Imposible change text in a tkinter label - python-3.x

I'm making an editor with tkinter, I've made a status bar and i have 2 labels to show the actual line and column, and the total number of lines but the text of the labels don't change anything.
My code is very very long to show here.
I figure out the line, column and lines with these 2 functions:
def get_position(self, event=None):
"""get the line and column number of the text insertion point"""
self.line = tk.StringVar()
self.column = tk.StringVar()
self.line, self.column = self.textView.index('insert').split('.')
self.s = tk.StringVar()
self.s.set(('Line : {0} - Column : {1}'.format(self.line, self.column)))
print(self.s)
return self.s
def getwindowlines(self, event=None):
self.numberoflines = int(self.textView.index('end-1c').split('.')[0])
return self.numberoflines
And the function of my status bar is the next one:
def statusBar(self):
self.frameStatus = tk.Frame(self.master, border=2, bg='#272822',
relief='sunken')
self.frameStatus.pack(side='bottom', after=self.toolbar,
fill='x', padx=5, pady=1)
numberoflinestxt = str(self.getwindowlines())
self.labelNumberOfLines = tk.Label(self.frameStatus,
text='Lines: {0} '.format(numberoflinestxt))
self.labelNumberOfLines.configure(bg='#272822', fg='white')
self.labelNumberOfLines.pack(side='right', fill='x', padx=10, pady=2)
self.labelLinePosition = tk.Label(self.frameStatus,
textvariable=self.get_position())
self.labelLinePosition.configure(bg='#272822', fg='white')
self.labelLinePosition.pack(side='left', fill='x', padx=10, pady=2)
All the code is in Github Code Link in the file IdlePlus.py
With print console all works fine, but with a Label the numbers of lines and columns don't change.
Thanks

Your code doesn't seem to be trying to change the labels in the statusbar. I don't understand why you think they should change. In your get_position function you're creating new StringVars each time it is called.
I wouldn't use StringVars at all here, though you can. If you want to use them, you create them exactly once and associate them with Label widgets, and then whenever you want the labels to change, you change the variables. If you want to use .format(...), you have to call that when you change the values, not when you create the label.
For example:
def statusBar(self):
...
self.line = tk.StringVar()
self.column = tk.StringVar()
self.labelLinePosition = tk.Label(self.frameStatus,
textvariable=self.self.column)
self.labelLinePosition = tk.Label(self.frameStatus,
textvariable=self.column)
...
def get_position(self):
line, column = self.textView.index('insert').split('.')
self.line.set("Line: {0}".format(line))
self.column.set("Position: {0}".format(column)
That will cause the labels to update every time get_position is called.
However, there's really no need for the special StringVars. You can directly set the text of the label, eliminating a couple of objects and thus reducing the complexity of your code slightly:
def statusbar(self):
...
self.labelNumberOfLines = tk.Label(self.frameStatus)
self.labelLinePosition = tk.Label(self.frameStatus)
...
def get_position(self):
line, column = self.textView.index('insert').split('.')
self.labelNumberOfLines.configure(text="Lines: {0}".format(lines))
self.labelLinePosition.configure(text="Character: {0}".format(column))

