How to compare string variable to constant string in visual c++? - visual-c++

I have this piece of code:
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "afx.h"
...
char * connectionType;
...
int readParameters() {
...
//hFile is a file handler previously initialized
result = readParameter(hFile, connectionType);
if (strcmp(connectionType, "3") == 0) {
//do something
} else {
//do other thing
}
...
}
int readParameter(HANDLE hFile, OUT char * buffer) {
BOOL bResult = true;
BOOL continueLine = true;
char inBuffer[1];
DWORD bytesToRead = 1;
DWORD bytesRead = 0;
OVERLAPPED stOverlapped = {0};
char parameter[256] = {};
int counter = 0;
while (continueLine) {
bResult = ReadFile(hFile, inBuffer, sizeof(char), &bytesRead, &stOverlapped);
if (!bResult) {
return 0;
} else if (inBuffer[0] == '\n' || bytesRead == 0) {
continueLine = false;
} else {
parameter[counter] = inBuffer[0];
counter++;
if (bResult && bytesRead == 0) {
continueLinea = false;
}
}
}
parameter[counter] = '\0';
memcpy(buffer, parameter, 256);
return 1;
}
By debugging, I know that the connectionType attribute ends up being a null terminated string "3", but the strcmp method keeps returning 3328 (>0). Is there a problem because "3" is a constant? What might be the problem?

I realized what was the problem with the code. The problem was that connectionType, whose value was a null terminated string "3", was in fact different to the line read from the file, which was actually a "3" plus a carriage return plus a null.
After I added that consideration to the code, my problem was solved.

Related

PSET5 (Speller) Valgrind Error: Valgrind tests failed

I failed to pass the Valgrind tests and couldn't figure out what went wrong with my code. It seems like the issue is in the load() function as the Valgrind tests pointed out at the malloc() line. Could anyone help me take a look? Any guidance would be appreciated. Thank you!
Here is my code:
#include <ctype.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "dictionary.h"
// Represents a node in a hash table
typedef struct node
{
char word[LENGTH + 1];
struct node *next;
}
node;
// TODO: Choose number of buckets in hash table
const unsigned int N = 100;
// Hash table
node *table[N];
int count =0;
// Returns true if word is in dictionary, else false
bool check(const char *word)
{
// TODO
int i = hash(word);
node *cursor = table[i];
if (table[i] == NULL)
{
return false;
}
else
{
while(cursor!= NULL)
{
if(strcasecmp(cursor->word, word) == 0)
{
return true;
}
else
{
cursor = cursor->next;
}
}
}
return false;
}
// Hashes word to a number
unsigned int hash(const char *word)
{
// TODO: Improve this hash function
int bucket;
if(word[1] != 0)
{
bucket = (((toupper(word[0])-'A') * (toupper(word[1]- 'A')))% 10 + (toupper(word[0])-'A'));
}
else
{
bucket = (((toupper(word[0])-'A') * (toupper(word[0])-'A'))%10 + (toupper(word[0])-'A'));
}
return bucket;
}
// Loads dictionary into memory, returning true if successful, else false
bool load(const char *dictionary)
{
// TODO 1
//open the dictionary
FILE *file = fopen(dictionary, "r");
if(file == NULL)
{
printf("Can't load the dictionary\n");
return false;
}
//read string from file one at a time
char word[LENGTH + 1];
for (int i=0; i < N; i++)
{
table[i] = NULL;
}
while(fscanf(file, "%s", word) != EOF)
{
node *n = malloc(sizeof(node));
//create a new node for each word
if(n == NULL)
{
unload();
return false;
}
strcpy(n->word, word);
n->next = NULL;
count++;
char *c = n->word;
int number = hash(c);
if (table[number] != NULL)
{
//point the new node to the first node existing in the table
n->next = table[number];
//point the header to the new node
table[number] = n;
}
else
{
//n->next = NULL;
table[number] = n;
}
}
fclose(file);
return true;
}
// Returns number of words in dictionary if loaded, else 0 if not yet loaded
unsigned int size(void)
{
// TODO
return count;
//return 0;
}
// Unloads dictionary from memory, returning true if successful, else false
bool unload(void)
{
for (int i = 0; i > N; i++)
{
node *cursor = table[i];
while(cursor != NULL)
{
node *tmp = cursor;
cursor = cursor->next;
free(tmp);
}
free(cursor);
}
// TODO
return true;
}
Here is what the Valgrind tests show:
Valgrind tests
c.99 is this line -> node *n = malloc(sizeof(node));
The problem is in unload. It doesn't free any nodes. Review this line carefully and critically, it contains the error.
for (int i = 0; i > N; i++)

