23.129:9042.
[cqlsh 5.0.1 | Cassandra 2.1.2 | CQL spec 3.2.0 | Native protocol v3]
Use HELP for help.
aploetz#cqlsh> use stackoverflow ;
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> create table some_data (site_id int, user_id int, run_id uuid, value int, primary key((site_id, user_id), run_id));
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> create index idx on some_data (run_id) ;
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO some_data (site_id, user_id, run_id, value) VALUES (1,1,9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d,3);
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> select * from usr_rec3 where run_id = 9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d;
code=2200 [Invalid query] message="unconfigured columnfamily usr_rec3"
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> select * from some_data where run_id = 9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d;
site_id | user_id | run_id | value
---------+---------+--------------------------------------+-------
1 | 1 | 9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d | 3
(1 rows)
Notice though, that when I ran this command, it failed:
select * from usr_rec3 where run_id = 9e118af0-ac92-11e4-81ae-8d1bc921f26d
Are you sure that you didn't mean to select from some_data instead?
Also, creating secondary indexes on high-cardinality columns (like a UUID) is generally not a good idea. If you need to query by run_id, then you should revisit your data model and come up with an appropriate query table to serve that.
Clarification:
Using secondary indexes in general is not considered good practice. In the new book Cassandra High Availability, Robbie Strickland identifies their use as an anti-pattern, due to poor performance.
Just because a column is of the UUID data type doesn't necessarily make it high-cardinality. That's more of a data model question for you. But knowing the nature of UUIDs and their underlying purpose toward being unique, is setting off red flags.
Put these two points together, and there isn't anything about creating an index on a UUID that sounds appealing to me. If it were my cluster, and (more importantly) I had to support it later, I wouldn't do it.
Related
I have a table/columnfamily in Cassandra 3.7 with sensordata.
CREATE TABLE test.sensor_data (
house_id int,
sensor_id int,
time_bucket int,
sensor_time timestamp,
sensor_reading map<int, float>,
PRIMARY KEY ((house_id, sensor_id, time_bucket), sensor_time)
)
Now when I select from this table I find duplicates for the same primary key, something I thought was impossible.
cqlsh:test> select * from sensor_data;
house_id | sensor_id | time_bucket | sensor_time | sensor_reading
----------+-----------+-------------+---------------------------------+----------------
1 | 2 | 3 | 2016-01-02 03:04:05.000000+0000 | {1: 101}
1 | 2 | 3 | 2016-01-02 03:04:05.000000+0000 | {1: 101}
I think part of the problem is that this data has both been written "live" using java and Datastax java driver, and it has been loaded together with historic data from another source using sstableloader.
Regardless, this shouldn't be possible.
I have no way of connecting with the legacy cassandra-cli to this cluster, perhaps that would have told me something that I can't see using cqlsh.
So, the questions are:
* Is there anyway this could happen under known circumstances?
* Can I read more raw data using cqlsh? Specifically write time of these two rows. the writetime()-function can't operate on primary keys or collections, and that is all I have.
Thanks.
Update:
This is what I've tried, from comments, answers and other sources
* selecting using blobAsBigInt gives the same big integer for all identical rows
* connecting using cassandra-cli, after enabling thrift, is possible but reading the table isn't. It's not supported after 3.x
* dumping out using sstabledump is ongoing but expected to take another week or two ;)
I don't expect to see nanoseconds in a timestamp field and additionally i'm of the impression they're fully not supported? Try this:
SELECT house_id, sensor_id, time_bucket, blobAsBigint(sensor_time) FROM test.sensor_data;
I WAS able to replicate it doing by inserting the rows via an integer:
INSERT INTO sensor_data(house_id, sensor_id, time_bucket, sensor_time) VALUES (1,2,4,1451692800000);
INSERT INTO sensor_data(house_id, sensor_id, time_bucket, sensor_time) VALUES (1,2,4,1451692800001);
This makes sense because I would suspect one of your drivers is using a bigint to insert the timestamp, and one is likely actually using the datetime.
