I needed to write a weighted version of random.choice (each element in the list has a different probability for being selected). This is what I came up with:
def weightedChoice(choices):
"""Like random.choice, but each element can have a different chance of
being selected.
choices can be any iterable containing iterables with two items each.
Technically, they can have more than two items, the rest will just be
ignored. The first item is the thing being chosen, the second item is
its weight. The weights can be any numeric values, what matters is the
relative differences between them.
"""
space = {}
current = 0
for choice, weight in choices:
if weight > 0:
space[current] = choice
current += weight
rand = random.uniform(0, current)
for key in sorted(space.keys() + [current]):
if rand < key:
return choice
choice = space[key]
return None
This function seems overly complex to me, and ugly. I'm hoping everyone here can offer some suggestions on improving it or alternate ways of doing this. Efficiency isn't as important to me as code cleanliness and readability.
Since version 1.7.0, NumPy has a choice function that supports probability distributions.
from numpy.random import choice
draw = choice(list_of_candidates, number_of_items_to_pick,
p=probability_distribution)
Note that probability_distribution is a sequence in the same order of list_of_candidates. You can also use the keyword replace=False to change the behavior so that drawn items are not replaced.
Since Python 3.6 there is a method choices from the random module.
In [1]: import random
In [2]: random.choices(
...: population=[['a','b'], ['b','a'], ['c','b']],
...: weights=[0.2, 0.2, 0.6],
...: k=10
...: )
Out[2]:
[['c', 'b'],
['c', 'b'],
['b', 'a'],
['c', 'b'],
['c', 'b'],
['b', 'a'],
['c', 'b'],
['b', 'a'],
['c', 'b'],
['c', 'b']]
Note that random.choices will sample with replacement, per the docs:
Return a k sized list of elements chosen from the population with replacement.
Note for completeness of answer:
When a sampling unit is drawn from a finite population and is returned
to that population, after its characteristic(s) have been recorded,
before the next unit is drawn, the sampling is said to be "with
replacement". It basically means each element may be chosen more than
once.
If you need to sample without replacement, then as #ronan-paixão's brilliant answer states, you can use numpy.choice, whose replace argument controls such behaviour.
def weighted_choice(choices):
total = sum(w for c, w in choices)
r = random.uniform(0, total)
upto = 0
for c, w in choices:
if upto + w >= r:
return c
upto += w
assert False, "Shouldn't get here"
Arrange the weights into a
cumulative distribution.
Use random.random() to pick a random
float 0.0 <= x < total.
Search the
distribution using bisect.bisect as
shown in the example at http://docs.python.org/dev/library/bisect.html#other-examples.
from random import random
from bisect import bisect
def weighted_choice(choices):
values, weights = zip(*choices)
total = 0
cum_weights = []
for w in weights:
total += w
cum_weights.append(total)
x = random() * total
i = bisect(cum_weights, x)
return values[i]
>>> weighted_choice([("WHITE",90), ("RED",8), ("GREEN",2)])
'WHITE'
If you need to make more than one choice, split this into two functions, one to build the cumulative weights and another to bisect to a random point.
If you don't mind using numpy, you can use numpy.random.choice.
For example:
import numpy
items = [["item1", 0.2], ["item2", 0.3], ["item3", 0.45], ["item4", 0.05]
elems = [i[0] for i in items]
probs = [i[1] for i in items]
trials = 1000
results = [0] * len(items)
for i in range(trials):
res = numpy.random.choice(items, p=probs) #This is where the item is selected!
results[items.index(res)] += 1
results = [r / float(trials) for r in results]
print "item\texpected\tactual"
for i in range(len(probs)):
print "%s\t%0.4f\t%0.4f" % (items[i], probs[i], results[i])
If you know how many selections you need to make in advance, you can do it without a loop like this:
numpy.random.choice(items, trials, p=probs)
As of Python v3.6, random.choices could be used to return a list of elements of specified size from the given population with optional weights.
random.choices(population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None, k=1)
population : list containing unique observations. (If empty, raises IndexError)
weights : More precisely relative weights required to make selections.
cum_weights : cumulative weights required to make selections.
k : size(len) of the list to be outputted. (Default len()=1)
Few Caveats:
1) It makes use of weighted sampling with replacement so the drawn items would be later replaced. The values in the weights sequence in itself do not matter, but their relative ratio does.
