Unity 5 2D Flip Player - position

I made player script with touch location and Flip code to flip player wich direction is run i made like this but just flip from 0. If is on x = -5 and i touch to go in x = 2 player dont flip but when is on x = 0 is flip. Can someone tell me how to do this and i like to make with flor but my player move only on one flor in yAxis direction it save but when i remove yAxis it move all around i like to move like this gameGame
if (gameObject.transform.position.x > 0 && faceRight)
{
Flip();
}
else if (gameObject.transform.position.x < 0 && !faceRight)
{
Flip();
}
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
public class PlayerController : MonoBehaviour
{
private bool flag = false;
private Vector3 endPoint;
public float duration;
private float yAxis;
private bool Run = false;
private Animator anim;
private bool faceRight = true;
void Start()
{
anim = GetComponent<Animator>();
//save the y axis value of gameobject
yAxis = gameObject.transform.position.y;
}
// Update is called once per frame
void Update()
{
//check if the screen is touched / clicked
if ((Input.touchCount > 0 && Input.GetTouch(0).phase == TouchPhase.Began) || (Input.GetMouseButtonDown(0)))
{
//declare a variable of RaycastHit struct
RaycastHit hit;
//Create a Ray on the tapped / clicked position
Ray ray;
//for unity editor
#if UNITY_EDITOR
ray = Camera.main.ScreenPointToRay(Input.mousePosition);
//for touch device
#elif (UNITY_ANDROID || UNITY_IPHONE || UNITY_WP8)
ray = Camera.main.ScreenPointToRay(Input.GetTouch(0).position);
#endif
//Check if the ray hits any collider
if (Physics.Raycast(ray, out hit))
{
//set a flag to indicate to move the gameobject
flag = true;
//save the click / tap position
endPoint = hit.point;
//as we do not want to change the y axis value based on touch position, reset it to original y axis value
endPoint.y = yAxis;
Debug.Log(endPoint);
}
}
//check if the flag for movement is true and the current gameobject position is not same as the clicked / tapped position
if (flag && !Mathf.Approximately(gameObject.transform.position.magnitude, endPoint.magnitude))
{ //&& !(V3Equal(transform.position, endPoint))){
//move the gameobject to the desired position
gameObject.transform.position = Vector3.Lerp(gameObject.transform.position, endPoint, 1 / (duration * (Vector3.Distance(gameObject.transform.position, endPoint))));
Run = true;
anim.SetBool("Run", Run);
if (gameObject.transform.position.x > 0 && !faceRight)
{
Flip();
}
else if (gameObject.transform.position.x < 0 && faceRight)
{
Flip();
}
}
//set the movement indicator flag to false if the endPoint and current gameobject position are equal
else if (flag && Mathf.Approximately(gameObject.transform.position.magnitude, endPoint.magnitude))
{
flag = false;
Run = false;
anim.SetBool("Run", Run);
Debug.Log("I am here");
}
}
void Flip()
{
faceRight = !faceRight;
Vector3 theScale = transform.localScale;
theScale.x *= -1;
transform.localScale = theScale;
}
}

Well my anwer will be diffrent from your code but if you want to flip character when you running left (i am assuming the default as right), you can simply check
if character's velocity > 0 then scale 1 and if character's velocity < 0 then scale -1
That will face the character to the rotation you go and this will be easy than the original code, but if you want to achieve something else please let me know so i can correct my answer on your needs :)

Flipping the character seems to be a thing that Animator should handle. I saw that you're already using Animator, so you should make something like:
anim.SetInteger("direction", 1)
or even:
anim.SetFloat("position", transform.position.x)
and configure the animator to act accordingly, creating the animation states with the character facing left and right (with the gameObject's transform scale.x 1 and -1 or rotation.y 0 and 180) and the transitions to respond to the events you decided to watch.

Related

Calling a String in Processing

I'm new to processing/java/code but was hoping for some help with my sketch.