Tried playing with both timezones and bigints to reproduce this... seems like only bigint is reproducable
house_id | sensor_id | time_bucket | sensor_time | sensor_reading
----------+-----------+-------------+--------------------------+----------------
1 | 2 | 3 | 2016-01-02 00:00:00+0000 | null
1 | 2 | 4 | 2016-01-01 23:00:00+0000 | null
1 | 2 | 4 | 2016-01-02 00:00:00+0000 | null
1 | 2 | 4 | 2016-01-02 00:00:00+0000 | null
1 | 2 | 4 | 2016-01-02 01:01:00+0000 | null
edit: Tried some shenanigans using bigint in place of datetime insert, managed to reproduce...
Adding some observations on top of what Nick mentioned,
Cassandra Primary key = one or combination of {Partition key(s) + Clustering key(s)}
Keeping in mind the concepts of partition keys used within angular brackets which can be simple (one key) or composite (multiple keys) for unique identification and clustering keys to sort data, the below have been observed.
Query using select: sufficient to query using all the partition key(s) provided, additionally can query using clustering key(s) but in the same order in which they have been mentioned in primary key during table creation.
Update using set or update: the update statement needs to have search/condition clauses which not only include all the partition key(s) but also all the clustering key(s)
Answering the question - Is there anyway this could happen under known circumstances?
Yes, it is possible when same data is inserted from different sources.
To explain further, incase one tries to insert data from code (API etc) into Cassandra and then tries inserting the same data from DataStax Studio/any tool used to perform direct querying, a duplicate record is inserted.
Incase the same data is being pushed multiple times either from code alone or querying tool alone or from another source used to do the same operation multiple times, the data behaves idempotently and is not inserted again.
The possible explanation could be the way the underlying storage engine computes internal indexes or hashes to identify a row pertaining to set of columns (since column based).
Note:
The above information of duplicacy incase same data is pushed from different sources has been observed, tested and validated.
Language used: C#
Framework: .NET Core 3
"sensor_time" is part of the primary key. It is not in "Partition Key", but is "Clustering Column". this is why you get two "rows".
However, in the disk table, both "visual rows" are stored on single Cassandra row. In reality, they are just different columns and CQL just pretend they are two "visual rows".
Clarification - I did not worked with Cassandra for a while so I might not use correct terms. When i say "visual rows", I mean what CQL result shows.
Update
You can create following experiment (please ignore and fix any syntax errors I will do).
This suppose to do table with composite primary key:
"state" is "Partition Key" and
"city" is "Clustering Column".
create table cities(
state int,
city int,
name text,
primary key((state), city)
);
insert into cities(state, city, name)values(1, 1, 'New York');
insert into cities(state, city, name)values(1, 2, 'Corona');
select * from cities where state = 1;
this will return something like:
1, 1, New York
1, 2, Corona
But on the disk this will be stored on single row like this:
+-------+-----------------+-----------------+
| state | city = 1 | city = 2 |
| +-----------------+-----------------+
| | city | name | city | name |
+-------+------+----------+------+----------+
| 1 | 1 | New York | 2 | Corona |
+-------+------+----------+------+----------+
When you have such composite primary key you can select or delete on it, e.g.
select * from cities where state = 1;
delete from cities where state = 1;
In the question, primary key is defined as:
PRIMARY KEY ((house_id, sensor_id, time_bucket), sensor_time)
this means
"house_id", "sensor_id", "time_bucket" is "Partition Key" and
"sensor_time" is the "Clustering Column".
So when you select, the real row is spitted and show as if there are several rows.
Update
http://www.planetcassandra.org/blog/primary-keys-in-cql/
The PRIMARY KEY definition is made up of two parts: the Partition Key
and the Clustering Columns. The first part maps to the storage engine
row key, while the second is used to group columns in a row. In the
storage engine the columns are grouped by prefixing their name with
the value of the clustering columns. This is a standard design pattern
when using the Thrift API. But now CQL takes care of transposing the
clustering column values to and from the non key fields in the table.
