How to remove quotes from '156.70' in Python? - python-3.x

I'm trying to make a rounding function in Python to make proper significant figures but I don't know how to remove the quotes from the answer, an ex. is '156.70', I want to have the number with 2 decimal place precision, and
round(156.70,2) returns 156.7.
I have tried this: format(round(156.70,2),'.2f'), but it places the answer in single quotes like I stated above. Is there a way to round directly with the floating point zero, or is there a way to remove the quotes?
I have also tried the strip command which does not remove the quotes.
I also tried converting the answer (156.70) to a numpy array to remove the quotes the following way:
ares1 = np.array(format(round(ans,2),".2f"))
values = ares1.item().split(' ')
ares = np.asarray(values, dtype='float')
Where 'ans' is the value 156.7 I want to round to two precision points. Thanks for any help.

Precision doesn't work in programming as it works in real life. By default, numbers have infinite precision, and any decimal places after the defined decimal places will be zeroes. So, your number 156.7 is the same as 156.70 and 156.7000, as they will all be stored identically in memory.
Now with that out of the way, you can definitely "format" the number when outputting it. That will not edit the actual stored value, but will give you a String representation of the number for display purposes only. For that, I'll refer you to this StackOverflow question.

Related

How to remove all decimal points, but retain value In Microsoft Excel?

I need to display with no decimal, but retaining the numbers that
appear after the last decimal. For example, given `03.1037.190
I tried roundup and trunct but not sure how it works.
Try this on a string where . could be on a dynamic spot
=SUBSTITUTE(A1,".","",LEN(A1)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A1,".","")))
Or when your string always follows the same pattern ##.####.####.## you could try:
=REPLACE(A1,13,1,"")
The question is quite unclear as you have a value with the same thousand and decimal delimiter and also 4 numbers between the delimiters. It would help a lot if you specified the actual number without thousand delimiters.
Assuming there are no decimals (31.037.190.301): remove "." using:
=SUBSTITUTE(A1,".","")
and Excel will recognize it as a number

Parsing apart a decimal into two integers in either Stata or Excel

I'm working with a dataset that has really terrible ID numbers that are an integer followed by a 13 digit decimal. However, the first 6-7 decimal places are zeroes. For example:
10.0000000960554
This is making my life difficult. So I want to parse the IDs apart at the decimal into two integers, drop the leading zeros, and put them back together as one giant integer. However, everything I find for how to do this in Excel keeps the numbers after the decimal after the decimal. For Stata, I've tried to convert the numeric into a string so I can then parse it, but Stata won't let me because it's a decimal:
encode ScrambledID, generate StringID
Here's the error:
not possible with numeric variable
r(107);
An added issue, I can't just split the decimal in Excel and then multiply by 1e+12 because it messes with the values (long story with how they were derived).
Like I said, I'm fine with doing this in either Stata or Excel. Either way this is driving me nuts.
In Excel:
In one column put:
=int(A1)
In the next put:
=--MID(A1,FIND(".",A1)+1,999)
As #Grade'Eh'Bacon stated, I have use a few shortcuts in the above formula. The -- at the beginning change text that are numbers into numbers. It replaces the VALUE() function.
The 999 is a superfluous number in that it is assumed the length of the string being split is not longer than 999 characters. It can be replaced with the LEN() function which would return the actual length of the string.
So putting the two together:
=VALUE(MID(A1,FIND(".",A1)+1,LEN(A1))
Where A1 is the location of the number
Your story is truly shocking.
I'd advise extreme caution in any software. For a start, numbers with decimal parts will be rendered differently depending on whether they are imported as 4-byte or 8-byte reals, in Stata terms as floats or doubles. The underlying problem is that many decimal numbers have no exact binary representation.
In Stata terms, encode is indeed out of the question for a numeric variable (and your example would also fail for other reasons). But ideally you should import the identifiers as strings in the first place. Otherwise you should try a conversion such as generate stringID = string(numid, "%16.13f").
. di %21s string(10.0000000960554, "%16.13f")
10.0000000960554
. di %21s string(10.00000009605539, "%16.13f")
10.0000000960554
. di %21s string(10.00000009605544, "%16.13f")
10.0000000960554
. di %21s string(10.00000009605535, "%16.13f")
10.0000000960554

