I am trying to calculate 20% of a where a is input by the user.
echo "Please enter your basic salary"
read a
#HRA
b=`expr (20 / 100)\* $a)`|bc
echo HRA is:$b
What's wrong in this expression, which is generating an error message?
The first problem is that you want to just pass the expression into bc for evaluation, so use echo rather than expr.
Secondly, the order of evaluation you have is going to calculate 20/100 as an integer first, which will be 0, then multiple the salary by that, resulting in 0. Reordering the calculation will resolve that.
So the following should work:
echo "Please enter your basic salary"
read a
#HRA
b=`echo $a " * 20 / 100"|bc`
echo HRA is:$b
Alternatively, if you prefer to use expr rather than bc, you can escape the problem characters to make this work:
echo "Please enter your basic salary"
read a
#HRA
b=`expr $a \* 20 \/ 100`
echo HRA is:$b
You can use let operator also in bash
#!/bin/bash
echo "Please enter your basic salary"
read a
let b=$a*20/100
echo HRA is:$b
Related
This is my very first shell script for a Unix class, this is one of the scripts I hope to submit for my final. However there are a few kinks I cannot seem to clear up, it seems to be arithmetic operation errors, and I can't seem to figure it out. Please be kind! thank you so much for your time.
lightgreen=`echo -en "\e[92m"
echo What are the values of a, b \& c?
LIGHTRED=`echo -en "\e[101m"
echo a value:
read a
echo b value:
read b
echo c value:
read c
discrim=$(($b**2 - 4*$a*$c))
sqrtd=$((sqrt($discrim) | bc ))
echo test $sqrtd
echo ${lightgreen}The discriminant is:${discrim}
#xone=$((( -$b + sqrt$discrim) / (2 * $a) | bc ))
#xtwo=$((( -$b - sqrt$discrim) / (2 * $a) | bc ))
xone=$((echo (-1*$b + sqrt($discrim)) / (2*$a) | bc ))
xtwo=$((echo (-1*$b - sqrt($discrim)) / (2*$a) | bc ))
echo ${lightgreen}The discriminant is:${discrim}
#if [$discrim -lt 0 ]
# echo $LIGHTRED There are no real solutions.
#
#
#
echo The two solutions are $xone $xtwo
I have tried to mess with the syntax a good amount, I'm not sure if it's the parentheses that mess me up or the sqrt function, I have tried to incorporate | bc but to no avail. Any help is greatly appreciated! :)
Don't hesitate to call man bash, man bc manual pages.
Use https://www.shellcheck.net/ to check your shell scripts.
Shellcheck also exists on command line and in Visual Studio Code with extension.
#! /usr/bin/env bash
# The first line is very important to now the name of the interpreter
# Always close " , ' , or ` sequences with same character
# Do not use old `...` syntax, replaced by $(...)
# Here, use $'...', to assign value with \... sequences
lightgreen=$'\e[92m'
lightred=$'\e[101m'
normal=$'\e[0m'
# It's better to put phrase between "..." or '...'
echo "What are the values of a, b & c?"
# Use read -p option to specify prompt
# Use read -r option to not act backslash as an escape character
read -p "a value: " -r a
read -p "b value: " -r b
read -p "c value: " -r c
# With bash only, it's only possible to use integer values
# discrim=$(($b**2 - 4*$a*$c))
# use bc instead
discrim=$(bc -l <<<"$b^2 - 4*$a*$c")
# The syntax:
# bc <<<"..."
# is equivalent to:
# echo "..." | bc
# but without pipe (|)
# Close the color change with normal return
echo "${lightgreen}The discriminant is: ${discrim}${normal}"
if [[ "${discrim:0:1}" == "-" ]]; then
echo "${lightred}There are no real solutions${normal}"
# ... complex ...
else
sqrtd=$(bc -l <<<"sqrt($discrim)")
echo "sqrt($discrim)=$sqrtd"
xone=$(bc -l <<<"(-1*$b + $sqrtd) / (2*$a)")
xtwo=$(bc -l <<<"(-1*$b - $sqrtd) / (2*$a)")
echo "The two solutions are: $xone and $xtwo"
fi
This is a shortened-version of a script for reading 8mm tapes from a EXB-8500 with an autoloader (only 10 tapes at a time maximum) attached. It dd's in tape data (straight binary) and saves it to files that are named after the tape's 4-digit number (exmaple D1002.dat) in both our main storage and our backup. During this time it's logging info and displaying its status in the terminal so we can see how far along it is.