Then read the explanations in "The Composite Enchilada".
I'm trying to display the latest values from a list of sensors. The list should also be sortable by the time-stamp.
I tried two different approaches. I included the update time of the sensor in the primary key:
CREATE TABLE sensors (
customerid int,
sensorid int,
changedate timestamp,
value text,
PRIMARY KEY (customerid, changedate)
) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (changedate DESC);
Then I can select the list like this:
select * from sensors where customerid=0 order by changedate desc;
which results in this:
customerid | changedate | sensorid | value
------------+--------------------------+----------+-------
0 | 2015-07-10 12:46:53+0000 | 1 | 2
0 | 2015-07-10 12:46:52+0000 | 1 | 1
0 | 2015-07-10 12:46:52+0000 | 0 | 2
0 | 2015-07-10 12:46:26+0000 | 0 | 1
The problem is, I don't get only the latest results, but all the old values too.
If I remove the changedate from the primary key, the select fails all together.
InvalidRequest: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="Order by is currently only supported on the clustered columns of the PRIMARY KEY, got changedate"
Updating the sensor values is also no option:
update overview set changedate=unixTimestampOf(now()), value = '5' where customerid=0 and sensorid=0;
InvalidRequest: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="PRIMARY KEY part changedate found in SET part"
This fails because changedate is part of the primary key.
Is there any possible way to store only the latest values from each sensor and also keep the table ordered by the time-stamp?
Edit:
In the meantime I tried another approach, to only storing the latest value.
I used this schema:
CREATE TABLE sensors (
customerid int,
sensorid int,
changedate timestamp,
value text,
PRIMARY KEY (customerid, sensorid, changedate)
) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (changedate DESC);
Before inserting the latest value, I would delete all old values
DELETE FROM sensors WHERE customerid=? and sensorid=?;
But this fails because changedate is NOT part of the WHERE clause.
The problem is, I don't get only the latest results, but all the old values too.
Since you are storing in a CLUSTERING ORDER of DESC, it will always be very easy to get the latest records, all you need to do is add 'LIMIT' to your query, i.e.:
select * from sensors where customerid=0 order by changedate desc limit 10;
Would return you at most 10 records with the highest changedate. Even though you are using limit, you are still guaranteed to get the latest records since your data is ordered that way.
If I remove the changedate from the primary key, the select fails all together.
This is because you cannot order on a column that is not the clustering key(s) (the secondary part of the primary key) except maybe with a secondary index, which I would not recommend.
Updating the sensor values is also no option
Your update query is failing because it is not legal to include part of the primary key in 'set'. To make this work all you need to do is update your query to include changedate in the where clause, i.e.:
update overview set value = '5' and sensorid = 0 where customerid=0 and changedate=unixTimestampOf(now())
Is there any possible way to store only the latest values from each sensor and also keep the table ordered by the time-stamp?
You can do this by creating a separate table named 'latest_sensor_data' with the same table definition with exception to the primary key. The primary key will now be 'customerid, sensorid' so you can only have 1 record per sensor. The process of creating separate tables is called denormalization and is a common use pattern particularly in Cassandra data modeling. When you insert sensor data you would now insert data into both 'sensors' and 'latest_sensor_data'.
CREATE TABLE latest_sensor_data (
customerid int,
sensorid int,
changedate timestamp,
value text,
PRIMARY KEY (customerid, sensorid)
);
In cassandra 3.0 'materialized views' will be introduced which will make this unnecessary as you can use materialized views to accomplish this for you.
Now doing the following query:
select * from latest_sensor_data where customerid=0
Will give you the latest value for every sensor for that customer.
I would recommend renaming 'sensors' to 'sensor_data' or 'sensor_history' to make it more clear what the data is. Additionally you should change the primary key to 'customerid, changedate, sensorid' as that would allow you to have multiple sensors at the same date (which seems possible).
Your first approach looks reasonable. If you add "limit 1" to your query, you would only get the latest result, or limit 2 to see the latest 2 results, etc.