Related

How to retrieve entry value in tkinter from a custom form

Wrote a custom frame class so I can easily generate labels, entries etc.
I can input the number of labels, entries I want each form to have. By creating different instances of the class I don't need to write lots of labels and entries each time.
But when I run the code nothing happens. I get no error to guide me.
If I place a print statement in get_first_entry(self) function then it prints the value from the entry, but I would like to access the value from outside the class.
import tkinter as tk
class MyFrame(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, parent, num_labels, num_entries, num_buttons, label_names=None, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(parent, *args, **kwargs)
# If label names are provided, use them instead of default labels
if label_names is None:
label_names = [f"Label {i+1}" for i in range(num_labels)]
# Create labels and entries
self.entries = []
for i in range(num_labels):
label = tk.Label(self, text=label_names[i])
label.grid(row=i, column=0)
for i in range(num_entries):
entry = tk.Entry(self)
entry.grid(row=i, column=1)
self.entries.append(entry)
# Create buttons
for i in range(num_buttons):
if i == 0:
button = tk.Button(self, text=f"Get RA", command=self.get_first_entry)
elif i == 1:
button = tk.Button(self, text=f"Get DEC", command=self.get_second_entry)
#else:
#button = tk.Button(self, text=f"Button {i+1}")
button.grid(row=num_labels+i, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=2)
def get_first_entry(self):
value = self.entries[0].get()
return value
def get_second_entry(self):
value = self.entries[1].get()
return value
root = tk.Tk()
label_RADEC = ['RA','DEC']
label_Time = ['LST','local time']
# Create first frame
frame1 = MyFrame(root, num_labels=2, num_entries=2, num_buttons=2, label_names=label_RADEC)
frame1.grid(row=0, column=0, padx=10, pady=10)
# Access the first entry
first_entry_value = frame1.get_first_entry()
print(first_entry_value)
root.mainloop()
Updated with method to gel all entries as array.
Now it prints empty array at start, but if I input other values in the entries, still doesn't print anything
'',''
The problem isn't that get_entries isn't working, it's that you're using it in the wrong way.
When you first call get_entries and print the results, it's before the user has had a chance to enter anything so it prints a list of empty strings.
When you call get_entries by pressing the button, it computes the values just fine. However, because it only returns the values, the values are thrown away since the caller (mainloop) ignores the return values of all functions it calls since it doesn't know what to do with them.
You can see this by adding a print statement inside get_entries. When you do that, you can see it's getting the values just fine:
def get_entries(self):
result = [entry.get() for entry in self.entries]
print(f"get_entries result: {result}")
return result
When I insert "this is RA" in the first entry, and "this is DEC" in the second entry, when I press the button I get this output:
get_entries result: ['this is RA', 'this is DEC']
If you leave the return statement in, you can use it to get the values outside of the class. It's just that you must do so after the user has entered values and not before.

