Introduction to CAML in SharePoint - sharepoint

I am new to SharePoint development and i just saw a scripting. It was about retrieving list data using CAML and CSOM.
I somehow understood the scripting but i cant write a script on my own. Can someone tell me how should i start with this? I just need a direction on where to start.

Below guidelines should helpful.
CSOM CRUD
CAML schema

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Sharepoint Cognitive Search Skillset

I've managed to set up an indexer using a set of sharepoint documents as its data source through the REST API. I'm wondering, does anyone have experience with whether you can use the microsoft inbuilt skills or a custom ML skill with an indexer that has sharepoint as the documents behind the data source?
There's only one page of documentation, so i'm having a bit of trouble teasing out if my current problem with the skills not returning anything are an issue somewhere in the skillset definition, or because I can't deploy them on a sharepoint indexer. Does anyone else have experience of this?
Yes this is possible and fairly straightforward.
Documentation for creating the sharepoint (datasource) index is here: Sharepoint Index
Skillsets apply as normal: Create a skillset

Convert CSOM to JSOM easily?

is it possible to convert or migrate easily a C# written web service from CSOM to the JavaScript object model JSOM?
I think its mostly the "same" - except few things which are really really different.
Maybe there is a tool for it or you have great ideas for this.
Or maybe there is an guide for this?
Thank's in advance for any idea!
There is no tool for converting CSOM to JSOM. But you will find all equivalents API of CSOM in JSOM. For Example, your using AttachmentCollection in CSOM, so equivalent of AttachmentCollection is SP.AttachmentCollection in JSOM. So you can just start by FIND and REPLACE from following
SharePoint 2013 .NET Server, CSOM, JSOM, and REST API index

sharepoint 2010 Query data from database

On the main page home.aspx, I would like to query some data from Oracle database.
I've carefully looked for a such option, but I cannot find anything releated to it.
Can someone please guide me?
Thank you.
Install the Oracle connector and register it as safe in the web.config of the SharePoint Web. Use it like any other sql connector but with OracleConnection as you should.
I myself would have chosen a bit different approach and developed a webpart instead. If you develop and deploy a webpart project in SharePoint 2010 any used modules should be properly registered automatically during the deployment. Start with webparts here, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/sharepoint/ee513148.aspx
And if you don't know what the above means you probably shouldn't mess with SharePoint that way! (Sorry but it's true)

How to create a ASP.NET association form for a SharePoint Workflow?

I'm reading Professional Microsoft SharePoint 2007 Workflow Programming.
This book provides some detailed info on how SharePoint works, but not the procedures to create workflow.
I wonder how to create a ASP.NET association form (instead of InfoPath form).
Thanks in advance!
You might want to have a look at http://www.codeplex.com/wss3workflow
This project provides some templates for creating an assoication form. Even if you don't continue to use them, they might help you learn how to create them.

IS CAML the only way to Query MOSS?

CAML is hard to learn, and dificult to use, is there a better way to get results from MOSS, besides using CAML queries? And not referring to the Web Services, which are slower, or the object model, which again is slower.
Essentially, yes, you need to at least be able to read and understand CAML. However you can probably get out of writing it. I've used these tools:
U2U CAML Query Builder by U2U - download and online
Yet Another CAML Query Tool by Carlos Segura Sanz (good if you know SQL) - CodePlex
There is also a Linq to Sharepoint provider which gives the ability to use Linq syntax over CAML - definitely worth a look.
Linq To Sharepoint provider
Yes, Sharepoint 2010 has introduced a tool named SPMetal, using which we can have entities representing the lists in our site.
We can perform CRUD (Create Read Update Delete) operations using SPMetal and Linq.
This link shows you how to generate custom entities using SPMetal and parameters.
I depends on what you want to do.
You can also use the MOSS search engine to search for documents.
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms544561.aspx

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