Unlike np.random.choice which can only take on probabilities as weights and also which must ensure summation of individual probabilities upto 1 criteria, there are no such regulations here. As long as they belong to numeric types (int/float/fraction except Decimal type) , these would still perform.
>>> import random
# weights being integers
>>> random.choices(["white", "green", "red"], [12, 12, 4], k=10)
['green', 'red', 'green', 'white', 'white', 'white', 'green', 'white', 'red', 'white']
# weights being floats
>>> random.choices(["white", "green", "red"], [.12, .12, .04], k=10)
['white', 'white', 'green', 'green', 'red', 'red', 'white', 'green', 'white', 'green']
# weights being fractions
>>> random.choices(["white", "green", "red"], [12/100, 12/100, 4/100], k=10)
['green', 'green', 'white', 'red', 'green', 'red', 'white', 'green', 'green', 'green']
2) If neither weights nor cum_weights are specified, selections are made with equal probability. If a weights sequence is supplied, it must be the same length as the population sequence.
Specifying both weights and cum_weights raises a TypeError.
>>> random.choices(["white", "green", "red"], k=10)
['white', 'white', 'green', 'red', 'red', 'red', 'white', 'white', 'white', 'green']
3) cum_weights are typically a result of itertools.accumulate function which are really handy in such situations.
From the documentation linked:
Internally, the relative weights are converted to cumulative weights
before making selections, so supplying the cumulative weights saves
work.
So, either supplying weights=[12, 12, 4] or cum_weights=[12, 24, 28] for our contrived case produces the same outcome and the latter seems to be more faster / efficient.
Crude, but may be sufficient:
import random
weighted_choice = lambda s : random.choice(sum(([v]*wt for v,wt in s),[]))
Does it work?
# define choices and relative weights
choices = [("WHITE",90), ("RED",8), ("GREEN",2)]
# initialize tally dict
tally = dict.fromkeys(choices, 0)
# tally up 1000 weighted choices
for i in xrange(1000):
tally[weighted_choice(choices)] += 1
print tally.items()
Prints:
[('WHITE', 904), ('GREEN', 22), ('RED', 74)]
Assumes that all weights are integers. They don't have to add up to 100, I just did that to make the test results easier to interpret. (If weights are floating point numbers, multiply them all by 10 repeatedly until all weights >= 1.)
weights = [.6, .2, .001, .199]
while any(w < 1.0 for w in weights):
weights = [w*10 for w in weights]
weights = map(int, weights)
If you have a weighted dictionary instead of a list you can write this
items = { "a": 10, "b": 5, "c": 1 }
random.choice([k for k in items for dummy in range(items[k])])
Note that [k for k in items for dummy in range(items[k])] produces this list ['a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'c', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'b']
Here's is the version that is being included in the standard library for Python 3.6:
import itertools as _itertools
import bisect as _bisect
class Random36(random.Random):
"Show the code included in the Python 3.6 version of the Random class"
def choices(self, population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None, k=1):
"""Return a k sized list of population elements chosen with replacement.
If the relative weights or cumulative weights are not specified,
the selections are made with equal probability.
"""
random = self.random
if cum_weights is None:
if weights is None:
_int = int
total = len(population)
return [population[_int(random() * total)] for i in range(k)]
cum_weights = list(_itertools.accumulate(weights))
elif weights is not None:
raise TypeError('Cannot specify both weights and cumulative weights')
if len(cum_weights) != len(population):
raise ValueError('The number of weights does not match the population')
bisect = _bisect.bisect
total = cum_weights[-1]
return [population[bisect(cum_weights, random() * total)] for i in range(k)]
Source: https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/tip/Lib/random.py#l340
A very basic and easy approach for a weighted choice is the following:
np.random.choice(['A', 'B', 'C'], p=[0.3, 0.4, 0.3])
import numpy as np
w=np.array([ 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 0.8, 0.4])
np.random.choice(w, p=w/sum(w))
I'm probably too late to contribute anything useful, but here's a simple, short, and very efficient snippet:
def choose_index(probabilies):
cmf = probabilies[0]
choice = random.random()
for k in xrange(len(probabilies)):
if choice <= cmf:
return k
else:
cmf += probabilies[k+1]
No need to sort your probabilities or create a vector with your cmf, and it terminates once it finds its choice. Memory: O(1), time: O(N), with average running time ~ N/2.