How to reproduce class within tkinter

I built a little Synchronizer GUI program, using tkinter. I recently tried adding a +-Button, which reproduces the filebrowsing buttons and entry fields, so I can sync more than 2 directories. (I.e. personally, I have my Documents as well as Pictures backed up on a USB drive that I want to keep updated, but I dont want to copy my whole /home directory.)
I have run into two issues. The first issue is with the positioning of the plus Button: I have initialized the rowcount to zero, so everytime I click the +-Button, the new line of Buttons/fields is actually on a new line. sadly, this does not work for the plus button, that is defined outside the fuction, but shouldn't self.rowcount += 1 adjust rowcount for the whole class?
Secondly, I am not sure how to handle self.sourcefile and self.targetfile: When I select a new folder, it replaces the previous input, which is not the idea.
I would really appreciate any help!
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import filedialog
class Application():
def __init__(self):
self.root = Tk()
self.rowcount = 0
self.sourcefile = ""
self.targetfile = ""
self.sourceDirectory = Entry(self.root, width=10)
self.targetDirectory = Entry(self.root, width=10)
self.sourceDirectory.insert(0, "Source")
self.targetDirectory.insert(1, "Target")
selectSource = Button(self.root, text = "browse source", command=self.select_source, height=15, width=15)
selectTarget = Button(self.root, text = "browse target", command=self.select_target, height=15, width=15)
plusButton = Button(self.root, text = "+", command=self.create_new)
self.sourceDirectory.grid(row=0, column=0)
self.targetDirectory.grid(row=0, column=5)
selectSource.grid(row=0, column=1)
selectTarget.grid(row=0, column=10)
plusButton.grid(row=self.rowcount + 1, column=10)
self.root.mainloop()
def create_new(self):
self.rowcount += 1
print(self.rowcount)
self.sourceDirectory = Entry(self.root, width=10)
self.targetDirectory = Entry(self.root, width=10)
self.sourceDirectory.insert(0, "Source")
self.targetDirectory.insert(1, "Target")
selectSource = Button(self.root, image=self.browsericon, command=self.select_source, height=15, width=15)
selectTarget = Button(self.root, image=self.browsericon, command=self.select_target, height=15, width=15)
self.sourceDirectory.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=0)
self.targetDirectory.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=5)
selectSource.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=1)
selectTarget.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=10)
def select_source(self):
source = filedialog.askdirectory(title="Select Source")
self.sourceDirectory.delete(0, END)
self.sourceDirectory.insert(0, source)
self.sourcefile = source
def select_target(self):
target = filedialog.askdirectory(title="Select Target")
self.targetDirectory.delete(0, END)
self.targetDirectory.insert(1, target)
self.targetfile = target
Application()
shouldn't self.rowcount += 1 adjust rowcount for the whole class?
Yes, and it does in your code. However, changing the variable won't change the location of a widget that used that variable in a grid command.
My advice is to put the rows in one frame and the buttons in another. That way you don't have to keep adjusting the location of the buttons. For example:
self.row_frame = Frame(self.root)
self.button_frame = Frame(self.root)
self.button_frame.pack(side="bottom", fill="x")
self.row_frame.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True
Also, if the "+" button creates a new row, it shouldn't be duplicating code. You need to have a single function for adding a row. Since you already have a function to do that, you can call that function in __init__.
Putting it all together it looks something like this:
class Application():
def __init__(self):
self.root = Tk()
self.root.title("File Synchronizer")
self.rowcount = 0
self.sourcefile = ""
self.targetfile = ""
self.row_frame = Frame(self.root)
self.button_frame = Frame(self.root)
self.button_frame.pack(side="bottom", fill="x")
self.row_frame.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
startSync = Button(self.button_frame, text="Start", command=self.synchronize)
plusButton = Button(self.button_frame, text = "+", command=self.create_new)
startSync.grid(row=1, column=2)
plusButton.grid(row=0, column=10)
self.create_new()
self.root.mainloop()
def create_new(self):
self.rowcount += 1
self.sourceDirectory = Entry(self.row_frame, width=10)
self.targetDirectory = Entry(self.row_frame, width=10)
self.sourceDirectory.insert(0, "Source")
self.targetDirectory.insert(1, "Target")
selectSource = Button(self.row_frame, text = "browse source", command=self.select_source)
selectTarget = Button(self.row_frame, text = "browse source", command=self.select_target)
self.sourceDirectory.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=0)
self.targetDirectory.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=5)
selectSource.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=1)
selectTarget.grid(row=self.rowcount, column=10)
This doesn't put the "plus" and "Start" button in exactly the same place, but that's just because it's somewhat irrelevant to the answer. You can use whatever options you want to place it in the button frame. Since the two frames are independent, you can adjust rows, columns, and weights in one without affecting the other. Or, you can use pack in one frame and grid in another.
The other problem with your code is that self.sourceDirectory and self.targetDirectory can only hold one value so it will always refer to the last widgets that were created.
Since you are creating multiple source and target widgets, you need to save them in a list.
For example, start by adding an empty list to your application in the __init__ method:
self.sources = []
self.targets = []
Then, when you add a new row, append it to the list:
source_entry = Entry(self.row_frame, width=10)
target_entry = Entry(self.row_frame, width=10)
self.sources.append(source_entry)
self.targets.append(target_entry)
You can then iterate over these two lists to process all source and target values.
You will also have to modify the callback for the browse functions to accept an index so that the button knows which entry to update.

