Trying to get through cs50, stuck on readability. Can't figure out what is wrong with my code! When I plug in any length of text it is reading less than grade 1. I know it's got to be something with the counting of the letters, words, sentences but I just can't figure out where I am going wrong. Was hoping for some advice. Thank you!
#include <cs50.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
//functions
int count_letters(string text);
int count_words(string text);
int count_sentences(string text);
int main(void)
{
//Prompt user for text
string text = get_string("Text: ");
//variables
int letters = 0;
int words = 1;
int sentences = 0;
//calculate grade level
float L = 100 * ((float)letters / (float)words);
float S = 100 * ((float)sentences / (float)words);
int index = round(0.0588 * L - 0.296 * S - 15.8);
{
if (index > 16)
{
printf("Grade 16+\n");
}
else if (index < 1)
{
printf("Before Grade 1\n");
}
else
{
printf("Grade %i\n", index);
}
}
}
//Count number of letters
int letters = 0;
int count_letters(string text)
{
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(text); i++)
{
if (isalpha(text[i]))
{
letters++;
}
}
return letters;
}
//Count number of words
int words = 1;
int count_words(string text)
{
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(text); i++)
{
if (isspace(text[i]))
{
words++;
}
}
return words;
}
//Count number of sentences
int sentences = 0;
int count_sentences(string text)
{
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(text); i++)
{
if ((text[i] == '!') || (text[i] == '?') || (text[i] == '.'))
{
sentences++;
}
}
return sentences;
}
I am writing a program that counts the amount of letters and words in a string given by the user. For some reason, the number of words is being added to the number of letters. If there is 3 words in the sentence and 12 letters, then it says that there is 15 words. My code is below:
#include <cs50.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int storeLetters[] = {};
int storeWords[] = {};
// declare functions
int count_letters(string text);
int count_words(string text);
int main(void)
{
// ask user for text passage
string text = get_string("Text: ");
int numOfLetters = count_letters(text);
printf("%d",numOfLetters);
printf(" letters\n");
int numOfWords = count_words(text);
printf("%d",numOfWords);
printf(" words\n");
}
int count_letters(string text)
{
int amountOfLetters = 0;
for (int i = 0, n = strlen(text); i < n; i++)
{
if (isalpha(text[i]))
{
storeLetters[i] += 1;
amountOfLetters += storeLetters[i];
}
else
{
storeLetters[i] += 0;
amountOfLetters += storeLetters[i];
}
}
return amountOfLetters;
}
int count_words(string text)
{
int amountOfWords = 0;
for (int x = 0, n = strlen(text); x < n; x++)
{
if (text[x] == '?' || text[x] == '!' || text[x] == '.' || text[x] == ' ')
{
storeWords[x] += 1;
amountOfWords += storeWords[x];
}
else
{
storeWords[x] += 0;
amountOfWords += storeWords[x];
}
}
return amountOfWords;
}
storeLetters and storeWords are arrays, which you initialize to zero length. If you access storeLetters[0] (or any other index), you go past the end. It's not gonna work.
You don't need those variables at all. Just increment amountOfLetters directly.
int count_letters(string text)
{
int amountOfLetters = 0;
for (int i = 0, n = strlen(text); i < n; i++)
{
if (isalpha(text[i]))
{
amountOfLetters += 1;
}
}
return amountOfLetters;
}
I have written a multithreaded program in C using pthreads to solve the N-queens problem. It uses the producer consumer programming model. One producer who creates all possible combinations and consumers who evaluate if the combination is valid. I use a shared buffer that can hold one combination at a time.
Once I have 2+ consumers the program starts to behave strange. I get more consumptions than productions. 1.5:1 ratio approx (should be 1:1). The interesting part is that this only happens on my MacBook and is nowhere to be seen when I run it on the Linux machine (Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation release 6.10 (Santiago)) I have access to over SSH.
I'm quite sure that my implementation is correct with locks and conditional variables too, the program runs for 10+ seconds which should reveal if there are any mistakes with the synchronization.