Heap buffer overflow error, Leetcode problem 941, Valid Mountain Array, using C

I am currently learning c and trying to do some problems on leetcode to better myself.
The problem: https://leetcode.com/problems/valid-mountain-array/
I am getting an error as such, error message apperently a read error.
However whenever i run my code on my pc i don't get any errors, even using valgrind.
Here is my code:
bool validMountainArray(int* arr, int arrSize)
{
bool is_m_array = false;
bool peek = false;
int peek_point = 0;
int end_of_slope = 0;
int k = 0;
if( arrSize >= 3)
{
while (arr[k] < arr[k+1] && arr[k] < arrSize)
{
k++;
}
peek = true;
peek_point = k;
}
if (peek == true)
{
while(arr[peek_point] > arr[peek_point+1] && arr[peek_point] < arrSize)
{
peek_point++;
end_of_slope = peek_point+1;
printf("end Of SLOPE %d, arrSize %d \n", end_of_slope, arrSize);
}
}
if (peek == true && end_of_slope == arrSize)
{
is_m_array = true;
}
return is_m_array;
}
I have tried several different inputs and they all seem to work just fine!
For example:
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{ int arr[9]= {1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1};
if (validMountainArray(arr, 9) == true)
{
printf("True");
}
else
{
printf("False");
}
return 0;
}
Will return True.
Anyone got any ide what i am missing here?

CS50 speller pset 5 (accessed 1 byte that does not belong to me but can't find the byte)

After running my code through help50 Valgrind, I got the following error message:
==6830== Invalid read of size 1
==6830== at 0x4C33614: strcasecmp (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==6830== by 0x401176: check (dictionary.c:52)
==6830== by 0x400CD9: main (speller.c:112)
Looks like you're trying to access 1 byte of memory that isn't yours? Did you try to index into an array beyond its bounds? Take a closer look at line 52 of dictionary.c.
I think it has something to do with my check function but line 52 is just an if statement and I can't figure out where I'm trying to access that 1 byte from.**
My code is below:
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <strings.h>
#include "dictionary.h"
// Represents a node in a hash table
typedef struct node
{
char word[LENGTH + 1];
struct node *next;
}
node;
// Number of buckets in hash table
const unsigned int N = 1000;
//Number of words
unsigned int noWords = 0;
//Variable to check if dictionary loaded
bool isLoaded = false;
// Hash table
node *table[N];
// Returns true if word is in dictionary else false
bool check(const char *word)
{
//Changing letters to lower case because case insensitive
//Copy created because word argument is a constant. copy can be edited
int n = strlen(word) + 1;
char copy[LENGTH + 1];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
copy[i] = tolower(word[i]);
}
// Add null terminator to end string
copy[n] = '\0';
//Hash the word to convert it to index and check if it's in any of the linked lists
int index = hash(copy);
if (table[index] != NULL) //Check if word is in linked list
{
for (node *cursor = table[index]; cursor != NULL; cursor = cursor -> next)
{
if (strcasecmp(cursor -> word, copy) == 0)
{
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
// Hashes word to a number
unsigned int hash(const char *word)
{
//Taken from http://www.cse.yorku.ca/~oz/hash.html (by djb2)
unsigned long h = 5381;
int c;
while ((c = *word++))
{
c = tolower(c);
h = (((h << 5) + h) + c) % N; /* hash * 33 + c*/
}
return h;
}
// Loads dictionary into memory, returning true if successful else false
bool load(const char *dictionary)
{
char word[LENGTH + 1];
//Open dictionary
FILE *f = fopen(dictionary, "r");
//Check if file can be opened
if (f == NULL)
{
printf("%s\n", "File cannot be opened!");
return false;
}
//Read strings from file
while (fscanf(f, "%s", word) != EOF)
{
noWords++;
node *newNodePointer = malloc(sizeof(node));
if (newNodePointer == NULL)
{
unload();
printf("Out of memory");
return false;
}
int index = hash(word);//hashtable is an array of linked list. index helps insert node into hashtable
strcpy(newNodePointer -> word, word);//Copies word from infile into new node's word field
if (table[index] == NULL)//Check if same word already exists in the bucket
{
newNodePointer -> next = NULL;
table[index] = newNodePointer;
}
else
{
newNodePointer -> next = table[index];
table[index] = newNodePointer;
}
free(newNodePointer);
}
fclose(f);
isLoaded = true;
return true;
}
// Returns number of words in dictionary if loaded else 0 if not yet loaded
unsigned int size(void)
{
if (isLoaded)
{
return noWords;
}
return 0;
}
// Unloads dictionary from memory, returning true if successful else false
bool unload(void)
{
//Check if there's even a loaded dictionary
if (!isLoaded)
{
return false;
}
//Iterate through hashtable
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
{
if (table[i] != NULL)
{
node *cursor = table[i];
while (cursor != NULL)
{
node *tmp = table[i]; //tmp pointer continues pointing at table[i] while cursor points at next item in hashtable
cursor = cursor -> next;
free(tmp);
}
}
}
return true;
}
The problem is from here in load: free(newNodePointer);. It just released the memory where the word and the next pointer are stored!