I am trying to create an ink-looking sketch, with letters/characters displayed, then faded out instead of particles themselves. Inspired by https://openprocessing.org/sketch/1576908 I've run into errors with the entire particle constructor with an error on the line void update(p):
//update the velocity and location of particle
void update(p){
this.acceleration.add(createVector((noise(this.location.x)*2-1), (noise(this.location.y)*2-1)));
this.velocity.add(this.acceleration);
this.acceleration.set(0,0);
this.location.add(this.velocity);
this.alpha -= this.rate ;
// here is the recursion condition
if(this.alpha<=this.palpha*0.25 && this.palpha>10) {
p.push(new particle(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.rate*0.25, this.palpha*0.5));
}
}
Here is my full code
Thank you!
String[] particles = {"a", "b", "c", "d"} ; //string of particles
int velocity;
int acceleration;
int location;
int alpha;
int p;
void setup() {
size(600, 600);
background(255);
}
void draw() {
if(mousePressed) {
// spawn a new particle and add it to the array
particles.push(text(particles, mouseX, mouseY, 75));
textSize(random(20, 40));
}
// update and show the particles
for(int i=particles.length-2; i>=0; i--) {
particles[i].update(particles);
particles[i].show();
if(particles[i].alpha<=2) particles.splice(i, 5); // remove the dead particle
}
}
//particle class
class particle{
//constructor called when creating an instance of this class
// x & y are the location, r is the rate of decay, a is the starting alpha value
particle(float x, float y, float r, float a){
this.location = createVector(x,y) ;
this.velocity = createVector(random(-1,1),random(-1,1));
this.acceleration = createVector();
this.alpha = this.palpha=a ;
this.amp=4; // size of the particle
this.rate = r;
}
//update the velocity and location of particle
void update(p){
this.acceleration.add(createVector((noise(this.location.x)*2-1), (noise(this.location.y)*2-1)));
this.velocity.add(this.acceleration);
this.acceleration.set(0,0);
this.location.add(this.velocity);
this.alpha -= this.rate ;
// here is the recursion condition
if(this.alpha<=this.palpha*0.25 && this.palpha>10) {
p.push(new particle(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.rate*0.25, this.palpha*0.5));
}
}
//show the particles
void show(){
noStroke() ;
fill(0,35,25, this.alpha) ;
ellipse(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.amp);
}
} // end particle class```
You have at least two separate questions here:
how to port the p5.js sketch to Processing ?
how to add text for each particle ?
In the future I recommend breaking the problem down to simpler/shorter problems that can be tackle independently.
How let's look at the syntax errors Processing presents:
1.
particles.push(text(particles, mouseX, mouseY, 75));
errors with
The function "text()" expects parameters like: "text(int, float, float, float)"
The issue here is slightly masked. It looks like instead of calling text(yourTextString, yourTextX, yourTextY); you have different parameters. In reality there are two issues here:
push() is JavaScript Array's function. You need to use an ArrayList and its add() method instead in Processing (Java).
currently the particle class doesn't handle text. You can add a String text property which you can supply with a modified contructor: Particle(float x, float y, float r, float a, String text) (and you'd assign the constructor argument to the instance property (e.g. this.text = textl)
createVector exists in p5.js. In Processing you can switch this to new PVector(). Additionally you need to declare the variables initialised in the constructor as part of the class (e.g. location, velocity, acceleration, alpha, palpha, amp, rate).
