Difference between CLOCK_REALTIME and CLOCK_MONOTONIC? - linux

Question

Could you explain the difference between CLOCK_REALTIME and CLOCK_MONOTONIC clocks returned by clock_gettime() on Linux?
Which is a better choice if I need to compute elapsed time between timestamps produced by an external source and the current time?
Lastly, if I have an NTP daemon periodically adjusting system time, how do these adjustments interact with each of CLOCK_REALTIME and CLOCK_MONOTONIC?

Answer 1

CLOCK_REALTIME represents the machine's best-guess as to the current wall-clock, time-of-day time. As Ignacio and MarkR say, this means that CLOCK_REALTIME can jump forwards and backwards as the system time-of-day clock is changed, including by NTP.
CLOCK_MONOTONIC represents the absolute elapsed wall-clock time since some arbitrary, fixed point in the past. It isn't affected by changes in the system time-of-day clock.
If you want to compute the elapsed time between two events observed on the one machine without an intervening reboot, CLOCK_MONOTONIC is the best option.
Note that on Linux, CLOCK_MONOTONIC does not measure time spent in suspend, although by the POSIX definition it should. You can use the Linux-specific CLOCK_BOOTTIME for a monotonic clock that keeps running during suspend.

Answer 2

Robert Love's book LINUX System Programming 2nd Edition, specifically addresses your question at the beginning of Chapter 11, pg 363:
The important aspect of a monotonic time source is NOT the current
value, but the guarantee that the time source is strictly linearly
increasing, and thus useful for calculating the difference in time
between two samplings
That said, I believe he is assuming the processes are running on the same instance of an OS, so you might want to have a periodic calibration running to be able to estimate drift.

Answer 3

CLOCK_REALTIME is affected by NTP, and can move forwards and backwards. CLOCK_MONOTONIC is not, and advances at one tick per tick.

Answer 4

POSIX 7 quotes
POSIX 7 specifies both at http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/clock_getres.html:
CLOCK_REALTIME:
This clock represents the clock measuring real time for the system. For this clock, the values returned by clock_gettime() and specified by clock_settime() represent the amount of time (in seconds and nanoseconds) since the Epoch.
CLOCK_MONOTONIC (optional feature):
For this clock, the value returned by clock_gettime() represents the amount of time (in seconds and nanoseconds) since an unspecified point in the past (for example, system start-up time, or the Epoch). This point does not change after system start-up time. The value of the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock cannot be set via clock_settime().
clock_settime() gives an important hint: POSIX systems are able to arbitrarily change CLOCK_REALITME with it, so don't rely on it flowing neither continuously nor forward. NTP could be implemented using clock_settime(), and could only affect CLOCK_REALTIME.
The Linux kernel implementation seems to take boot time as the epoch for CLOCK_MONOTONIC: Starting point for CLOCK_MONOTONIC

Answer 5

In addition to Ignacio's answer, CLOCK_REALTIME can go up forward in leaps, and occasionally backwards. CLOCK_MONOTONIC does neither; it just keeps going forwards (although it probably resets at reboot).
A robust app needs to be able to tolerate CLOCK_REALTIME leaping forwards occasionally (and perhaps backwards very slightly very occasionally, although that is more of an edge-case).
Imagine what happens when you suspend your laptop - CLOCK_REALTIME jumps forwards following the resume, CLOCK_MONOTONIC does not. Try it on a VM.

Answer 6

Sorry, no reputation to add this as a comment. So it goes as an complementary answer.
Depending on how often you will call clock_gettime(), you should keep in mind that only some of the "clocks" are provided by Linux in the VDSO (i.e. do not require a syscall with all the overhead of one -- which only got worse when Linux added the defenses to protect against Spectre-like attacks).
While clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC,...), clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME,...), and gettimeofday() are always going to be extremely fast (accelerated by the VDSO), this is not true for, e.g. CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW or any of the other POSIX clocks.
This can change with kernel version, and architecture.
Although most programs don't need to pay attention to this, there can be latency spikes in clocks accelerated by the VDSO: if you hit them right when the kernel is updating the shared memory area with the clock counters, it has to wait for the kernel to finish.
Here's the "proof" (GitHub, to keep bots away from kernel.org):
https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/2aae950b21e4bc789d1fc6668faf67e8748300b7

Answer 7

There's one big difference between CLOCK_REALTIME and MONOTONIC. CLOCK_REALTIME can jump forward or backward according to NTP.
By default, NTP allows the clock rate to be speeded up or slowed down by up to 0.05%, but NTP cannot cause the monotonic clock to jump forward or backward.