Extending a binary number to 32 bits in text

I have this number
111100000000000010001000
I want to extend it to 32 bits with leading zeros. In other words:
00000000111100000000000010001000
So I found this suggestion here:
Add leading zeroes/0's to existing Excel values to certain length
is to use the Right function. So I do:
=RIGHT("00000000000000000000000000000000"+A1,32)
I end up getting a number in Engineering notation. So as suggested somewhere else I add:
=TEXT(RIGHT("00000000000000000000000000000000"+A1,32), "0")
I still get
111100000000000000000000
Not 32-bit and the trailing 10001000 has become zeros.
Any idea what's happening here??
Excel takes that as a decimal number, not a binary number.
111100000000000010001000 as a decimal number is too much for the number precision Excel has to offer, so that is rounded to 111100000000000000000000 before you apply your zeros (which you can see yourself if you apply a numeric format to A1 that disallows scientific notation).
The solution is the same, treat all numbers as string. Prefix the source number in A1 with an apostrophe to make it a string, the RIGHT will then work as you expect.
Well, it actually won't, because I used + when I should have used &, so Excel will try to convert to numbers and actually make the addition. So correct the formula:
=RIGHT("00000000000000000000000000000000"&A1,32)

How to convert a string containing non-numeric values into numeric values?

I have several variables of the form:
1 gdppercap
2 19786,97
3 20713,737
4 20793,163
5 23070,398
6 5639,175
I have copy-pasted the data into Stata, and it thinks they are strings. So far I have tried:
destring gdppercap, generate(gdppercap_n)
but get
gdppercap contains nonnumeric characters; no generate
And:
encode gdppercap, gen(gdppercap_n)
but get a variable numbered from 1 to 1055 regardless of the previous value.
Also I've tried:
gen gdppercap_n = real(gdppercap)
But get:
(1052 missing values generated)
Can you help me? As far as I can tell, Stata do not like the fact that the variable contains fraction numbers.
If I understand you correctly, the interpretation as string arises from one and possibly two facts:
The variable name may be echoed in the first observation. If so, that's text and it's inconsistent with a numeric variable. The root problem there is likely to be a copy-and-paste operation that copied too much. Stata typically gives you a choice when importing by copy-and-paste of whether the first row of what you copied is to be treated as variable names or as data, and you need the first choice, so that column headers become variable names, not data. It may be best to go back and do the copy-and-paste correctly. However, Stata can struggle with multiple header lines in a spreadsheet. Alternatively, use import excel, not a copy-and-paste. Alternatively, drop in 1 to remove the first observation, provided that it consistently is superfluous.
Commas indicate decimal places. destring can easily cope with this: see the help for its dpcomma option. Stata has no objection to fractions; that would be absurd. The problem is that you need to flag your use of commas.
Note that
destring is a wrapper for real(), so real() is not a way round this.
encode is for mapping genuine categorical variables to integers, as you discovered, and as its help does explain. It is not for fixing data input errors.
You can write a for loop to convert a comma to a period. I don't quite know your variables but imagine you have a variable gdppercap with information like 1234,343 and you want that to be 1234.343 before you do the destring.
For example:
forvalues x = 1(1)10 {
replace gdppercap = substr(gdppercap, 1, `x'-1) + "." + substr(gdppercap, `x'+1, .)
if substr(gdppercap, `x', 1) == ","
}

convert negative decimal number into HEX

I must admit I don't remember much about HEX and so on from school (25 years ago). In any case, I have some values in decimal format which I need to convert into HEX. I am using Excel but I could write a function in VBA if necessary (or do it by code in VB.NET).
I already know how the HEX-result should look like (another source) but I need to use Excel to get this result exactly. The source of decimal input and also the result of the (right) HEX result is from a Linux-system if that is important to know.
Positive numbers seem to be converted correctly while negative numbers give me an headache in the sense that Excel adds in the beinning of the HEX two additional letters (two FF) compared to result I want.
Example:
Decimal input: -524288
Correct HEX-output I must obtain: FFF80000
Using formula in Excel I get: FFFFF80000
(I get 2 FF extra in the beginning of the HEX-output)
Another example:
Decimal Input: -29446758
should be FE3EAD9A
but in Excel I get FFFE3EAD9A
It seems like I always get 2 extra FF in the HEX-output.
Can someone explain (in an easy way) why I get the 2 extra FF and if I can safely remove them?
In Excel, =DEC2HEX by default returns 10 characters.
If you want to get just 8, as your question suggest use:
=DEC2HEX(A1,8)
Nevertheless, unless you have a compatibility issue, you may left the default numbers. Remember that the "F" char acts for negative numbers as a padding char (the same way "0" is for positive numbers).
Edit
The above fails for negatives, as you stated in your comment.
The following works:
=RIGHT(DEC2HEX(A1),8)
I'm not quite sure what you are doing because you haven't included your formula. My guess is that you are using a function like this:
=DEC2HEX(A1)
Although it has an optional parameters to control how many digits are returned, that doesn't work when the input is negative.
Instead you should use some VBA:
Public Function DecToHex(val As Variant) As Variant
DecToHex = Hex(val)
End Function

Resources