ellipse(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.amp); is missing the last argument: ellipse(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.amp, this.amp);
This is a modified version of your code with the above notes applied:
// original sketch by OpenProcessing user Prasad
// https://openprocessing.org/sketch/1576908
String[] particlesText = {"a", "b", "c", "d"} ; //string of text
// array of particles
ArrayList<Particle> particles = new ArrayList<Particle>();
int velocity;
int acceleration;
int location;
int alpha;
int p;
void setup() {
size(600, 600);
background(255);
}
void draw() {
if(mousePressed) {
// spawn a new particle and add it to the array
// use % to loop over text (e.g .a,b,c,d,a...etc)
int textIndex = particles.size() % particlesText.length;
// grab the text from the array
String text = particlesText[textIndex];
// add a new particle providing text as well
particles.add(new Particle((float)mouseX, (float)mouseY,5.0, 75.0, text));
textSize(random(20, 40));
}
// update and show the particles
for(int i=particles.size()-2; i>=0; i--) {
Particle particle = particles.get(i);
particle.update(particles);
particle.show();
if(particle.alpha<=2) particles.remove(i); // remove the dead particle
}
}
//particle class
class Particle{
PVector location;
PVector velocity;
PVector acceleration;
float alpha;
float palpha;
float amp;
float rate;
String text = "";
//constructor called when creating an instance of this class
// x & y are the location, r is the rate of decay, a is the starting alpha value
Particle(float x, float y, float r, float a, String text){
this.location = new PVector(x,y) ;
this.velocity = new PVector(random(-1,1),random(-1,1));
this.acceleration = new PVector();
this.alpha = this.palpha=a ;
this.amp=4; // size of the particle
this.rate = r;
this.text = text;
}
//update the velocity and location of particle
void update(ArrayList<Particle> p){
this.acceleration.add(new PVector((noise(this.location.x)*2-1), (noise(this.location.y)*2-1)));
this.velocity.add(this.acceleration);
this.acceleration.set(0,0);
this.location.add(this.velocity);
this.alpha -= this.rate ;
// here is the recursion condition
if(this.alpha<=this.palpha*0.25 && this.palpha>10) {
p.add(new Particle(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.rate*0.25, this.palpha*0.5, this.text));
}
}
//show the particles
void show(){
noStroke() ;
fill(0,35,25, this.alpha);
//render the ellipse
ellipse(this.location.x, this.location.y, this.amp, this.amp);
// render the text
textSize(this.amp * 6);
text(this.text, this.location.x, this.location.y);
}
} // end particle class
(Note that you can choose not to render the ellipses and you can tweak the text size to something that makes more sense aesthetically. Also, when you're using other people's code, always credit them.)

is there a way i can animate a polyline?

Something similar to a pulsing ring around a marker. What I want to achieve is this...
I have many polylines all having Lat/Lng. At a time t, a user can decide to pick any polyline of their choosing. I get their current real-time location coordinates via Bluetooth. I want to use that location to determine how far they are from the polyline they have selected and depending on the distance, change/animate that polyline. I am using google maps API, android studio, kotlin
Here's a simple example - a method which takes a Polyline instance and a handler (must be on main looper) and begins a repeating update to the polyline width.
(Added the Kotlin)
private lateinit var polyline: Polyline;
private lateinit var handler : Handler;
override fun onMapReady(googleMap: GoogleMap) {
mMap = googleMap
var ptlist = ArrayList<LatLng>();
// add polyline
ptlist.add(LatLng(40.437761, -3.704751));
ptlist.add(LatLng( 40.405072, -3.678678));
ptlist.add(LatLng( 40.397158, -3.742706));
ptlist.add(LatLng(40.437761, -3.704751));
handler = Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
polyline = mMap.addPolyline(PolylineOptions().addAll(ptlist));
val runnableCode = object: Runnable {
override fun run() {
var w = polyline.width;
w = w + 0.5f;
if (w > 25.0) {
w = 1.0f;
}
polyline.setWidth(w);
handler.postDelayed(this, 50);
}
}
mMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(LatLng(40.415521, -3.700995), 12f));
handler.postDelayed(runnableCode, 50);
}
In this example, the witdh of polyline p will vary from [25.0 1.0] incrementing by 0.5 every 200 milliseconds. When it reaches the maximum width it is reset to a width of 1.0. The original width is ignored.
Obviously change the parameters as needed - or make it pulse in and out.
(Java equivalent - animation parameters different.)
public void pulsePolyline(final Polyline p, final Handler h)
{
h.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
#Override
public void run() {
float w = p.getWidth();
w = (w + 0.1);
if (w > 10.0) w = 1.0;
p.setWidth(w);
h.postDelayed(this, 200);
}
}, 200);
}
Note the handler must be from the main thread (or looper) as in:
new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper())

Efficient floor/ceiling rendering in Raycaster

I am working on my Raycaster engine for some time, that I am runing on slower machines.
The most challenging problem I occures was/is the efficient floor and ceiling casting.
My question is:
what other faster approached can I use?
(I am not sure how Doom floors and ceilings are rendered)
So far I tried two typical solutions:
verical and horizontal - casting as described in well know lodev tutorial: https://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting2.html
The horizontal approach is of course much faster, but I additionally optimized it with fixed point variables.
Unfortunately even that approach is a performance killer - quite big fps drop even on faster cpus, and an slower cpus its a bottle neck.