Answer 8

I'd like to clarify what "the system is suspended" means under this context.
I am reading timefd_create and from the manpage,
https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/timerfd_create.2.html
CLOCK_BOOTTIME (Since Linux 3.15)
Like CLOCK_MONOTONIC, this is a monotonically increasing
clock. However, whereas the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock does
not measure the time while a system is suspended, the
CLOCK_BOOTTIME clock does include the time during which
the system is suspended. This is useful for applications
that need to be suspend-aware. CLOCK_REALTIME is not
suitable for such applications, since that clock is
affected by discontinuous changes to the system clock.
Based on the above description, we can indicate that CLOCK_REALTIME and CLOCK_BOOTTIME still count time when the system is suspended, while CLOCK_MONOTONIC doesn't.
I was confused about what "the system is suspended" mean exactly. At first I was thinking it means when we send Ctrl + Z from the terminal, making the process suspended. But it's not.
#MarkR's answer inspired me:
Imagine what happens when you suspend your laptop - .... Try it
on a VM.
So literally "the system is suspended" means you put your computer into sleep mode.
That said, CLOCK_REALTIME counts the time when the computer is asleep.
Compare the output of these 2 pieces of code
timefd_create_realtime_clock.c
copy from man timefd_create
#include <sys/timerfd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <inttypes.h> /* Definition of PRIu64 */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h> /* Definition of uint64_t */
#define handle_error(msg) \
do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
static void
print_elapsed_time(void)
{
static struct timespec start;
struct timespec curr;
static int first_call = 1;
int secs, nsecs;
if (first_call) {
first_call = 0;
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
}
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &curr) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
secs = curr.tv_sec - start.tv_sec;
nsecs = curr.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
if (nsecs < 0) {
secs--;
nsecs += 1000000000;
}
printf("%d.%03d: ", secs, (nsecs + 500000) / 1000000);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct itimerspec new_value;
int max_exp, fd;
struct timespec now;
uint64_t exp, tot_exp;
ssize_t s;
if ((argc != 2) && (argc != 4)) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s init-secs [interval-secs max-exp]\n",
argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &now) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
/* Create a CLOCK_REALTIME absolute timer with initial
expiration and interval as specified in command line. */
new_value.it_value.tv_sec = now.tv_sec + atoi(argv[1]);
new_value.it_value.tv_nsec = now.tv_nsec;
if (argc == 2) {
new_value.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
max_exp = 1;
} else {
new_value.it_interval.tv_sec = atoi(argv[2]);
max_exp = atoi(argv[3]);
}
new_value.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, 0);
if (fd == -1)
handle_error("timerfd_create");
if (timerfd_settime(fd, TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME, &new_value, NULL) == -1)
handle_error("timerfd_settime");
print_elapsed_time();
printf("timer started\n");
for (tot_exp = 0; tot_exp < max_exp;) {
s = read(fd, &exp, sizeof(uint64_t));
if (s != sizeof(uint64_t))
handle_error("read");
tot_exp += exp;
print_elapsed_time();
printf("read: %" PRIu64 "; total=%" PRIu64 "\n", exp, tot_exp);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
timefd_create_monotonic_clock.c
modify a bit, change CLOCK_REALTIME to CLOCK_MONOTONIC
#include <sys/timerfd.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <inttypes.h> /* Definition of PRIu64 */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h> /* Definition of uint64_t */
#define handle_error(msg) \
do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
static void
print_elapsed_time(void)
{
static struct timespec start;
struct timespec curr;
static int first_call = 1;
int secs, nsecs;
if (first_call) {
first_call = 0;
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &start) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
}
if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &curr) == -1)
handle_error("clock_gettime");
secs = curr.tv_sec - start.tv_sec;
nsecs = curr.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
if (nsecs < 0) {