I compile with GCC (Apple clang version 12.0.5) via xcode developer tools on my MacBook Pro (2020, x86_64) and GCC on Linux too, but version 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-23).
compile: gcc -o 8q 8q.c
run: ./8q <producers> <N>, NxN chess board, N queens to place
parameters: ./8q 2 4 Enough to highlight the problem (should yield 2 solutions, but every other run yields 3+ solutions, i.e duplicate solutions exist
note: print(printouts) Visualizes the valid solutions (duplicates shown)
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
typedef struct stack_buf {
int positions[8];
int top;
} stack_buf;
typedef struct global_buf {
int positions[8];
volatile int buf_empty;
volatile long done;
} global_buf;
typedef struct print_buf {
int qpositions[100][8];
int top;
} print_buf;
stack_buf queen_comb = { {0}, 0 };
global_buf global = { {0}, 1, 0 };
print_buf printouts = { {{0}}, -1 };
int N; //NxN board and N queens to place
clock_t start, stop, diff;
pthread_mutex_t buffer_mutex, print_mutex;
pthread_cond_t empty, filled;
/* ##########################################################################################
################################## VALIDATION FUNCTIONS ##################################
########################################################################################## */
/* Validate that no queens are placed on the same row */
int valid_rows(int qpositions[]) {
int rows[N];
memset(rows, 0, N * sizeof(int));
int row;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
row = qpositions[i] / N;
if (rows[row] == 0) rows[row] = 1;
else return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/* Validate that no queens are placed in the same column */
int valid_columns(int qpositions[]) {
int columns[N];
memset(columns, 0, N*sizeof(int));
int column;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
column = qpositions[i] % N;
if (columns[column] == 0) columns[column] = 1;
else return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/* Validate that left and right diagonals aren't used by another queen */
int valid_diagonals(int qpositions[]) {
int left_bottom_diagonals[N];
int right_bottom_diagonals[N];
int row, col, temp_col, temp_row, fill_value, index;
for (int queen = 0; queen < N; queen++) {
row = qpositions[queen] / N;
col = qpositions[queen] % N;
/* position --> left down diagonal endpoint (index) */
fill_value = col < row ? col : row; //min of col and row
temp_row = row - fill_value;
temp_col = col - fill_value;
index = temp_row * N + temp_col; // position
for (int i = 0; i < queen; i++) { // check if interference occurs
if (left_bottom_diagonals[i] == index) return 0;
}
left_bottom_diagonals[queen] = index; // no interference
/* position --> right down diagonal endpoint (index) */
fill_value = (N-1) - col < row ? N - col - 1 : row; // closest to bottom or right wall
temp_row = row - fill_value;
temp_col = col + fill_value;
index = temp_row * N + temp_col; // position
for (int i = 0; i < queen; i++) { // check if interference occurs
if (right_bottom_diagonals[i] == index) return 0;
}
right_bottom_diagonals[queen] = index; // no interference
};
return 1;
}
/* ##########################################################################################
#################################### HELPER FUNCTIONS ####################################
########################################################################################## */
/* print the collected solutions */
void print(print_buf printouts) {
static int solution_number = 1;
int placement;
for (int sol = 0; sol <= printouts.top; sol++) { // number of solutions
printf("Solution %d: [ ", solution_number++);
for (int pos = 0; pos < N; pos++) {
printf("%d ", printouts.qpositions[sol][pos]+1);
}
printf("]\n");
printf("Placement:\n");
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) { // rows
printf("[ ");
placement = printouts.qpositions[sol][N-i];
for (int j = (N-i)*N; j < (N-i)*N+N; j++) { // physical position
if (j == placement) {
printf(" Q ");
} else printf("%2d ", j+1);
}
printf("]\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
}
/* push value to top of list instance */
void push(stack_buf *instance, int value) {
assert(instance->top <= 8 || instance->top >= 0);
instance->positions[instance->top++] = value;
}
/* pop top element of list instance */
void pop(stack_buf *instance) {
assert(instance->top > 0);
instance->positions[--instance->top] = -1;
}
/* ##########################################################################################
#################################### THREAD FUNCTIONS ####################################
########################################################################################## */
static int consumptions = 0;
/* entry point for each worker (consumer)
workers will check each queen's row, column and
diagonal to evaluate satisfactory placements */
void *eval_positioning(void *id) {
long thr_id = (long)id;
int qpositions[N];
while (!global.done) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer_mutex);
while (global.buf_empty == 1) {
if (global.done) break; // consumers who didn't get last production
pthread_cond_wait(&filled, &buffer_mutex);
}
if (global.done) break;
consumptions++;
memcpy(qpositions, global.positions, N * sizeof(int)); // retrieve queen combination
global.buf_empty = 1;