How to pass the pointer of a memory buffer created by calloc to a sub function?

Here is my code:
I have to dynamically create some memory for the string Str1 and pass its pointer to the other two functions in a recursive manner. The code compiles but when it enters Function2 it generates an exception saying that cannot write c[i], bad pointer? (i.e. it does not write to Str1)
What am i doing wrong?
void Function1(void)
{
char *Str1;
Str1 = calloc(25, sizeof(char));
pFileIn = fopen("in.txt", "r");
pFileOut = fopen("out.txt", "w+");
if (pFileIn==NULL) printf("Error opening file");
else
{
while (Function2(pFileIn, Str1))
{
if (! Function3(pFileOut, Str1))
{
fseek(pFileOut, 0, SEEK_END);
fprintf(pFileOut, "%s", Str1);
rewind(pFileOut);
}
}
fclose(pFileIn);
fclose(pFileOut);
}
int Function2(FILE* f, char * c)
{
int i=0;
do
{
c[i] = fgetc(f);
if (c[i]==EOF)
return FALSE;
} while (c[i++]!='\n');
c[i] = '\0';
return TRUE;
}
int Function3(FILE* f, char * c)
{
char *Str2;
Str2 = calloc(25, sizeof(char));
while (Function2(f, Str2))
{
if (strcmp(c, Str2)==0)
return TRUE;
}
rewind(f);
return FALSE;
}

