How about this? I'm looking for an output i+j=1+2, 2+3... 4+5.
module add(i,j,b);
input [31:0] i, j; //32 bit unsigned
output [31:0] y;
task ADD(i, j, y);
begin
for (i= 1; i <= 4; i++)
begin
for(j=2; j <= 5; j++)
assign y = i + j;
end
end
$display("y ", y);
endtask
endmodule
Is this intended for synthesis? If so you should probably avoid using tasks until you have learnt when they can be used. I never use them in synthesisable code.
functions on the other hand are often used for synthesis but can not contain timing information. Ie a function can only represent combinatorial logic, that all happens in an instant.
1) That is not how you use assign. The correct use would be:
wire [9:0] a;
assign a = 10'b0;
//or
//a,b both 10 bits driven from other logic
wire [9:0] sum;
assign sum = a + b;
Note how you assign to a wire, this is combinatorial.
2) Your display is outside of the for loop it will only display once at the end.
I would have done this some thing like:
module add(
input [31:0] a,
input [31:0] b,
output [31:0] sum
);
assign sum = a + b ;
endmodule
module testharness();
reg [31:0] a;
reg [31:0] b;
wire [31:0] sum;
reg clock;
// Make clock toggle every 10ns (20ns clock period)
initial begin
clock = 0;
forever begin
#10ns clock= ~clock;
end
end
//DUT (Device Under Test)
add add_0 (
.a ( a ),
.b ( b ),
.sum ( sum )
);
// Test program
initial begin
a=0;
b=0;
#(posedge clock);
$display( "a (%2d) + b (%2d) = sum (%2d)", a, b, sum );
a=1;
b=2;
#(posedge clock);
$display( "a (%2d) + b (%2d) = sum (%2d)", a, b, sum );
a=3;
b=4;
#(posedge clock);
$display( "a (%2d) + b (%2d) = sum (%2d)", a, b, sum );
$finish;
end
endmodule
Note how we have used time to separate the results, for more complicated designs you may use flip-flops which means you only get a new result per clock. Or per rising and falling edge if using DDR techniques.
You can now try to modify the test program section to stimulate the DUT as per your requirements.
Related
I am using EDA Playground with Aldec Riviera simulator, and I have this module here:
module alu(input logic [31:0] a, b,
input logic [2:0] alucontrol,
output logic [31:0] result,
output logic zero);
logic [31:0] condinvb, sum;
assign condinvb = alucontrol[2] ? ~b : b;
assign sum = a + condinvb + alucontrol[2];
always_comb
case (alucontrol[1:0])
2'b00: result = a & b;
2'b01: result = a | b;
2'b10: result = sum;
2'b11: result = sum[31];
endcase
assign zero = (result == 32'b0);
endmodule
and my testbench is here:
module alu_testbench();
logic [31:0] a,b;
logic [2:0] alucontrol;
logic [31:0] result;
logic zero, clk;
alu test_alu(a,b,alucontrol);
initial begin
$dumpfile("dump.vcd"); $dumpvars(1);
clk = 0;
a = 'hdead0000; b = 'h0000beef; alucontrol = 'b010; #1;
a = 'hc0debabe; b = 'h0000ffff; alucontrol = 'b000; #1;
a = 'hc0de0000; b = 'h0000babe; alucontrol = 'b001; #1;
a = 'hc0debabe; b = 'h0000babe; alucontrol = 'b100; #1;
end
always begin
#1; clk = ~clk;
end
endmodule
When I run the testbench and look at the generated waveform, I do not see result being updated. Instead, it stays as XXXX_XXXX. What am I doing wrong in the testbench?
In the testbench, you declared the result signal, but it is not connected to anything. You probably intended it to be driven by the alu output of the same name. In that case, you should connect it to the instance:
Change:
alu test_alu(a,b,alucontrol);
to:
alu test_alu(a,b,alucontrol,result,zero);
Try your code on other simulators on edaplayground; you should get warnings about unconnected ports.
With your code, if you looked inside the alu instance, the result signal would not be X.
Another equivalent way to code the instance is to use connections by name:
alu test_alu (
.a (a),
.b (b),
.alucontrol (alucontrol),
.result (result),
.zero (zero)
);
This makes it easier to avoid common connection errors.
I am making an average that resets every period on EDA Playground. No errors are displayed on the simulator, Icarus Verilog, but the outputs are continually unassigned (which, of course, is not what I intended).