Tkinter : Recording entries dynamically created by buttons

I'm trying to allow the user to enter as many strings as he wants by clicking some sort of '+' button, and keep the strings in a list. (He enters a first string, clicks '+', another entry box appears, etc.)
For the moment, here's what I've got:
def addEntry(window, r, e):
if r < 9:
global entries
entries.append(e.get())
r += 1
e = tk.Entry(window)
e.grid(column=1, row=r)
add = tk.Button(window, text=' + ', command=lambda:addEntry(window, r, e))
add.grid(column=2, row=r, sticky=tk.W)
else:
errmsg = 'Max. 10 items'
tk.Label(window, text=errmsg).grid(column=1, row=r+1)
import tkinter as tk
global entries # the main list of strings
entries = []
r = 0 # index for rows ; will not be 0 in the final code as there will be other widgets
win = tk.Tk()
e = tk.Entry(win)
e.grid(column=1, row=r)
add = tk.Button(win, text=' + ', command=lambda:addEntry(win, r, e))
add.grid(column=2, row=r, sticky=tk.W)
win.mainloop()
This isn't elegant, and the last entry is not recorded.
I've tried making entries a list of Entry() items (not e.get() items), but then I can't access the strings (TclError: invalid command name ".!entry4"). I've tried emulating this, which led me to make entries a global variable ; I've tried using this, but I don't fully understand the first answer, and as far as I can tell the strings aren't recorded ; I've tried adapting the class defined in the second answer, but I wasn't able to add buttons dynamically. (I like the idea of making a class, though.) I feel like I should be able to do this, but after a wasting a day on it, might as well ask for help.
Don't put the value in a list, put the actual widget. You should only call the get method when you actually need the values.
Also, I strongly recommend you put the entries in a dedicated frame. That way you don't have to worry about what other widgets might be in the window, and you don't have to juggle row and column numbers. Put them in a frame and use pack since they are stacked top-to-bottom and all share the same size.
Example:
import tkinter as tk
def addEntry(window):
global entries
if len(entries) > 10:
error_message.configure(text="Max. 10 items")
else:
error_message.configure(text="")
entry = tk.Entry(window)
entry.pack(side="top", fill="x")
entries.append(entry)
def show():
for entry in entries:
print("=>", entry.get())
entries = []
win = tk.Tk()
entry_frame = tk.Frame(win)
error_message = tk.Label(win)
error_message.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky="nsew")
add = tk.Button(win, text=' + ', command=lambda: addEntry(entry_frame))
show = tk.Button(win, text="Show values", command=show)
add.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky=tk.NW)
show.grid(row=0, column=2, sticky=tk.NW)
entry_frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")
# create the first entry automatically
addEntry(entry_frame)
win.mainloop()

tkinter, button returns variable

I am trying to make a GUI text based adventure game in python. I want to be able to take text from a textinput box and store it as string variable.
I have 2 problems:
Making the python wait for the submit button to be pressed, before
processing the input and updating the game.
Getting the text variable out of the command, I would like to not
use global if possible.
Here is some of my code to better understand:
root = tk.Tk()
root.geometry('800x600+100+100')
root.title("my game")
textbox = tk.StringVar()
textboxentry = tk.Entry(root, textvariable=textbox, bd=5, width = "40", font=("times", 20))
textboxentry.pack(in_=bgImageLabel, side = "bottom")
def getInput():
textboxInput = textbox.get() #gets entry
lengthEntry = len(textbox.get())
textboxentry.delete(0,lengthEntry) #removes entry from widget
return textboxInput # I would like this return to work