If you have weights, simply add one line:
def choose_index(weights):
probabilities = weights / sum(weights)
cmf = probabilies[0]
choice = random.random()
for k in xrange(len(probabilies)):
if choice <= cmf:
return k
else:
cmf += probabilies[k+1]
If your list of weighted choices is relatively static, and you want frequent sampling, you can do one O(N) preprocessing step, and then do the selection in O(1), using the functions in this related answer.
# run only when `choices` changes.
preprocessed_data = prep(weight for _,weight in choices)
# O(1) selection
value = choices[sample(preprocessed_data)][0]
If you happen to have Python 3, and are afraid of installing numpy or writing your own loops, you could do:
import itertools, bisect, random
def weighted_choice(choices):
weights = list(zip(*choices))[1]
return choices[bisect.bisect(list(itertools.accumulate(weights)),
random.uniform(0, sum(weights)))][0]
Because you can build anything out of a bag of plumbing adaptors! Although... I must admit that Ned's answer, while slightly longer, is easier to understand.
I looked the pointed other thread and came up with this variation in my coding style, this returns the index of choice for purpose of tallying, but it is simple to return the string ( commented return alternative):
import random
import bisect
try:
range = xrange
except:
pass
def weighted_choice(choices):
total, cumulative = 0, []
for c,w in choices:
total += w
cumulative.append((total, c))
r = random.uniform(0, total)
# return index
return bisect.bisect(cumulative, (r,))
# return item string
#return choices[bisect.bisect(cumulative, (r,))][0]
# define choices and relative weights
choices = [("WHITE",90), ("RED",8), ("GREEN",2)]
tally = [0 for item in choices]
n = 100000
# tally up n weighted choices
for i in range(n):
tally[weighted_choice(choices)] += 1
print([t/sum(tally)*100 for t in tally])
A general solution:
import random
def weighted_choice(choices, weights):
total = sum(weights)
treshold = random.uniform(0, total)
for k, weight in enumerate(weights):
total -= weight
if total < treshold:
return choices[k]
Here is another version of weighted_choice that uses numpy. Pass in the weights vector and it will return an array of 0's containing a 1 indicating which bin was chosen. The code defaults to just making a single draw but you can pass in the number of draws to be made and the counts per bin drawn will be returned.
If the weights vector does not sum to 1, it will be normalized so that it does.
import numpy as np
def weighted_choice(weights, n=1):
if np.sum(weights)!=1:
weights = weights/np.sum(weights)
draws = np.random.random_sample(size=n)
weights = np.cumsum(weights)
weights = np.insert(weights,0,0.0)
counts = np.histogram(draws, bins=weights)
return(counts[0])
It depends on how many times you want to sample the distribution.
Suppose you want to sample the distribution K times. Then, the time complexity using np.random.choice() each time is O(K(n + log(n))) when n is the number of items in the distribution.
In my case, I needed to sample the same distribution multiple times of the order of 10^3 where n is of the order of 10^6. I used the below code, which precomputes the cumulative distribution and samples it in O(log(n)). Overall time complexity is O(n+K*log(n)).
import numpy as np
n,k = 10**6,10**3
# Create dummy distribution
a = np.array([i+1 for i in range(n)])
p = np.array([1.0/n]*n)
cfd = p.cumsum()
for _ in range(k):
x = np.random.uniform()
idx = cfd.searchsorted(x, side='right')
sampled_element = a[idx]
There is lecture on this by Sebastien Thurn in the free Udacity course AI for Robotics. Basically he makes a circular array of the indexed weights using the mod operator %, sets a variable beta to 0, randomly chooses an index,
for loops through N where N is the number of indices and in the for loop firstly increments beta by the formula:
beta = beta + uniform sample from {0...2* Weight_max}
and then nested in the for loop, a while loop per below:
while w[index] < beta:
beta = beta - w[index]
index = index + 1
select p[index]
Then on to the next index to resample based on the probabilities (or normalized probability in the case presented in the course).