pthread_cond_signal(&empty);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer_mutex);
if (valid_rows(qpositions) && valid_columns(qpositions) && valid_diagonals(qpositions)) {
/* save for printing later */
pthread_mutex_lock(&print_mutex);
memcpy(printouts.qpositions[++printouts.top], qpositions, N * sizeof(int));
pthread_mutex_unlock(&print_mutex);
}
}
return NULL;
}
static int productions = 0;
/* recursively generate all possible queen_combs */
void rec_positions(int pos, int queens) {
if (queens == 0) { // base case
pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer_mutex);
while (global.buf_empty == 0) {
pthread_cond_wait(&empty, &buffer_mutex);
}
productions++;
memcpy(global.positions, queen_comb.positions, N * sizeof(int));
global.buf_empty = 0;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer_mutex);
pthread_cond_broadcast(&filled); // wake one worker
return;
}
for (int i = pos; i <= N*N - queens; i++) {
push(&queen_comb, i); // physical chess box
rec_positions(i+1, queens-1);
pop(&queen_comb);
}
}
/* binomial coefficient | without order, without replacement
8 queens on 8x8 board: 4'426'165'368 queen combinations */
void *generate_positions(void *arg) {
rec_positions(0, N);
return (void*)1;
}
/* ##########################################################################################
########################################## MAIN ##########################################
########################################################################################## */
/* main procedure of the program */
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc < 3) {
printf("usage: ./8q <workers> <board width/height>\n");
exit(1);
}
int workers = atoi(argv[1]);
N = atoi(argv[2]);
pthread_t thr[workers];
pthread_t producer;
// int sol1[] = {5,8,20,25,39,42,54,59};
// int sol2[] = {2,12,17,31,32,46,51,61};
printf("\n");
start = (float)clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
pthread_create(&producer, NULL, generate_positions, NULL);
for (long i = 0; i < workers; i++) {
pthread_create(&thr[i], NULL, eval_positioning, (void*)i+1);
}
pthread_join(producer, (void*)&global.done);
pthread_cond_broadcast(&filled);
for (int i = 0; i < workers; i++) {
pthread_join(thr[i], NULL);
}
stop = clock();
diff = (double)(stop - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
/* go through all valid solutions and print */
print(printouts);
printf("board: %dx%d, workers: %d (+1), exec time: %ld, solutions: %d\n", N, N, workers, diff, printouts.top+1);
printf("productions: %d\nconsumptions: %d\n", productions, consumptions);
return 0;
}
EDIT: I have reworked sync around prod_done and made a new shared variable last_done. When producer is done, it will set prod_done and the thread currently active will either return (last element already validated) or capture the last element at set last_done to inform the other consumers.
Despite the fact that I solved the data race in my book, I still have problems with the shared combination. I have really put time looking into the synchronization but I always get back to the feeling that it should work, but it clearly doesn't when I run it.
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
typedef struct stack_buf {
int positions[8];
int top;
} stack_buf;
typedef struct global_buf {
int positions[8];
volatile int buf_empty;
volatile long prod_done;
volatile int last_done;
} global_buf;
typedef struct print_buf {
int qpositions[100][8];
int top;
} print_buf;
stack_buf queen_comb = { {0}, 0 };
global_buf global = { {0}, 1, 0, 0 };
print_buf printouts = { {{0}}, -1 };
int N; //NxN board and N queens to place
long productions, consumptions = 0;
clock_t start, stop, diff;
pthread_mutex_t buffer_mutex, print_mutex;
pthread_cond_t empty, filled;
/* ##########################################################################################
################################## VALIDATION FUNCTIONS ##################################
########################################################################################## */
/* Validate that no queens are placed on the same row */
int valid_rows(int qpositions[]) {
int rows[N];
memset(rows, 0, N*sizeof(int));
int row;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
row = qpositions[i] / N;
if (rows[row] == 0) rows[row] = 1;
else return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/* Validate that no queens are placed in the same column */
int valid_columns(int qpositions[]) {
int columns[N];
memset(columns, 0, N*sizeof(int));
int column;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
column = qpositions[i] % N;
if (columns[column] == 0) columns[column] = 1;
else return 0;
}
return 1;
}
/* Validate that left and right diagonals aren't used by another queen */
int valid_diagonals(int qpositions[]) {
int left_bottom_diagonals[N];
int right_bottom_diagonals[N];
int row, col, temp_col, temp_row, fill_value, index;
for (int queen = 0; queen < N; queen++) {
row = qpositions[queen] / N;
col = qpositions[queen] % N;
/* position --> left down diagonal endpoint (index) */
fill_value = col < row ? col : row; // closest to bottom or left wall
temp_row = row - fill_value;
temp_col = col - fill_value;
index = temp_row * N + temp_col; // board position
for (int i = 0; i < queen; i++) { // check if interference occurs
if (left_bottom_diagonals[i] == index) return 0;
}