If you want to automatically remove old values from the table, you can specify a TTL (Time To Live) for data points when you do the insert. So if you wanted to keep data points for 10 days, you could do this by adding "USING TTL 864000" on your insert statements. Or you could set a default TTL for the entire table.
I'm new in Cassandra and when I was copying a CSV in Cassandra I found a problem with the position of my timestamp column.
I'm using cqlsh 5.0.1 | Cassandra 2.1.2 | CQL spec 3.2.0 | Native protocol v3
CREATE TABLE events (
id int,
type int,
eventdate timestamp,
PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
select * from events;
id | eventdata | type
----+-----------+------
Why is Cassandra changing the position of the timestamp column?
Thanks.
When you SELECT * the columns come back ordered with keys first, and then the remaining fields in alpha-numeric (might be ascii-betical or ascii-numeric...not exactly sure) order. If you want your columns returned in a specific order, you'll need to specify them (in that order) in your SELECT like this:
SELECT id, type, eventdate FROM events;
I am storing posts from all users in table. I want to retrieve post from all users the user is following.
CREATE TABLE posts (
userid int,
time timestamp,
id uuid,
content text,
PRIMARY KEY (userid, time)
)WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (time DESC)
I have the data about who all user follows in another table
CREATE TABLE follow (
userid int,
who_follow_me set<int>,
who_i_follow set<int>,
PRIMARY KEY ((userid))
)
I am making query like
select * from posts where userid in(1,2,3,4....n);
2 questions:
why I still get data in random order, though CLUSTERING ORDER BY is specified in posts. ?
Is model correct to satisfy the query optimally (user can have n number of followers)?
I am using Cassandra 2.0.10.
"why I still get data in random order, though CLUSTERING ORDER BY is specified in posts?"
This is because ORDER BY only works for rows within a particular partitioning key. So in your case, if you wanted to see all of the posts for a specific user like this:
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE userid=1;
That return your results ordered by time, as all of the rows within the userid=1 partitioning key would be clustered by it.
"Is model correct to satisfy the query optimally (user can have n number of followers)?"
It will work, as long as you don't care about getting the results ordered by timestamp. To be able to query posts for all users ordered by time, you would need to come up with a different partitioning key. Without knowing too much about your application, you could use a column like GROUP (for instance) and partition on that.
So let's say that you evenly assign all of your users to eight groups: A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Let's say your table design changed like this:
CREATE TABLE posts (
group text,
userid int,
time timestamp,
id uuid,
content text,
PRIMARY KEY (group, time, userid)
)WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (time DESC)
You could then query all posts for all users for group B like this:
SELECT * FROM posts WHERE group='B';
That would give you all of the posts for all of the users in group B, ordered by time. So basically, for your query to order the posts appropriately by time, you need to partition your post data on something other than userid.
EDIT:
PRIMARY KEY (userid, follows)) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (created DESC);
That's not going to work. In fact, that should produce the following error:
code=2200 [Invalid query] message="Missing CLUSTERING ORDER for column follows"
And even if you did add follows to your CLUSTERING ORDER clause, you would see this:
code=2200 [Invalid query] message="Only clustering key columns can be defined in CLUSTERING ORDER directive"
The CLUSTERING ORDER clause can only be used on the clustering column(s), which in this case, is only the follows column. Alter your PRIMARY KEY definition to cluster on follows (ASC) and created (DESC). I have tested this, and inserted some sample data, and can see that this query works:
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> SELECT * FROM posts WHERE userid=2 AND follows=1;
userid | follows | created | id