On Udacity find Lesson 8, video number 21 of Artificial Intelligence for Robotics where he is lecturing on particle filters.
Another way of doing this, assuming we have weights at the same index as the elements in the element array.
import numpy as np
weights = [0.1, 0.3, 0.5] #weights for the item at index 0,1,2
# sum of weights should be <=1, you can also divide each weight by sum of all weights to standardise it to <=1 constraint.
trials = 1 #number of trials
num_item = 1 #number of items that can be picked in each trial
selected_item_arr = np.random.multinomial(num_item, weights, trials)
# gives number of times an item was selected at a particular index
# this assumes selection with replacement
# one possible output
# selected_item_arr
# array([[0, 0, 1]])
# say if trials = 5, the the possible output could be
# selected_item_arr
# array([[1, 0, 0],
# [0, 0, 1],
# [0, 0, 1],
# [0, 1, 0],
# [0, 0, 1]])
Now let's assume, we have to sample out 3 items in 1 trial. You can assume that there are three balls R,G,B present in large quantity in ratio of their weights given by weight array, the following could be possible outcome:
num_item = 3
trials = 1
selected_item_arr = np.random.multinomial(num_item, weights, trials)
# selected_item_arr can give output like :
# array([[1, 0, 2]])
you can also think number of items to be selected as number of binomial/ multinomial trials within a set. So, the above example can be still work as
num_binomial_trial = 5
weights = [0.1,0.9] #say an unfair coin weights for H/T
num_experiment_set = 1
selected_item_arr = np.random.multinomial(num_binomial_trial, weights, num_experiment_set)
# possible output
# selected_item_arr
# array([[1, 4]])
# i.e H came 1 time and T came 4 times in 5 binomial trials. And one set contains 5 binomial trails.
let's say you have
items = [11, 23, 43, 91]
probability = [0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.1]
and you have function which generates a random number between [0, 1) (we can use random.random() here).
so now take the prefix sum of probability
prefix_probability=[0.2,0.5,0.9,1]
now we can just take a random number between 0-1 and use binary search to find where that number belongs in prefix_probability. that index will be your answer
Code will go something like this
return items[bisect.bisect(prefix_probability,random.random())]
One way is to randomize on the total of all the weights and then use the values as the limit points for each var. Here is a crude implementation as a generator.
def rand_weighted(weights):
"""
Generator which uses the weights to generate a
weighted random values
"""
sum_weights = sum(weights.values())
cum_weights = {}
current_weight = 0
for key, value in sorted(weights.iteritems()):
current_weight += value
cum_weights[key] = current_weight
while True:
sel = int(random.uniform(0, 1) * sum_weights)
for key, value in sorted(cum_weights.iteritems()):
if sel < value:
break
yield key
Using numpy
def choice(items, weights):
return items[np.argmin((np.cumsum(weights) / sum(weights)) < np.random.rand())]
I needed to do something like this really fast really simple, from searching for ideas i finally built this template. The idea is receive the weighted values in a form of a json from the api, which here is simulated by the dict.
Then translate it into a list in which each value repeats proportionally to it's weight, and just use random.choice to select a value from the list.
I tried it running with 10, 100 and 1000 iterations. The distribution seems pretty solid.
def weighted_choice(weighted_dict):
"""Input example: dict(apples=60, oranges=30, pineapples=10)"""
weight_list = []
for key in weighted_dict.keys():
weight_list += [key] * weighted_dict[key]
return random.choice(weight_list)
I didn't love the syntax of any of those. I really wanted to just specify what the items were and what the weighting of each was. I realize I could have used random.choices but instead I quickly wrote the class below.
import random, string
from numpy import cumsum
class randomChoiceWithProportions:
'''
Accepts a dictionary of choices as keys and weights as values. Example if you want a unfair dice:
choiceWeightDic = {"1":0.16666666666666666, "2": 0.16666666666666666, "3": 0.16666666666666666
, "4": 0.16666666666666666, "5": .06666666666666666, "6": 0.26666666666666666}
dice = randomChoiceWithProportions(choiceWeightDic)
samples = []
for i in range(100000):
samples.append(dice.sample())
# Should be close to .26666
samples.count("6")/len(samples)
# Should be close to .16666
samples.count("1")/len(samples)
'''
def __init__(self, choiceWeightDic):
self.choiceWeightDic = choiceWeightDic
weightSum = sum(self.choiceWeightDic.values())
assert weightSum == 1, 'Weights sum to ' + str(weightSum) + ', not 1.'