#!/bin/bash
echo "Please enter number of tapes: [int]"
read i
j=1
until [ $i -lt $j ]
do
echo "What is the number of tape $j ?"
read Tape_$j
(( j += 1 ))
done
echo "Load tapes into the tower and press return when the drive is ready"
read a
j=1
until [ $i -lt $j ]
do
k="Tape_$j"
echo "tower1 $j D$(($k)) `date` Begin"
BEG=$j" "D$(($k))" "`date`" ""Begin"
echo "tower1 $j D$(($k)) `date` End"
END=$j" "D$(($k))" "`date`" ""End"
echo "$BEG $END"
echo "$BEG $END"
sleep 2
(( j += 1 ))
done
echo "tower1 done"
Everything was hunky-dory until we got under 1000 (startig at 0999). Error code was ./tower1: 0999: Value too great for base (error token is "0999"). Now I already realize that this is because the script is forcing octal values when I type in the leading 0, and I know I should insert a 10# somewhere in the script, but the question is: Where?
Also is there a way for me to just define Tape_$j as a string? I feel like that would clear up a lot of these problems
To get the error, run the script, define however many tapes you want (at least one, lol), and insert a leading 0 into the name of the tape
EXAMPLE:
./test
Please enter number of tapes: [int]
1
What is the number of tape 1?
0999
./test: 0999: Value too great for base (error token is "0999")
You don't want to use $k as a number, but as a string. You used the numeric expression to evaluate a variable value as a variable name. That's very bad practice.
Fortunately, you can use variable indirection in bash to achieve your goal. No numbers involved, no error thrown.
echo "tower1 $j ${!k} `date` Begin"
BEG=$j" "D${!k}" "`date`" ""Begin"
And similarly in other places.
I would like to know how to include -, *, and ,/, in the following while loop in addition to the + I have already included. If the user enters something other than +, -, * or / I want the invalid input message to print. However, so far I have only worked out how to include one of the arguments in the code, in this case the +. How do I include the other 3 arguments in the same bit of code? I am a noobie I admit, and I don't currently have the vocabulary to search an answer specific to my needs so thought my best best was writing out the issue.
Any help appreciated. Thanks
echo "Please enter an operation of arithmetic. Press either +, -, * or /"
read operation
while [ $operation != "+" ]; do
echo "sorry, that is an invalid input- re-enter operation of arithmatic"
read operation
You can use that in a while loop like this:
while read -p "Please enter an operation of arithmetic. Press either +, -, * or /: " op &&
[[ $op != [-+/*] ]]; do
echo "sorry, that is an invalid input- re-enter operation of arithmatic"
done
You probably want select here:
PS3="Please enter an operation of arithmetic: "
select op in + - / '*'; do
case $op in
-) echo subtract something ; break ;;
+) echo add something ; break ;;
/) echo divide something ; break ;;
\*) echo multiply something ; break ;;
esac
done
I am trying to make a switch statement to work in tcsh but I am not sure why it is not working. I am displaying a menu on the screen and if the option is selected it shows the price and then goes back to the top and repeats until the exit option is selected.
#!/bin/csh
clear
echo -n "Petes A Pizza "
echo -n " Menu "
echo -n " "
echo -n " Make a selection "
echo -n " "
echo -n " A. Speciality Pizza "
echo -n " B. Veggi Lovers Pizza "
echo -n " C. Meat Lovers Pizza "
echo -n " D. Hawaiian Pizza "
echo -n " E. Cheese Pizza "
echo -n " F. Exit "
set a = $<
switch ($a)
case [A] :
set A = ((7.99 + 0.07))
echo $A
sleep 5
goto top
case [B] : #they choose option 2
set B = ((8.99 * 0.07) + 8.99)
echo $B
sleep 5
goto top
case [C] : #they choose option 3
set C = ((6.99 * 0.07) + 6.99)
echo $C
sleep 5
goto top
case [D] : #they choose option 4
set D = ((8.49 * 0.07) + 8.49)
echo $D
sleep 5
goto top
case [E] : #they choose option 5
set E = ((3.99 * 0.07) + 3.99)
echo $E
sleep 5
case [F] :
exit 0
breaksw
endsw
end
Here are a few suggestions that should be enough to help you get it working.
Change #!/bin/csh to #!bin/csh -f. This tells the shell not to read your ~/.cshrc file, which saves time and can avoid confusion. (If you accidentally write code that depends on aliases you've defined in your .cshrc, for example, your script won't work for anyone else.)