--------+---------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------
2 | 1 | 2015-01-25 13:27:00-0600 | 559cda12-8fe7-45d3-9a61-7ddd2119fcda
2 | 1 | 2015-01-25 13:26:00-0600 | 64b390ba-a323-4c71-baa8-e247a8bc9cdf
2 | 1 | 2015-01-25 13:24:00-0600 | 1b325b66-8ae5-4a2e-a33d-ee9b5ad464b4
(3 rows)
Although, if you want to query by just userid you can see posts from all of your followers. But in that case, the posts will only be ordered within each followerid, like this:
aploetz#cqlsh:stackoverflow> SELECT * FROM posts WHERE userid=2;
userid | follows | created | id
--------+---------+--------------------------+--------------------------------------
2 | 0 | 2015-01-25 13:28:00-0600 | 94da27d0-e91f-4c1f-88f2-5a4bbc4a0096
2 | 0 | 2015-01-25 13:23:00-0600 | 798053d3-f1c4-4c1d-a79d-d0faff10a5fb
2 | 1 | 2015-01-25 13:27:00-0600 | 559cda12-8fe7-45d3-9a61-7ddd2119fcda
2 | 1 | 2015-01-25 13:26:00-0600 | 64b390ba-a323-4c71-baa8-e247a8bc9cdf
2 | 1 | 2015-01-25 13:24:00-0600 | 1b325b66-8ae5-4a2e-a33d-ee9b5ad464b4
(5 rows)
This is my new schema,
CREATE TABLE posts(id uuid,
userid int,
follows int,
created timestamp,
PRIMARY KEY (userid, follows)) WITH CLUSTERING ORDER BY (created DESC);
Here userid represents who posted it and follows represents userid for his one of the follower. Say user x follows 10 other people , i am making 10+1 inserts. Definitely there is too much data duplication. However now its easier to get timeline for one of the user with following query
select * from posts where follows=?
Folks,
I am currently have started reading about NOSQL related DB as currently working on Database warehousing related application.
I have following questions. I have already read basics.
Question 1) How entire raw is retrived in column oriented database as data with same column is stored together ?
lets say we store data in following format so internally it will be stored like this in column oriented DB.
test|test1 together and 5|10 together.
key 1 : { name : test, value : 5 }
key 2 : { name : test1 , value : 10 }
So if we have to retrive data for key1 how does it happen ? (A and B is my guess)
A) If it has to pick data from each column storage seperately then it will be very costly
B) is there any indexing mechanism to fetch this data for all columns for given raw key ?
Question 2 )
I was reading through some of the docs and found column oriented Database is more suited to run aggregation function on single column as I/O will be less.
I didnot find proper support for aggregation function like SUM,AVG etc in NOSQL column oriented store like cassandra and HBASE. ( There could be some tweaking/hacking/more code writing like below)
How does Apache Cassandra do aggregate operations?
realtime querying/aggregating millions of records - hadoop? hbase? cassandra?
How to use hbase coprocessor to implement groupby?
Question 3 ) How the joins happens internally in column oriented database is it advisable to do ?
Nice question,
1) In Cassandra if you are using cqlsh then it will look like as you store data in mysql or some other rdbms stores.
Connected to Test Cluster at localhost:9160.
[cqlsh 3.1.7 | Cassandra 1.2.9 | CQL spec 3.0.0 | Thrift protocol 19.36.0]
Use HELP for help.
cqlsh> create keyspace test with replication={'class':'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor': 1
<value>
cqlsh> create keyspace test with replication={'class':'SimpleStrategy', replication_factor': 1};
cqlsh> USE test ;
cqlsh:test> create table entry(key text PRIMARY KEY, name text, value int );
cqlsh:test> INSERT INTO entry (key, name , value ) VALUES ( 'key1', 'test',5);
cqlsh:test> INSERT INTO entry (key, name , value ) VALUES ( 'key2', 'test1',10);
cqlsh:test> select * from entry;
key | name | value
------+-------+-------
key1 | test | 5
key2 | test1 | 10
cqlsh:test>
Note:- you can select rows using key or using some criteria on other column by using secondary indexes.
But in hbase the structure will look like following
rowkey | column family | column | value
key1 | entry | name | test
key1 | entry | value | 5
key2 | entry | name | test1
key2 | entry | value | 10
Note:- you can select each row using key or any column value its very easy.
2) Yes nosqls also supports batch operation only for DMLs.
3) Joins are not supported in none of nosqls datastores. They are not meant for joins.
Hope it will help you.