left_bottom_diagonals[queen] = index; // no interference
/* position --> right down diagonal endpoint (index) */
fill_value = (N-1) - col < row ? N - col - 1 : row; // closest to bottom or right wall
temp_row = row - fill_value;
temp_col = col + fill_value;
index = temp_row * N + temp_col; // board position
for (int i = 0; i < queen; i++) { // check if interference occurs
if (right_bottom_diagonals[i] == index) return 0;
}
right_bottom_diagonals[queen] = index; // no interference
}
return 1;
}
/* ##########################################################################################
#################################### HELPER FUNCTIONS ####################################
########################################################################################## */
/* print the collected solutions */
void print(print_buf printouts) {
static int solution_number = 1;
int placement;
for (int sol = 0; sol <= printouts.top; sol++) { // number of solutions
printf("Solution %d: [ ", solution_number++);
for (int pos = 0; pos < N; pos++) {
printf("%d ", printouts.qpositions[sol][pos]+1);
}
printf("]\n");
printf("Placement:\n");
for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) { // rows
printf("[ ");
placement = printouts.qpositions[sol][N-i];
for (int j = (N-i)*N; j < (N-i)*N+N; j++) { // physical position
if (j == placement) {
printf(" Q ");
} else printf("%2d ", j+1);
}
printf("]\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
}
/* ##########################################################################################
#################################### THREAD FUNCTIONS ####################################
########################################################################################## */
/* entry point for each worker (consumer)
workers will check each queen's row, column and
diagonal to evaluate satisfactory placements */
void *eval_positioning(void *id) {
long thr_id = (long)id;
int qpositions[N];
pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer_mutex);
while (!global.last_done) {
while (global.buf_empty == 1) {
pthread_cond_wait(&filled, &buffer_mutex);
if (global.last_done) { // last_done ==> prod_done, so thread returns
pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer_mutex);
return NULL;
}
if (global.prod_done) { // prod done, current thread takes last elem produced
global.last_done = 1;
break;
}
}
if (!global.last_done) consumptions++;
memcpy(qpositions, global.positions, N*sizeof(int)); // retrieve queen combination
global.buf_empty = 1;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer_mutex);
pthread_cond_signal(&empty);
if (valid_rows(qpositions) && valid_columns(qpositions) && valid_diagonals(qpositions)) {
/* save for printing later */
pthread_mutex_lock(&print_mutex);
memcpy(printouts.qpositions[++printouts.top], qpositions, N*sizeof(int));
pthread_mutex_unlock(&print_mutex);
}
pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer_mutex);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer_mutex);
return NULL;
}
/* recursively generate all possible queen_combs */
void rec_positions(int pos, int queens) {
if (queens == 0) { // base case
pthread_mutex_lock(&buffer_mutex);
while (global.buf_empty == 0) {
pthread_cond_wait(&empty, &buffer_mutex);
}
productions++;
memcpy(global.positions, queen_comb.positions, N*sizeof(int));
global.buf_empty = 0;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&buffer_mutex);
pthread_cond_signal(&filled);
return;
}
for (int i = pos; i <= N*N - queens; i++) {
queen_comb.positions[queen_comb.top++] = i;
rec_positions(i+1, queens-1);
queen_comb.top--;
}
}
/* binomial coefficient | without order, without replacement
8 queens on 8x8 board: 4'426'165'368 queen combinations */
void *generate_positions(void *arg) {
rec_positions(0, N);
return (void*)1;
}
/* ##########################################################################################
########################################## MAIN ##########################################
########################################################################################## */
/* main procedure of the program */
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
if (argc < 3) {
printf("usage: ./8q <workers> <board width/height>\n");
exit(1);
}
int workers = atoi(argv[1]);
N = atoi(argv[2]);
pthread_t thr[workers];
pthread_t producer;
printf("\n");
start = (float)clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
pthread_create(&producer, NULL, generate_positions, NULL);
for (long i = 0; i < workers; i++) {
pthread_create(&thr[i], NULL, eval_positioning, (void*)i+1);
}
pthread_join(producer, (void*)&global.prod_done);
pthread_cond_broadcast(&filled);
for (int i = 0; i < workers; i++) {
printf("thread #%d done\n", i+1);
pthread_join(thr[i], NULL);
pthread_cond_broadcast(&filled);
}
stop = clock();
diff = (double)(stop - start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
/* go through all valid solutions and print */
print(printouts);
printf("board: %dx%d, workers: %d (+1), exec time: %ld, solutions: %d\n", N, N, workers, diff, printouts.top+1);
printf("productions: %ld\nconsumptions: %ld\n", productions, consumptions);
return 0;
}
I'm quite sure that my implementation is correct with locks and conditional variables
That is a bold statement, and it's provably false. Your program hangs on Linux when run with clang -g q.c -o 8q && ./8q 2 4.