shell execute with c++

I am working on an application that will trigger a UAC prompt in whatever program is opened by ShellExecute.
I can't figure out how to hard-code a path for the ShellExecute to run. As of now this program uses whatever path is in arg[0]. How can I build a string to put in the place of arg[0] on the line sinfo.lpFile = arg[0];?
I am very new so if you can't see why making a string to put in that line will solve my problem then you are most likely right.
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <shellapi.h>
#include <process.h>
#include "uac-example.h"
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE inst, HINSTANCE prevInst,LPSTR cmdLine, int nCmdShow){
LPWSTR *arg;
int argc = 0;
HRESULT ret = SUCCESS;
WCHAR imagePath[MAXPATHLEN];
WCHAR workingDir[MAXPATHLEN];
WCHAR uacDir[MAXPATHLEN];
WCHAR uacRunningLockFilePath[MAXPATHLEN];
HANDLE uacRunningLockFileHandle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
WCHAR elevatedLockFilePath[MAXPATHLEN];
HANDLE elevatedLockFileHandle = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
arg = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(),&argc);
//if(arg == NULL || argc < 2) {
// ERRORBOX("Missing required program arguments.\n\nUsage:\nuac-example.exe <working directory>");
// return FAILURE;
//}
GetModuleFileName(NULL, imagePath, MAXPATHLEN);
arg[0] = imagePath;
wcscpy_s((wchar_t *)uacDir, MAXPATHLEN, arg[1]);
_snwprintf_s(uacRunningLockFilePath, MAXPATHLEN, MAXPATHLEN,
_T("%s/") _T(RUNNING_LOCK_FILE), uacDir);
wcscpy_s(workingDir, MAXPATHLEN, imagePath);
WCHAR *slash = wcsrchr(workingDir, '\\');
wcscpy_s(slash, MAXPATHLEN, _T(""));
_snwprintf_s(elevatedLockFilePath, MAXPATHLEN, MAXPATHLEN,_T("%s/") _T(ELEVATE_LOCK_FILE), workingDir);
uacRunningLockFileHandle = CreateFileW(uacRunningLockFilePath,(GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE),0,NULL,OPEN_ALWAYS,FILE_FLAG_DELETE _ON_CLOSE,NULL);
if (uacRunningLockFileHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
if (_waccess(elevatedLockFilePath, F_OK) == 0 &&
_wremove(elevatedLockFilePath) != 0) {
return FAILURE;
}
elevatedLockFileHandle = CreateFileW(elevatedLockFilePath,(GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE),0,NULL,OPEN_ALWAYS,FILE_FLAG_DELETE _ON_CLOSE,NULL);
if(elevatedLockFileHandle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE){
ERRORBOX("Unable to acquire the necessary permissions to run demo app.");
return FAILURE;
}
LPWSTR spawnCmdLine = BuildCommandLine(argc - 1, arg + 1);
if(!spawnCmdLine){
CloseHandle(elevatedLockFileHandle);
ERRORBOX("An error occured while respawning self.");
return FAILURE;
}
SHELLEXECUTEINFO sinfo;
memset(&sinfo, 0, sizeof(SHELLEXECUTEINFO));
sinfo.cbSize = sizeof(SHELLEXECUTEINFO);
sinfo.fMask = SEE_MASK_FLAG_DDEWAIT | SEE_MASK_NOCLOSEPROCESS;
sinfo.hwnd = NULL;
sinfo.lpFile = arg[0];
sinfo.lpParameters = spawnCmdLine;
sinfo.lpVerb = L"runas"; // <<-- this is what makes a UAC prompt show up
sinfo.nShow = SW_SHOWMAXIMIZED;
BOOL result = ShellExecuteEx(&sinfo);
LocalFree(spawnCmdLine);
if(result){
WaitForSingleObject(sinfo.hProcess, INFINITE);
CloseHandle(sinfo.hProcess);
return SUCCESS;
}else{
return FAILURE;
}
}
EXIT_IF_ELEVATED(elevatedLockFilePath,uacRunningLo ckFileHandle,SUCCESS);
LocalFree(arg);
return SUCCESS;
}
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// The following code was taken directly from the Mozilla Firefox Updater
// source tree, and slightly modified to support "Wide" strings in
// Visual C++.
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
LPWSTR
BuildCommandLine(int argc, LPWSTR *argv){
int i;
int len = 0;
// The + 1 of the last argument handles the
// allocation for null termination
for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
len += ArgStrLen(argv[i]) + 1;
}
// Protect against callers that pass 0 arguments
if (len == 0) {
len = 1;
}
LPWSTR s = (LPWSTR)malloc(len * sizeof(LPWSTR));
if (!s) {
return NULL;
}
LPWSTR c = s;
for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
c = ArgToString(c, argv[i]);
if (i + 1 != argc) {
*c = ' ';
++c;
}
}
*c = '\0';
return s;
}
int
ArgStrLen(LPWSTR s) {
int backslashes = 0;
int i = wcslen(s);
BOOL hasDoubleQuote = wcschr(s, L'"') != NULL;
// Only add doublequotes if the string contains a space or a tab
BOOL addDoubleQuotes = wcspbrk(s, L" \t") != NULL;
if (addDoubleQuotes) {
i += 2; // initial and final duoblequote
}
if (hasDoubleQuote) {
while (*s) {
if (*s == '\\') {
++backslashes;
} else {
if (*s == '"') {
// Escape the doublequote and all backslashes preceding the doublequote
i += backslashes + 1;
}
backslashes = 0;
}
++s;
}
}
return i;
}
LPWSTR
ArgToString(LPWSTR d, LPWSTR s) {
int backslashes = 0;
BOOL hasDoubleQuote = wcschr(s, L'"') != NULL;
// Only add doublequotes if the string contains a space or a tab
BOOL addDoubleQuotes = wcspbrk(s, L" \t") != NULL;
if (addDoubleQuotes) {
*d = '"'; // initial doublequote
++d;
}
if (hasDoubleQuote) {
int i;
while (*s) {
if (*s == '\\') {
++backslashes;
} else {
if (*s == '"') {
// Escape the doublequote and all backslashes\
// preceding the doublequote
for (i = 0; i <= backslashes; ++i) {
*d = '\\';
++d;
}
}
backslashes = 0;
}
*d = *s;
++d; ++s;
}
} else {
wcscpy(d, s);
d += wcslen(s);
}
if (addDoubleQuotes) {
*d = '"'; // final doublequote
++d;
}
return d;
}
Simply as:
char path[] = "C:\\program.exe";
sinfo.lpFile = path;

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