Does MS CRM 2011 require Active Directory - dynamics-crm-2011

We're looking to implement an IFD of CRM 2011 for a client and I am curious about whether Active Directory is a prerequisite. We'd like to set up a standalone environment using ASP.Net membership provider.
Is this possible?
Thank you,
Jason

A working Active Directory is a must requirement for a Dynamics CRM deployment. See the planning section of the Implementation Guide
Active Directory and network requirements for Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2011
Microsoft Dynamics CRM Server 2011 software requirements

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Microsoft dynamics crm learning using azure virtual machines

I want to learn basics of dynamics crm 2011 and 2013.
I have MS azure subscription where I do have access to Dynamics CRM virtual machines. These virtual machines have the following flavors for Dynamics CRM
GP 2013 Developer
GP 2013 R12
NAV 2015
GP 2015
Which one of the above 4 virtual machine setup should I use just to learn very basics of Dynamics CRM? Specially the jquery part and some customization.
I am very new at CRM but have lot of back ground in asp.net mvc c# programming.
I would use one of the SQL Server images and deploy everything on a single server if you want to test it out. Technically, it is not supported, but for evaluation purposes, this is the cheapest and easiest way.
Here's a tutorial that walks you through the steps for CRM 2013:
http://www.slideshare.net/jukkan/microsoft-dynamics-crm-2013-development-server-installation
I would suggest to use trial CRM Online. You can register instance for you using following link - https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/dynamics/crm-free-trial-overview.aspx

Where to find and download Dynamics CRM Instance adapter

where can I find official Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2011 or 2013 Instance Adapter ? for data synchronization between two CRM organization and migration to CRM Online ? Its missing on downloads.microsoft.com
It seems that Microsoft has removed CRM Instance Adapter feature and it's now being using the CRM 2013 SDK which has tool Configuration Migration Tool , that can transfer data from on-premise to another on-premise or CRM Online environment using xml/zip file with simple export/import.
More details:
https://community.dynamics.com/crm/b/survivingcrm/archive/2014/06/09/configuration-migration-tool-working-smarter-with-metadata-entities.aspx

Is the API for MS Dynamics the same between 2011, 2013 and hosted vs onprem

Does anyone know if the API for Dynamics is the same for 2011 and 2013 or there are any differences between a hosted and on-premise install?
Most of the API (client-side and server-side) are the same between CRM 2011, CRM 2013 OnPremise e CRM Online.
Some API has been introduced in later rollups (like the ExecuteMultipleRequest shipped with Rollup 12) or with CRM 2013 (like the Xrm.Page.ui.setFormNotification() JavaScript).
CRM Online has also some limitations, like plugins and workflows only in sandbox and the FetchXML-only for Reports.

Microsoft Dynamics CRM Workgroup Server 2011 upgrade

We've on-pre Microsoft Dynamics CRM Workgroup Server 2011 and we're planning to upgrade it by purchasing 5 more CALs.
Could anybody suggest what are steps/precautions I've to take ?
Backup your existing server.
Start with a fresh install of 2011
Use the Import Organization Wizard
This preserves your existing server while allowing you to test the migration to the new server.
You might give this a look. It is a PDF published by the CRM User Group:
http://www.crmug.com/events/crmugdayone2012upgrading.pdf

OnPremise vs. Hosted MS CRM 2011

Are there any differences between the OnPremise and Hosted versions of MS CRM 2011 besides price/licensing? Can I deploy solutions or any other custom features to the Hosted version or is that strictly reserved for the default functionality?
We are also considering trying to mold Sharepoint into being our CRM because we are already licensed for it but I'm going to try to reject that.
You can deploy plugins that run in the Sandbox environment in the CRM Online/Hosted environments. You can also deploy custom FetchXML-based reports to Hosted. The main things you can't do in a Hosted environment:
"Normal" plugins
SQL-based Reports
Direct database access (Filtered Views)
Custom .NET Workflow activities
And yes, SharePoint shouldn't be your CRM - CRM should be your CRM! :)
With rollup 12 it is now possible to use custom workflow activities in CRM online
http://mubashersharif.blogspot.be/2013/01/custom-workflowactivity-understanding-development.html

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