submit = tk.Button(root, text ="Submit", command = (textboxInput = getInput()))
##I want the command function to use command = getInput and store the return on getInput as textboxInput. This will update the wait_variable down below, and give the inputs(textboxInput) a string to work with.
submit.pack(in_=bgImageLabel, side = "bottom")
while game == True:
root.update_idletasks()
root.update()
submit.wait_variable(textboxentry)
## I need it to wait before proceeding to this next line because i need the textboxInput from the entry widget.
actionInput, extraInput, texts = inputs(textboxInput)
Currently I can't figure a way to use command = (textboxInput = getInput), using lambda or anything else. I just want to store the return which comes off of the Entry as a string variable that can be used by the main function.
All help is appreciated!
Below code processes entry widget's text when Submit button is pressed.
import tkinter as tk
root = tk.Tk()
aVarOutside = 'asd'
def btn_cmd(obj):
#use global variable
global aVarOutside
#print its unmodified value
print("aVarOutside: " + aVarOutside)
#modify it with what's written in Entry widget
aVarOutside = obj.get()
#modify lblTextVar, which is essentially modifying Label's text as lblTextVar is its textvariable
lblTextVar.set(obj.get())
#print what's inside Entry
print("Entry: " + obj.get())
txt = tk.Entry(root)
txt.pack()
lblTextVar = tk.StringVar()
lbl = tk.Label(root, textvariable=lblTextVar)
lbl.pack()
btn = tk.Button(text="Submit", command=lambda obj = txt : btn_cmd(obj))
btn.pack()
root.mainloop()
When the button is pressed:
Value of a global variable, aVarOutside is printed.
Value of aVarOutside is modified to the value of Entry box's
(txt's) content.
Value of a textvariable used by a label (lbl) is modified. Which
means that the text of lbl is updated and can be seen on the GUI.
Finally Entry box, txt's content is printed.
I think you should use inputs() inside getInputs() and then button doesn't have to return any variables - and then you can use root.mainloop() instead of while loop.
import tkinter as tk
# --- functions ---
def inputs(text):
# do something with text
print(text)
# and return something
return 'a', 'b', 'c'
def get_input():
global action_input, extra_input, texts
text = textbox.get()
if text: # check if text is not empty
textbox.set('') # remove text from entry
#textbox_entry.delete(0, 'end') # remove text from entry
action_input, extra_input, texts = inputs(text)
# --- main ---
root = tk.Tk()
textbox = tk.StringVar()
textbox_entry = tk.Entry(root, textvariable=textbox)
textbox_entry.pack()
submit = tk.Button(root, text="Submit", command=get_input)
submit.pack()
root.mainloop()
BTW: you could better organize code
all functions before main part (root = tk.Tk())
PEP8 suggests to use lower_case_names for functions and variables (instead of CamelCaseNames)
global is not prefered method but I think it is better solution than yours.
If you don't need global then you can use classes with self.
import tkinter as tk
# --- classes ---
class Game:
def __init__(self):
self.root = tk.Tk()
self.textbox = tk.StringVar()
self.textbox_entry = tk.Entry(self.root, textvariable=self.textbox)
self.textbox_entry.pack()
self.submit = tk.Button(self.root, text="Submit", command=self.get_input)
self.submit.pack()
def run(self):
self.root.mainloop()
def inputs(self, text):
# do something with text
print(text)
# and return something
return 'a', 'b', 'c'
def get_input(self):
text = self.textbox.get()
if text: # check if text is not empty
self.textbox.set('') # remove text from entry
#textbox_entry.delete(0, 'end') # remove text from entry
self.action_input, self.extra_input, self.texts = self.inputs(text)
# --- functions ---
# empty
# --- main ---
app = Game()
app.run()