self.valWeightDict = self._compute_valWeights()
def _compute_valWeights(self):
valWeights = list(cumsum(list(self.choiceWeightDic.values())))
valWeightDict = dict(zip(list(self.choiceWeightDic.keys()), valWeights))
return valWeightDict
def sample(self):
num = random.uniform(0,1)
for key, val in self.valWeightDict.items():
if val >= num:
return key
Provide random.choice() with a pre-weighted list:
Solution & Test:
import random
options = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
weights = [1, 2, 5, 2]
weighted_options = [[opt]*wgt for opt, wgt in zip(options, weights)]
weighted_options = [opt for sublist in weighted_options for opt in sublist]
print(weighted_options)
# test
counts = {c: 0 for c in options}
for x in range(10000):
counts[random.choice(weighted_options)] += 1
for opt, wgt in zip(options, weights):
wgt_r = counts[opt] / 10000 * sum(weights)
print(opt, counts[opt], wgt, wgt_r)
Output:
['a', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'c', 'd', 'd']
a 1025 1 1.025
b 1948 2 1.948
c 5019 5 5.019
d 2008 2 2.008
In case you don't define in advance how many items you want to pick (so, you don't do something like k=10) and you just have probabilities, you can do the below. Note that your probabilities do not need to add up to 1, they can be independent of each other:
soup_items = ['pepper', 'onion', 'tomato', 'celery']
items_probability = [0.2, 0.3, 0.9, 0.1]
selected_items = [item for item,p in zip(soup_items,items_probability) if random.random()<p]
print(selected_items)
>>>['pepper','tomato']
Step-1: Generate CDF F in which you're interesting
Step-2: Generate u.r.v. u
Step-3: Evaluate z=F^{-1}(u)
This modeling is described in course of probability theory or stochastic processes. This is applicable just because you have easy CDF.
I am trying to create a seaborn lineplot with sns.relplot using markers to distinguish between state changes over time, along with some arbitrary value on the y-axis.
Using the dataset below:
df = pd.DataFrame({
'NAME':['29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719'],
'DIAGNOSIS':['negative', 'negative', 'positive', 'positive', 'positive', 'positive', 'negative'],
'ENTRY_DATE': ['2014-01-23 15:13:54', '2015-03-06 15:57:16', '2016-02-26 14:40:53', '2016-02-26 14:40:53', '2017-11-24 15:20:38', '2020-01-29 13:41:24', '2020-03-30 12:11:24'],
'CALCULATED_VALUE': [0.456957, 0.468468, 0.865333, 0.896950, 0.920930, 0.767100, 0.835690]
})
df['ENTRY_DATE'] = pd.to_datetime(df.ENTRY_DATE, infer_datetime_format=True)
NAME
DIAGNOSIS
ENTRY_DATE
CALCULATED_VALUE
0
29078719
negative
2014-01-23 15:13:54
0.456957
1
29078719
negative
2015-03-06 15:57:16
0.468468
2
29078719
positive
2016-02-26 14:40:53
0.865333
3
29078719
positive
2016-02-26 14:40:53
0.89695
4
29078719
positive
2017-11-24 15:20:38
0.92093
5
29078719
positive
2020-01-29 13:41:24
0.7671
6
29078719
negative
2020-03-30 12:11:24
0.83569
sns.relplot(
data=df,
x='ENTRY_DATE',
y='CALCULATED_VALUE',
kind='line',
height=8.27,
aspect=11.7/8.27,
linewidth=2.5,
markers=True,
style='DIAGNOSIS'
)
plt.show()
Would like to achieve:
Note: The data changed in question, and the graph matched output prior to data in the question and images changing. That's why the output in my question does not match the new desired output, but the same code should work with the different data.