Here is my design:
module shift
(
input [13:0] in,
input clock,
output [31:0] sum,
output [14:0] avg);
integer reset;
reg [31:0] sum_reg;
reg [14:0] avg_reg;
always #(posedge clock)
if (reset == 8) begin
avg_reg = sum_reg >> 3;
sum_reg = 0;
reset = 0;
end else begin
sum_reg = sum_reg + in;
reset = reset + 1;
end
assign sum = sum_reg;
assign avg = avg_reg;
endmodule
Here is my testbench:
module shift_tb;
reg [13:0] in;
reg clock = 1'b0;
reg reset;
wire [31:0] sum;
wire [14:0] avg;
shift s
(
.in(in),
.clock(clock),
.sum(sum),
.avg(avg));
integer f;
initial begin
for (f = 9000; f < 10000; f = f + 10) begin
in = f;
$display("in = %d, sum = %d, avg = %d", in, sum, avg);
end
end
always
#1 clock = ~clock;
endmodule
What is wrong with this code?
One problem is reset is an integer that is initially x and stays that way. You need a way of initializing it to 0.
Another problem is your testbench for-loop has no delay. You should add #(nedgedge clk)
I am designing a shift register using hierarchical structural Verilog. I have designed a D flip flop and an 8 to 1 mux that uses 3 select inputs. I am trying to put them together to get the full shift register, but my output only gives "XXXX" regardless of the select inputs.
Flip Flop Code
module D_Flip_Flop(
input D,
input clk,
output Q, Q_bar
);
wire a,b,c,d;
nand(a,D,b);
nand(b,a,clk,d);
nand(c,a,d);
nand(d,c,clk);
nand(Q,d,Q_bar);
nand(Q_bar,b,Q);
endmodule
8 to 1 Mux
module Mux8to1(
input [2:0]S,
input A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,
output Out
);
wire a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h;
and(a, A,~S[2],~S[1],~S[0]);
and(b, B,~S[2],~S[1],S[0]);
and(c, C,~S[2],S[1],~S[0]);
and(d, D,~S[2],S[1],S[0]);
and(e, E,S[2],~S[1],~S[0]);
and(f, F,S[2],~S[1],S[0]);
and(g, G,S[2],S[1],~S[0]);
and(h, H,S[2],S[1],S[0]);
or(Out, a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h);
endmodule
Hierarchical Combination of the Two
module shiftRegister_struct(
input clk,
input [2:0]S,
input [3:0]L,
output reg [3:0]V
);
wire a,b,c,d;
wire V_bar[3:0];
Mux8to1 stage3(S[2:0],V[3],V[0],V[2],1'b0,V[2],V[3],V[2],L[3],a);
Mux8to1 stage2(S[2:0],V[2],V[3],V[1],V[3],V[1],V[3],V[1],L[2],b);
Mux8to1 stage1(S[2:0],V[1],V[2],V[0],V[2],V[1],V[2],V[1],L[1],c);
Mux8to1 stage0(S[2:0],V[0],V[1],V[3],V[1],1'b0,V[1],1'b0,L[0],d);
D_Flip_Flop stage3b(a,clk,V[3],V_bar[3]);
D_Flip_Flop stage2b(b,clk,V[2],V_bar[2]);
D_Flip_Flop stage1b(c,clk,V[1],V_bar[1]);
D_Flip_Flop stage0b(d,clk,V[0],V_bar[0]);
end module
Any thoughts on what might be screwing up my output? The output is V[3:0].
I should also include my test bench code:
module Shift_Test_Bench;
// Inputs
reg [2:0] S;
reg [3:0] L;
reg clk;
integer i;
integer j;
// Outputs
wire [3:0] V;
// Instantiate the Unit Under Test (UUT)
shiftRegister_struct uut (
.clk(clk),
.S(S),
.L(L),
.V(V)
);
initial begin
// Initialize Inputs
S = 7;
L = 3;
clk = 1;
// Wait 100 ns for global reset to finish
#100;
// Add stimulus here
for(i = 0; i < 16; i = i+1)
begin
S = i;
for(j = 0; j < 2; j = j+1)
begin
clk = !clk;
#5;
end
end
end
endmodule
You have a wiring bug in your D_Flip_Flop module. When I simulated your testbench, I got compiler warnings:
Implicit wire 'f' does not have any driver, please make sure this is
intended.
Implicit wire 'e' does not have any driver, please make sure this is
intended.
Here are the lines:
nand(Q,d,f);
nand(Q_bar,b,e);
Your missing a reset condition, either synchronous or asynchronous. Your flops have an unknown value and never reach known state because the data input is dependent on the flop output. By adding a reset to can put the flops into a known state independent of its outputs (V/V_bar).
In this case adding a synchronous is be easier. Simply add some 2-to-1 muxes and a new reset pin.
Mux2to1 syncrst3(a_d,a,1'b0,reset);
// ...