secs--;
nsecs += 1000000000;
}
printf("%d.%03d: ", secs, (nsecs + 500000) / 1000000);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct itimerspec new_value;
int max_exp, fd;
struct timespec now;
uint64_t exp, tot_exp;
ssize_t s;
if ((argc != 2) && (argc != 4)) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s init-secs [interval-secs max-exp]\n",
argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// T_NOTE: comment
// if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &now) == -1)
// handle_error("clock_gettime");
/* Create a CLOCK_REALTIME absolute timer with initial
expiration and interval as specified in command line. */
// new_value.it_value.tv_sec = now.tv_sec + atoi(argv[1]);
// new_value.it_value.tv_nsec = now.tv_nsec;
new_value.it_value.tv_sec = atoi(argv[1]);
new_value.it_value.tv_nsec = 0;
if (argc == 2) {
new_value.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
max_exp = 1;
} else {
new_value.it_interval.tv_sec = atoi(argv[2]);
max_exp = atoi(argv[3]);
}
new_value.it_interval.tv_nsec = 0;
// fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_REALTIME, 0);
fd = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, 0);
if (fd == -1)
handle_error("timerfd_create");
// if (timerfd_settime(fd, TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME, &new_value, NULL) == -1)
if (timerfd_settime(fd, 0, &new_value, NULL) == -1)
handle_error("timerfd_settime");
print_elapsed_time();
printf("timer started\n");
for (tot_exp = 0; tot_exp < max_exp;) {
s = read(fd, &exp, sizeof(uint64_t));
if (s != sizeof(uint64_t))
handle_error("read");
tot_exp += exp;
print_elapsed_time();
printf("read: %" PRIu64 "; total=%" PRIu64 "\n", exp, tot_exp);
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
compile both and run in 2 tabs in same terminal
./timefd_create_monotonic_clock 3 1 100
./timefd_create_realtime_clock 3 1 100
put my Ubuntu Desktop into sleep
Wait a few miniutes
Wake up my Ubuntu by pressing power button once
Check the terminal output
Output:
The realtime clock stopped immedicately. Because it've counted the time elapsed when the computer is suspended/asleep.
tian#tian-B250M-Wind:~/playground/libuv-vs-libevent$ ./timefd_create_realtime_clock 3 1 100
0.000: timer started
3.000: read: 1; total=1
4.000: read: 1; total=2
5.000: read: 1; total=3
6.000: read: 1; total=4
7.000: read: 1; total=5
8.000: read: 1; total=6
9.000: read: 1; total=7
10.000: read: 1; total=8
11.000: read: 1; total=9
12.000: read: 1; total=10
13.000: read: 1; total=11
14.000: read: 1; total=12
15.000: read: 1; total=13
16.000: read: 1; total=14
17.000: read: 1; total=15
18.000: read: 1; total=16
19.000: read: 1; total=17
20.000: read: 1; total=18
21.000: read: 1; total=19
22.000: read: 1; total=20
23.000: read: 1; total=21
24.000: read: 1; total=22
25.000: read: 1; total=23
26.000: read: 1; total=24
27.000: read: 1; total=25
28.000: read: 1; total=26
29.000: read: 1; total=27
30.000: read: 1; total=28
31.000: read: 1; total=29
33.330: read: 489; total=518 # wake up here
tian#tian-B250M-Wind:~/playground/libuv-vs-libevent$
tian#tian-B250M-Wind:~/Desktop/playground/libuv-vs-libevent$ ./timefd_create_monotonic_clock 3 1 100
0.000: timer started
3.000: read: 1; total=1
3.1000: read: 1; total=2
4.1000: read: 1; total=3
6.000: read: 1; total=4
7.000: read: 1; total=5
7.1000: read: 1; total=6
9.000: read: 1; total=7
10.000: read: 1; total=8
11.000: read: 1; total=9
12.000: read: 1; total=10
13.000: read: 1; total=11
14.000: read: 1; total=12
15.000: read: 1; total=13
16.000: read: 1; total=14
16.1000: read: 1; total=15
18.000: read: 1; total=16
19.000: read: 1; total=17
19.1000: read: 1; total=18
21.000: read: 1; total=19
22.001: read: 1; total=20
23.000: read: 1; total=21
25.482: read: 2; total=23
26.000: read: 1; total=24
26.1000: read: 1; total=25
28.000: read: 1; total=26
28.1000: read: 1; total=27
29.1000: read: 1; total=28
30.1000: read: 1; total=29
31.1000: read: 1; total=30
32.1000: read: 1; total=31
33.1000: read: 1; total=32
35.000: read: 1; total=33
36.000: read: 1; total=34
36.1000: read: 1; total=35
38.000: read: 1; total=36
39.000: read: 1; total=37
40.000: read: 1; total=38
40.1000: read: 1; total=39
42.000: read: 1; total=40
43.001: read: 1; total=41
43.1000: read: 1; total=42
45.000: read: 1; total=43
46.000: read: 1; total=44
47.000: read: 1; total=45
47.1000: read: 1; total=46
48.1000: read: 1; total=47
50.001: read: 1; total=48
^C
tian#tian-B250M-Wind:~/Desktop/playground/libuv-vs-libevent$