My other ideas:
I figure out an algorithm that was converting visible floor/ceiling map tiles to quads that I splitted to two triangles - and rasterized them as in regular scanline rasterizers. It was much faster - also I could sorted tiles by texture id to be more cache friendly. Unfortunately I got into "perspective correction texture mapping" in that case - to fix this I must add some divisions, that will lower the performacnce.. but also there are some optimalizations that can be done..
using horizontal casting with every 2 ray (in column, row or both) - i will fill the blank spaces with averaged texture coords
I could also try to combine my algorithm from 1 point with horizontal casting - I could sort the textures by ID then for example, I think that there would be no texture distortions
mode 7 ?
my progres so far:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3zA2Wh0NB4
EDIT (1):
The Floor and Ceiling rednering code (based od lodev tutorial the horizontal approach)
but optimized with fixed point. Ceil calculations are mirrored to floor.
https://lodev.org/cgtutor/raycasting2.html
This approach is faster than the vertical approach, butlots of calculations is inner loop and random accesing to texture pixels hits the performance..
inline void RC_Raycast_Floor_Ceiling()
{
// get local copy of RC_level_textures
sBM_Bitmap* level_textures = RC_level_textures;
// ray direction for leftmost ray (x = 0) and rightmost ray (x = width)
float32 r_dx0 = RC_pp_dx - RC_pp_nsize_x_d2;
float32 r_dy0 = RC_pp_dy - RC_pp_nsize_y_d2;
//float32 r_dx1 = RC_pp_dx + RC_pp_nsize_x_d2;
//float32 r_dy1 = RC_pp_dy + RC_pp_nsize_y_d2;
// precalculated helpers for performance
float32 r_dx1_m_dx0_div_width = (RC_pp_nsize_x_d2 + RC_pp_nsize_x_d2) * RC_render_width__1div__f;
float32 r_dy1_m_dy0_div_width = (RC_pp_nsize_y_d2 + RC_pp_nsize_y_d2) * RC_render_width__1div__f;
int16 ray_y = -1;
u_int16 ray_y_counter = RC_render_height__i;
u_int8* walls_buffer__ptr = RC_walls_buffer;
// casting floor and ceiling - horizontal line by line - from left to right
while(ray_y_counter)
{
ray_y++;
ray_y_counter--;
// dont go further if the current floor/ceil scanline line won't be visible
if (ray_y >= RC_walls_start)
{
break;
if (ray_y < RC_walls_end)
{
ray_y = RC_walls_end;
ray_y_counter = RC_walls_start - 1;
walls_buffer__ptr += ((RC_walls_end - RC_walls_start) * RC_render_width__i);
continue;
}
}
// whether this section is floor or ceiling
u_int8 is_floor = ray_y > RC_render_height__div2__i;
// current ray y position compared to the center of the screen (the horizon)
float32 ry_pos = (float32)(is_floor ? (ray_y - RC_render_height__div2__i) : (RC_render_height__div2__i - ray_y));
// vertical position of projection plane, 0.5 is between floor and ceiling
float32 pp_z = (float32)(is_floor ? (RC_render_height__div2__i) : (RC_render_height__div2__i));
float32 straight_distance_to_point = pp_z / ry_pos;
// calculate the real world step vector we have to add for each x (parallel to camera plane)
// adding step by step avoids multiplications with a weight in the inner loop
float32 floor_step_x = straight_distance_to_point * r_dx1_m_dx0_div_width;
float32 floor_step_y = straight_distance_to_point * r_dy1_m_dy0_div_width;
float32 floor_x = RC_player_x + straight_distance_to_point * r_dx0;
float32 floor_y = RC_player_y + straight_distance_to_point * r_dy0;
// convert that values to fixed point
int32 floor_x__fp = (int32)(floor_x * 65536.0f);
int32 floor_y__fp = (int32)(floor_y * 65536.0f);
int32 floor_step_x__fp = (int32)(floor_step_x * 65536.0f);