D_Flip_Flop stage3b(a_d,clk,V[3],V_bar[3]);
// ...
module multiplier(prod, busy, mc, mp, clk, start);
output [15:0] prod;
output busy;
input [7:0] mc, mp;
input clk, start;
reg [7:0] A, Q, M;
reg Q_1;
reg [3:0] count;
wire [7:0] sum, difference;
always #(posedge clk)
begin
if (start) begin
A <= 8'b0;
M <= mc;
Q <= mp;
Q_1 <= 1'b0;
count <= 4'b0;
end
else
begin
case ({Q[0], Q_1})
2'b0_1 : {A, Q, Q_1} <= {sum[7], sum, Q};
2'b1_0 : {A, Q, Q_1} <= {difference[7], difference, Q};
default: {A, Q, Q_1} <= {A[7], A, Q};
endcase
count <= count + 1'b1;
end
end
alu adder (sum, A, M, 1'b0);
alu subtracter (difference, A, ~M, 1'b1);
assign prod = {A, Q};
assign busy = (count < 8);
initial
begin
$monitor($time,"prod=%b, busy==%b, mc=%b, mp=%b, clk=%b, start=%b",
prod, busy, mc, mp, clk, start);
end
endmodule
module alu(out, a, b, cin);
output [7:0] out;
input [7:0] a;
input [7:0] b;
input cin;
assign out = a + b + cin;
endmodule
----------------------------------testbench----------------------------------------------
module multi_tst_tst;
reg clk, start;
reg [7:0] a, b;
wire [15:0] ab;
wire busy;
multiplier multiplier1 (ab, busy, a, b, clk, start);
initial begin
clk = 0;
a =8'b11100000; b =8'b00100000; start = 1; #10 start = 0;
end
always #5 clk = !clk;
//$strobe("ab: %d busy: %d at time=%t", ab, busy, $stime);
endmodule
This is code for booth multiplier My question when data a and b are available it will start multiplying and its continue if i want to check my answer i have to do #80 $stop but how can i modified my code such that when busy flag goes to zero my output must be at data line and wait for other input please give me some suggestion i am trying this till yesterday i know manually i can use $finish or $stop but i don't want that i want automatically my simulation stop and as another input available it will start again that why i use busy flag
You can wait until busy is deasserted. Something like this:
initial begin
clk = 0;
a =8'b11100000; b =8'b00100000; start = 1;
#10 start = 0;
#(negedge busy); // waits until busy goes from 1 to 0
$finish;
end
For a more detailed test, testing (almost) every possible input:
initial begin
clk = 0;
for (a=8'd0;a<8'd255;a=a+1) begin
for (b=8'd0;b<8'd255;b=b+1) begin
start = 1;
#10 start = 0;
#(negedge busy); //wait until multiplier ends
#(posedge clk); //waits one clock cycle before moving to the next pair of numbers
end
end
end
Half Adder:
`timescale = 1ns/100ps //timescale ratio //actual HDL
module half_add(a,b,sum, carry);
input a,b;
output sum, carry;
wire sum, carry;
and(sum,a,b);
xor(carry,a,b);
endmodule
Test bench:
module half_addTB;
reg a,b;
wire carry, sum;
//instantiation
half_add half_add1(
.a(a),.b(b),.carry(carry),.sum(sum));
//port assignments with 10ns delays
initial begin
#10 a = 0; b= 0;
#10 b = 1;
#10 a = 1;
#10 b = 0;
end
endmodule
Code compiles fine...but when I try to simulate it, all my values are in a z state....I don't understand why..
You cannot drive inputs to the module from within the module.
Just instantiate your "half_add" module in another module/program (e.g. "half_add_tb") which doesn't have any inputs. then add two local regs "a" and "b", and drive those from an initial block like the one you wrote - but in the "half_add_tb" module instead.
Then just wire up the inputs "a" and "b" of the "half_add" instance to the local "a" and "b" regs.
You need to instantiate your design in a testharness then drive the inputs.
//Half Adder
module half_add(a, b, sum, carry);
input a,b;
output sum, carry;
wire sum, carry; //Outputs are wires by default this is not required
and(sum, a, b);
xor(carry,a, b);
endmodule
module testharness();
//create test signals
reg a; //1 bit reg (regs driven from always and initial blocks)
reg b;
wire sum; // 1 bit wires for outputs to drive
wire carry;
//instantiate DUT (Device under test)
half_add half_add_1(
.a ( a ),
.b ( b ),
.sum ( sum ),
.carry ( carry)
);
//begin testbench
initial begin
#100 $finish;
end
initial begin
#10 a = 0; b= 0;
#10 b = 1;
#10 a = 1;
#10 b = 0;
end
endmodule
NB: if your simulator supports verilog-2001 your port lists can be easier to read and more compact:
//Half Adder
module half_add(
input a,
input b,
output wire sum,
output wire carry
//for regs :
// output reg [WIDTH-1:0] out_reg
//multi-bit wires :
// output [WIDTH-1:0] out_wire
);
and(sum, a, b);
xor(carry,a, b);
endmodule