If you must clear the screen, the clear command is the way to do it -- but why? If I want to clear my screen before running your script, I'll do it myself, thank you very much. If I have information on my screen that I don't want to lose, I'll be annoyed when your script decides to erase it for me.
Change all the echo -ns to just echo. The -n option tells echo to print its output without a trailing newline; your entire menu will be printed on one line.
The square brackets in your case labels are unnecessary. case A : means the same thing as case [A] :. Note that you're requiring the user to provide input in upper case, which may be inconvenient.
set A = ((7.99 + 0.07))
...
set B = ((8.99 * 0.07) + 8.99)
These are inconsistent. It looks like you're trying to compute a base price plus 7% sales tax. For case B, a simpler expression for that is 8.99 * 1.07.
csh doesn't recognize this (( ... )) syntax; I wonder where you got the idea that it does. csh can do arithmetic using the # command:
# x = 2 + 2
# x ++
but it only operates on integers. The bc command can do floating-point calculations. You could write something like:
set B = `echo 'scale=5; 1.07 * 8.99' | bc`
Or, more simply:
set B = `echo '1.07 * 8.99' | bc -l
but bc -l may give you more digits than you want. man bc for more information on the bc command, its syntax, and how it works. Remember that the values of csh variables are strings, not numbers.
(I'm not sure bc is the best tool for this job.)
Finally, csh is not the best language for writing scripts. I've been using it for more years than I care to admit, and I sometimes have to resort to trial and error to find out how a given piece of syntax will behave; the syntax is poorly defined in many cases, and the man page doesn't always clear things up.
Suggested reading: "Csh Programming Considered Harmful", by Tom Christiansen.
I had to do a division in shell script and the best way was:
result1=`echo "scale=3; ($var1 / $total) * 100"| bc -l`
result2=`echo "scale=3; ($var2 / $total) * 100"| bc -l`
but I want to compare the values of $result1 and $result2
Using if test $result1 -lt $result2 or if [ $result1 -gt $result2 ] didn't work :(
Any idea how to do that?
You can compare floating-point numbers using expr(1):
: nr#yorkie 3724 ; expr 3.1 '<' 3.3
1
: nr#yorkie 3725 ; expr 3.1 '<' 3.09
0
You can also have bc do the comparisons as well as the calculations:
if [ "$(echo $result1 '<' $result2 | bc -l)" -eq 1 ];then ... fi
Finally, ksh93 can do arithmetic evaluation $(($result1 < $result2)) with floating-point numbers, although bash cannot.
note that you've gotta be a bit careful when dealing with floating point numbers and if you are testing for equality you really want to decide on some precision and then compare using that. Something like:
if (abs(x1-x2) < 0.0001) then equal # pseudo-code
the reason being that with computers we're dealing with limited-precision binary fractions not true mathematical reals. Limiting the precision in bc with the scale=3 will have this effect.
I'd also advise against trying to do this stuff in shell script. It's not that you can't do it but you'll have to fork off lots of little sub commands to do the tricky bits and that's slow to execute and generally a pain to write - you spend most of your time trying to get the shell to do what you want rather than writing the code you really want. Drop into a more sophisticated scripting language instead; my language of choice is perl but there are others. like this...
echo $var1 $var2 $total | perl -ne 'my ($var1, $var2, $tot) = split /\s+/; if ($var1/$tot == $var2/$tot) { print "equal\n"; }'
also note that you're dividing by the same value ($total in your question) so the whole comparison can be done against the numerators (var1 and var2) provided $total is positive
Posting a new answer since I cannot yet comment...
#Norman Ramsey's answer is not quite accurate:
expr will perform an integer or string comparison, not a floating-point comparison.
Here's what the man page says:
expr1 {=, >, >=, <, <=, !=} expr2
Return the results of integer comparison if both arguments are integers; otherwise, returns the results of string comparison using the locale-specific collation sequence.
(just try expr 8.9 '<' 10 and get 0 where it should be 1).
bcworks great, but isn't always installed.
So another alternative is using perl -e:
perl -e 'print expression' will print 1 if expression is true and nothing (empty string) otherwise.
e.g. perl -e 'print 8.9 < 10' - prints "1", while perl -e 'print 2>4' prints nothing.
And when used in if statement:
if [ $(perl -e "print $result1 < $result2") ];then ... fi