int32 floor_step_y__fp = (int32)(floor_step_y * 65536.0f);
u_int32 ry_m_render_width = ray_y * RC_render_width__i;
u_int32 ry_m_render_width_i_mirror = (RC_render_height__i- ray_y-1) * RC_render_width__i;
int16 ray_x = -1;
u_int16 ray_x_counter = RC_render_width__i;
sLV_Cell* level_map = RC_level->map;
// drawing floor and ceiling from left to right
while(ray_x_counter)
{
ray_x++;
ray_x_counter--;
floor_x__fp += floor_step_x__fp;
floor_y__fp += floor_step_y__fp;
if (*walls_buffer__ptr != 0)
{
walls_buffer__ptr++;
continue;
}
walls_buffer__ptr++;
u_int32 output_pixel_index = ray_x + ry_m_render_width;
u_int32 output_pixel_index_mirror = ray_x + ry_m_render_width_i_mirror;
// the cell coord is simply got from the integer parts of floorX and floorY
u_int32 curr_cell_x = (floor_x__fp & FP_INTEGER_MASK_16) >> 16;
u_int32 curr_cell_y = (floor_y__fp & FP_INTEGER_MASK_16) >> 16;
// prevent overflow
// curr_cell_x &= LV_MAP_SIZE_m1;
// curr_cell_y &= LV_MAP_SIZE_m1;
u_int32 texture_pixel_x = (floor_x__fp & FP_FRACTION_MASK_16) >> 9;
u_int32 texture_pixel_y = (floor_y__fp & FP_FRACTION_MASK_16) >> 9;
u_int32 cell_index = curr_cell_x + (curr_cell_y << LV_MAP_SIZE_BITSHIFT);
// get the texture index depending on the cell
u_int32 texture_index;
/* if (is_floor)
{
texture_index = level_map[cell_index].floor_id;
}
else
{
texture_index = level_map[cell_index].ceil_id;
}*/
texture_index = level_map[cell_index].ceil_id;
// get pixel coords in texture
u_int32 tex_index = texture_pixel_x + (texture_pixel_y << 7);
u_int32 texture_current_pixel = level_textures[0].pixels[tex_index];
RC_output_buffer_32[output_pixel_index] = texture_current_pixel;
texture_index = level_map[cell_index].floor_id;
texture_current_pixel = level_textures[texture_index].pixels[tex_index];
RC_output_buffer_32[output_pixel_index_mirror] = texture_current_pixel;
}
}
}
I will refer my ray cast engine so here some stuff that will help you understand it. Lets start with class declarations:
const int _Doom3D_mipmaps=8; // number of mipmaps for texture
const DWORD _Doom3D_edit_cell_size=4; // [pixel] 2D map cell size
const DWORD _Doom3D_cell_size=100; // [units] cell cube size
// heigh ceil floor wall
const DWORD _Doom3D_cell_floor=( 0<<24)|( 0<<16)|(18<<8)|(39);
const DWORD _Doom3D_cell_wall =(_Doom3D_cell_size<<24)|( 0<<16)|( 0<<8)|(39);
class Texture2D // 2D textures
{
public:
Graphics::TBitmap *bmp;
int xs,ys; DWORD **pyx;
Texture2D() { bmp=new Graphics::TBitmap; xs=0; ys=0; pyx=NULL; resize(1,1); }
Texture2D(Texture2D& a) { *this=a; }
~Texture2D() { free(); if (bmp) delete bmp; bmp=NULL; }
Texture2D* operator = (const Texture2D *a) { *this=*a; return this; }
Texture2D* operator = (const Texture2D &a) { bmp->Assign(a.bmp); resize(); return this; }
void free() { if (pyx) delete[] pyx; xs=0; ys=0; pyx=NULL; }
void resize(int _xs=-1,int _ys=-1) { free(); if ((_xs<0)||(_ys<0)) { _xs=bmp->Width; _ys=bmp->Height; } else bmp->SetSize(_xs,_ys); bmp->HandleType=bmDIB; bmp->PixelFormat=pf32bit; pyx=new DWORD* [_ys]; for (int y=0;y<_ys;y++) pyx[y]=(DWORD*)bmp->ScanLine[y]; xs=bmp->Width; ys=bmp->Height; }
void load(AnsiString name) { AnsiString ext=ExtractFileExt(name).LowerCase(); for(;;) { if (ext==".bmp") { bmp->LoadFromFile(name); break; } if (ext==".jpg") { TJPEGImage *jpg=new TJPEGImage; if (jpg==NULL) return; jpg->LoadFromFile(name); bmp->Assign(jpg); delete jpg; break; } return; } resize(); }
};
class Doom3D
{
public:
Texture2D map,map2,scr,sky; // map, map preview, screen, sky texture