relplot is a figure-level plot that isn't great for dynamically plotting in a nuanced way like this. As such, I don't know if you could do such a customized graph with seaborn, but you could use matplotlib and plot three separate lines depending on what grp each line falls in. This is pretty customized, but you could adjust the logic to create the groups, and I have used a combination of the grp number as well as using using shift to connect the lines and try and match your expected output:
df = pd.DataFrame({
'NAME':['29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719'],
'DIAGNOSIS':['negative', 'negative', 'positive', 'positive', 'positive', 'negative', 'negative'],
'ENTRY_DATE': ['2014-01-23 15:13:54', '2015-03-06 15:57:16', '2016-02-26 14:40:53', '2016-02-26 14:40:53', '2017-11-24 15:20:38', '2017-11-24 15:20:38', '2020-01-29 13:41:24'],
'CALCULATED_VALUE': [0.456957, 0.468468, 0.865333, 0.896950, 0.920930, 0.833549, 0.767100]
})
df['ENTRY_DATE'] = pd.to_datetime(df.ENTRY_DATE, infer_datetime_format=True)
df = df.sort_values('ENTRY_DATE')
grp = (df['DIAGNOSIS'] != df['DIAGNOSIS'].shift()).cumsum()
plt.figure(dpi=125)
df1 = df[(grp == 1).shift(2).fillna(True)]
df2 = df[(grp == 2).shift().fillna(False) & (grp == 2)]
df3 = df[(grp == 3).shift(-1).fillna(True)]
plt.plot(df['ENTRY_DATE'], df['CALCULATED_VALUE'], visible=False)
plt.plot(df1['ENTRY_DATE'], df1['CALCULATED_VALUE'], color='red',
label=df['DIAGNOSIS'].iloc[0])
plt.plot(df2['ENTRY_DATE'], df2['CALCULATED_VALUE'], marker='x',
linestyle='dashed', markersize=8, color='red', label=df['DIAGNOSIS'].iloc[2])
plt.plot(df3['ENTRY_DATE'],df3['CALCULATED_VALUE'], color='red')
plt.xlabel('ENTRY_DATE')
plt.ylabel('DIAGNOSIS')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()
Another variation of with the markers. One issue is that the x markers and o markers will overlap, so you can use the same marker style but a different line style. Otherwisee, you might have to create more lines separting the points to get x and o markers as you've shown:
df = pd.DataFrame({
'NAME':['29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719','29078719'],
'DIAGNOSIS':['negative', 'negative', 'positive', 'positive', 'positive', 'negative', 'negative'],
'ENTRY_DATE': ['2014-01-23 15:13:54', '2015-03-06 15:57:16', '2016-02-26 14:40:53', '2016-02-26 14:40:53', '2017-11-24 15:20:38', '2017-11-24 15:20:38', '2020-01-29 13:41:24'],
'CALCULATED_VALUE': [0.456957, 0.468468, 0.865333, 0.896950, 0.920930, 0.833549, 0.767100]
})
df['ENTRY_DATE'] = pd.to_datetime(df.ENTRY_DATE, infer_datetime_format=True)
df = df.sort_values('ENTRY_DATE')
grp = (df['DIAGNOSIS'] != df['DIAGNOSIS'].shift()).cumsum()
plt.figure(dpi=125)
df1 = df[(grp == 1).shift(2).fillna(True)]
df2 = df[(grp == 2).shift().fillna(False) & (grp == 2)]
df3 = df[(grp == 3).shift(-1).fillna(True)]
plt.plot(df['ENTRY_DATE'], df['CALCULATED_VALUE'], visible=False)
plt.plot(df1['ENTRY_DATE'], df1['CALCULATED_VALUE'], color='red', marker='o',
label=df['DIAGNOSIS'].iloc[0])
plt.plot(df2['ENTRY_DATE'], df2['CALCULATED_VALUE'], marker='o',
linestyle='dashed', color='red', label=df['DIAGNOSIS'].iloc[2])
plt.plot(df3['ENTRY_DATE'],df3['CALCULATED_VALUE'], color='red', marker='o')
plt.xlabel('ENTRY_DATE')
plt.ylabel('DIAGNOSIS')
plt.legend()
plt.grid()
plt.show()