When I look at the state of the program, I see one thread here:
#4 __pthread_cond_wait (cond=0x404da8 <filled>, mutex=0x404d80 <buffer_mutex>) at pthread_cond_wait.c:619
#5 0x000000000040196b in eval_positioning (id=0x1) at q.c:163
#6 0x00007ffff7f8cd80 in start_thread (arg=0x7ffff75b6640) at pthread_create.c:481
#7 0x00007ffff7eb7b6f in clone () at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S:95
and the main thread trying to join the above thread. All other threads have exited, so there is nothing to signal the condition.
One immediate problem I see is this:
void *eval_positioning(void *id) {
long thr_id = (long)id;
int qpositions[N];
while (!global.done) {
...
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
...
pthread_join(producer, (void*)&global.done);
If the producer thread finishes before the eval_positioning starts, then eval_positioning will do nothing at all.
You should set global.done when all positions have been evaluated, not when the producer thread is done.
Another obvious problem is that global.done is accessed without any mutexes held, yielding a data race (undefined behavior -- anything can happen).
I am currently learning c and trying to do some problems on leetcode to better myself.
The problem: https://leetcode.com/problems/valid-mountain-array/
I am getting an error as such, error message apperently a read error.
However whenever i run my code on my pc i don't get any errors, even using valgrind.
Here is my code:
bool validMountainArray(int* arr, int arrSize)
{
bool is_m_array = false;
bool peek = false;
int peek_point = 0;
int end_of_slope = 0;
int k = 0;
if( arrSize >= 3)
{
while (arr[k] < arr[k+1] && arr[k] < arrSize)
{
k++;
}
peek = true;
peek_point = k;
}
if (peek == true)
{
while(arr[peek_point] > arr[peek_point+1] && arr[peek_point] < arrSize)
{
peek_point++;
end_of_slope = peek_point+1;
printf("end Of SLOPE %d, arrSize %d \n", end_of_slope, arrSize);
}
}
if (peek == true && end_of_slope == arrSize)
{
is_m_array = true;
}
return is_m_array;
}
I have tried several different inputs and they all seem to work just fine!
For example:
int main(int argc, char const *argv[])
{ int arr[9]= {1,2,3,4,5,4,3,2,1};
if (validMountainArray(arr, 9) == true)
{
printf("True");
}
else
{
printf("False");
}
return 0;
}
Will return True.
Anyone got any ide what i am missing here?
Trying to solve the pset3 plurality problem for the CS50 class, line 93 of my code has been the issue, I'm having some trouble solving the last part of the problem set, printing the winner.
I think the vote totals section is okay, but I can't get the code right for the winners section. When I run the code I receive the following error message:
error: use of undeclared identifier 'i' printf("%s\n", candidates[i].name);
#include <cs50.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// Max number of candidates
#define MAX 9
// Candidates have name and vote count
typedef struct
{
string name;
int votes;
}
candidate;
// Array of candidates
candidate candidates[MAX];
// Number of candidates
int candidate_count;
// Function prototypes
bool vote(string name);
void print_winner(void);
int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
// Check for invalid usage
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Usage: plurality [candidate ...]\n");
return 1;
}
// Populate array of candidates
candidate_count = argc - 1;
if (candidate_count > MAX)
{
printf("Maximum number of candidates is %i\n", MAX);
return 2;
}
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
candidates[i].name = argv[i + 1];
candidates[i].votes = 0;
}
int voter_count = get_int("Number of voters: ");
// Loop over all voters
for (int i = 0; i < voter_count; i++)
{
string name = get_string("Vote: ");
// Check for invalid vote
if (!vote(name))
{
printf("Invalid vote.\n");
}
}
// Display winner of election
print_winner();
}
// Update vote totals given a new vote
bool vote(string name)
{
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (strcmp(name, candidates[i].name) == 0)
candidates[i].votes++;
}
return true;
return false;
}
// Print the winner (or winners) of the election
void print_winner(void)
{
int maxvote = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (candidates[i].votes > maxvote)
maxvote = candidates[i].votes;
}
printf("%s\n", candidates[i].name);
return;
}
The i variable is defined only within the context of your loop. When the loop is over, where your print statement tries to print candidates[i].name but i is not defined anymore. Just like how you save your max number of votes, you also need to save your candidate index in a value declared outside of your loop.
int maxvote = 0;
int winnerIndex;
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (candidates[i].votes > maxvote) {
maxvote = candidates[i].votes;
winnerIndex = i;
}
}
printf("%s\n", candidates[winnerIndex].name);