Texture2D txr[_Doom3D_mipmaps],*ptxr;// texture atlas with mipmas, actual mipmap for rendering scan lines
DWORD sxs2,sys2; // screen half resolution
DWORD tn,tm; // number of textures in texture atlas, number of mipmaps used
BYTE liH[256],liV[256],liF[256]; // shading LUT for H,V,floor/ceiling (light scaled shades of gray)
int scale_x;
bool _no_mipmap;
struct _player
{
double a; // player view direction [rad]
double x0,y0,z0; // old player position [cell]
double x, y, z; // player position [cell]
double vx,vy,vz; // player speed [cell/s]
double ax,ay,az; // player acceleration [cell/s]
void update(double dt)
{
x0=x; vx+=ax*dt; x+=vx*dt;
y0=y; vy+=ay*dt; y+=vy*dt;
z0=z; vz+=az*dt; z+=vz*dt;
}
_player() { a=x=y=z=vx=vy=vz=ax=ay=az=0.0; }
_player(_player& a) { *this=a; }
~_player() {};
_player* operator = (const _player *a) { *this=*a; return this; }
//_player* operator = (const _player &a) { ..copy... return this; }
} plr;
double view_ang; // [rad] view angle
double focus; // [cells] view focal length
double wall; // [px] projected wall size ratio size = height*wall/distance
struct _ray
{
int x,y; // cell map position
double ang; // ray angle
double x0,y0,l0; // cell first hit
double x1,y1,l1; // cell second hit
int sx; // screen x coordinate
int sy0,sy1; // screen y coordinates of V scanline to render
char tp0,tp1; // H/V hit type
DWORD map; // map cell of hit or 0xFFFFFFFF
_ray() {};
_ray(_ray& a) { *this=a; }
~_ray() {};
_ray* operator = (const _ray *a) { *this=*a; return this; }
//_ray* operator = (const _ray &a) { ..copy... return this; }
};
keytab keys; // keyboard handler
DWORD txr_wall; // map editor
DWORD txr_floor;
DWORD txr_ceil;
DWORD cell_h;
DWORD *txr_mode; AnsiString txr_mode_txt;
Doom3D();
Doom3D(Doom3D& a) { *this=a; }
~Doom3D();
Doom3D* operator = (const Doom3D *a) { *this=*a; return this; }
//Doom3D* operator = (const Doom3D &a) { ..copy... return this; }
void map_resize(DWORD xs,DWORD ys); // change map resolution
void map_clear(); // clear whole map
void map_save(AnsiString name); // save map to file
void map_load(AnsiString name); // load map from file
void scr_resize(DWORD xs,DWORD ys); // resize view
void txr_mipmap(); // generate mipmaps for txr
bool cell2screen(int &sx,int &sy,double x,double y,double z); // [pixel] <- [cell] return tru if in front of player
void draw_scanline(int sx,int sy0,int sy1, int symin,int tx0,int ty0,int tx1,int ty1,BYTE *li); // render screen y-scan line from texture (sub routine)
void draw_scanline(int sx,int sy0,int sy1,int sz0,int sz1,int symin,int tx0,int ty0,int tx1,int ty1,BYTE *li); // render screen y-scan line from texture (sub routine)
void draw_cell(_ray &p); // render actual cell hit by ray p (sub routine)
void draw(); // render view
void update(double dt); // update game logic (call in timer with interval dt [s])
void mouse(double x,double y,TShiftState sh) // editor mouse handler
{
keys.setm(x,y,sh); // mx,my mouse screen pos [pixels]
x=floor(x/_Doom3D_edit_cell_size); //if (x>=map.xs) x=map.xs-1; if (x<0) x=0;
y=floor(y/_Doom3D_edit_cell_size); //if (y>=map.ys) y=map.ys-1; if (y<0) y=0;
DWORD xx=x,yy=y;
if ((xx>=0)&&(xx<map.xs)&&(yy>=0)&&(yy<map.ys)) keys.setk(xx,yy,sh); // kx,ky mouse map pos [cells]
xx=keys.kx; yy=keys.ky;
if (keys.Shift.Contains(ssLeft )) map.pyx[yy][xx]=(txr_wall)|(txr_floor<<8)|(txr_ceil<<16)|(cell_h<<24);
if (keys.Shift.Contains(ssRight )) map.pyx[yy][xx]=0xFFFFFFFF;
if (keys.Shift.Contains(ssMiddle))
{
DWORD c=map.pyx[yy][xx];
txr_wall =c &0xFF;
txr_floor=(c>> 8)&0xFF;
txr_ceil =(c>>16)&0xFF;
cell_h =(c>>24)&0xFF;
}
keys.rfsmouse();
}