Passing OptionMenu into a callback (or retrieving a reference to the used widget)

I'm working on a (toplevel in a) GUI that consists of an array of 8 OptionMenus, each of them containing the same option list. Currently, Im building these widgets using a for-loop, and I save references in a dictionary. All OptionMenus link to the same (lambda) callback function.
To stay practical: the items in the option list represent a sequence of processing steps, and the user can alter the order of processes.
A change in one of the lists will result in one process being executed twice, and one process not at all. However, I want each item to occur only once. Hence, each user input should be accompanied by a second OptionMenu alteration.
For example: initial order 1-2-3 --> user changes the second process: 1-3-3, which autocorrects to: 1-3-2, where each process is again executed only once.
To my understanding, I can only get this to work if I have a reference to the OptionMenu that was just altered (from within the callback function). I was looking into passing the widget into the callback. The sample code is an attempt to implement the second suggested method, but the result is not what I would have expected.
The thing is that the OptionMenu widget seems to behave somewhat differently from other widgets. The OptionMenu does not allow for a re-defintion of the command function. No matter what input I pass along with the command function, the callback only seems to retrieve the OptionMenu selection, which is insufficient information for me to determine my process order.
Suggestions would be much apreciated!
import tkinter as tk
class Application(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master=None):
super().__init__(master)
self.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=tk.N+tk.S+tk.E+tk.W)
self.create_widgets()
def create_widgets(self):
self.active_procs = ['proc 1','proc 2','proc 3','proc 4',
'proc 5','proc 6','proc 7','proc 8']
itemnr, widgets = dict(), dict()
for index in range(8):
name_construct = 'nr' + str(index)
itemnr[name_construct] = tk.StringVar(root)
itemnr[name_construct].set(self.active_procs[index])
widgets[name_construct] = tk.OptionMenu(self, itemnr[name_construct], *self.active_procs,
command=lambda widget=name_construct:
self.order_change(widget))
widgets[name_construct].grid(row=index+2, column=2, columnspan=2,
sticky="nwse", padx=10, pady=10)
def order_change(self,widget):
print(widget)
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("OptionMenu test")
app = Application(master=root)
root.mainloop()
The OptionMenu will pass the new value to the callback, so you don't have to do anything to get the new value. That's why your widget value isn't the value of name_construct -- the value that is passed in is overwriting the default value that you're supplying in the lambda.
To remedy this you simply need to add another argument so that you can pass the value of name_construct to the callback to go along with the value which is automatically sent.
It would look something like this:
widgets[name_construct] = tk.OptionMenu(..., command=lambda value, widget=name_construct: self.order_change(value, widget))
...
def order_change(self, value, widget):
print(value, widget)
Note: the OptionMenu isn't actually a tkinter widget. It's just a convenience function that creates a standard Menubutton with an associated Menu. It then creates one item on the menu for each option, and ties it all together with a StringVar.
You can get the exact same behavior yourself fairly easily. Doing so would make it possible to change what each item in the menu does when selected.
For those interested, below you can find an example code of how I got the widget behaviour I wanted. I took Bryan's advice to replace the OptionMenu for a Menubutton/Menu combination. I also made use of this post to find duplicate entries in my process order list.
Any thoughts or suggestions on how to implement this in a cleaner or shorter way, or how to get the same functionality with a different interface (e.g. drag and drop), are ofcourse welcome!
import tkinter as tk
class Application(tk.Frame):
def __init__(self, master=None):
super().__init__(master)
self.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky=tk.N+tk.S+tk.E+tk.W)
self.create_widgets()
def create_widgets(self):
# Assisting text
l1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Data in", font=(None, 15))
l1.grid(row=0, column=2)
l2 = tk.Label(self, text = u'\N{BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE}', font=(None, 15))
l2.grid(row=1, column=2)
l3 = tk.Label(self, text = "Data out", font=(None, 15))
l3.grid(row=11, column=2)
l4 = tk.Label(self, text = u'\N{BLACK DOWN-POINTING TRIANGLE}', font=(None, 15))
l4.grid(row=10, column=2)
# Process list
self.active_procs = ['proc a','proc b','proc c','proc d',
'proc e','proc f','proc g','proc h']
self.the_value, self.widgets, self.topmenu = dict(), dict(), dict()
for index in range(8):
name_construct = 'nr' + str(index)
self.the_value[name_construct] = tk.StringVar(root)
self.the_value[name_construct].set(self.active_procs[index])
self.widgets[name_construct] = tk.Menubutton(self, textvariable=
self.the_value[name_construct],
indicatoron=True)
self.topmenu[name_construct] = tk.Menu(self.widgets[name_construct],
tearoff=False)
self.widgets[name_construct].configure(menu=self.topmenu[name_construct])
for proc in self.active_procs:
self.topmenu[name_construct].add_radiobutton(label=proc, variable=
self.the_value[name_construct],
command=lambda proc=proc,
widget=name_construct:
self.order_change(proc,widget))
self.widgets[name_construct].grid(row=index+2, column=2, columnspan=2,
sticky="nwse", padx=10, pady=10)
def order_change(self,proc,widget):
# Get the index of the last changed Menubutton
index_user_change = list(self.widgets.keys()).index(widget)
procs_order = [] # Current order from widgets
for index in range(8):
name_construct = 'nr' + str(index)
procs_order.append(self.widgets[name_construct].cget("text"))
# 1 change may lead to 1 double and 1 missing process
doubles = self.list_duplicates_of(procs_order,proc)
if len(doubles) == 2: # If double processes are present...
doubles.remove(index_user_change) # ...remove user input, change the other
missing_proc = str(set(self.active_procs)^set(procs_order)).strip('{"\'}')
index_change_along = int(doubles[0])
# Update references
self.active_procs[index_user_change] = proc
self.active_procs[index_change_along] = missing_proc
# Update widgets
name_c2 = 'nr'+str(index_change_along)
self.the_value[name_c2].set(self.active_procs[index_change_along])
self.widgets[name_c2].configure(text=missing_proc)
def list_duplicates_of(self,seq,item):
start_at = -1
locs = []
while True:
try:
loc = seq.index(item,start_at+1)
except ValueError:
break
else:
locs.append(loc)
start_at = loc
return locs
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("OptionMenu test")
app = Application(master=root)
root.mainloop()

Resources