void wheel(int delta,TShiftState sh) // editor mouse wheel handler
{
if (sh.Contains(ssShift))
{
if (delta<0) { cell_h-=10; if (cell_h>_Doom3D_cell_size) cell_h=0; }
if (delta>0) { cell_h+=10; if (cell_h>_Doom3D_cell_size) cell_h=_Doom3D_cell_size; }
}
else{
if (delta<0) { (*txr_mode)--; if (*txr_mode>=tn) *txr_mode=tn-1; }
if (delta>0) { (*txr_mode)++; if (*txr_mode==tn) *txr_mode= 0; }
}
}
};
The full code (without any helper files) is ~27.7 KByte so it would not fit with answer. Its old version (without floor/ceiling/top of walls) is here:
Ray Casting with different height size
Its more complicated than yours as it allows walls with different heights and separate texture for wall, floor and ceiling (however ceiling is not implemented yet I used cloud texture instead) and also jumps (z position of player).
The geometry of map and projections are the same as in the link above. Here a helper function that convert between 2.5D map position and screen (so you know what math is used):
bool Doom3D::cell2screen(int &sx,int &sy,double x,double y,double z)
{
double a,l;
// x,y relative to player
x-=plr.x;
y-=plr.y;
// convert z from [cell] to units
z*=_Doom3D_cell_size;
// angle -> sx
a=atanxy(x,y)-plr.a;
if (a<-pi) a+=pi2;
if (a>+pi) a-=pi2;
sx=double(sxs2)*(1.0+(2.0*a/view_ang));
// perpendicular distance -> sy
l=sqrt((x*x)+(y*y))*cos(a);
sy=sys2+divide((double((2.0*plr.z+1.0)*_Doom3D_cell_size)-z-z)*wall,l);
// in front of player?
return (fabs(a)<=0.5*pi);
}
The function itself is used only for HUD of editor (highlight selected map cell in 2.5D view) the sxs2,sys2 is the center of screen (half of resolution sxs,sys) and wall is used to manage the perspective projection computed like this:
void Doom3D::scr_resize(DWORD xs,DWORD ys)
{
scr.resize(xs,ys);
sxs2=scr.xs>>1;
sys2=scr.ys>>1;
// aspect ratio,view angle corrections
double a=90.0*deg-view_ang;
wall=double(scr.xs)*(1.25+(0.288*a)+(2.04*a*a))*focus/double(_Doom3D_cell_size);
}
In my engine the ray is tested in more like ray march manner as it does not stop on first hit, but on first hit that covers whole wall size (so rays can pass through smaller walls that do not block whole view which also render the ground tiles along the way).
As your engine does not do this and have full size walls only you will have just single hit instead.
Now finally get back to your question. I see 2 ways of improvement:
use result of the ray from wall test instead of casting floor/ceiling ray
As you want to have separate tiles on ceiling and floor then you should use ray marching like ray cast. Meaning cast one ray per each column of screen and iterate it by all map cell crossings until a wall is hit. However instead of rendering only on wall hit you have to render on each cell hit. Something like on this image:
So red line is cast ray (orange is just a mirror). Each rendered cell of map is hit with the ray in 2 points. You should know the map cell position of each hit and also its screen coordinate from the ray casting. So you just need to add the perpendicular distance to camera and render the line segment as a perspective correct interpolated textured line for floor and ceiling. The wall is always just vertical non perspective textured line. The texture coordinates are taken from the map position of hit (fractional part of coordinates). In code its a bit messy but here it is:
void Doom3D::draw_scanline(int sx,int sy0,int sy1,int symin,int tx0,int ty0,int tx1,int ty1,BYTE *li)
{
// affine texture mapping (front side of walls) sy0>sy1
union { DWORD dd; BYTE db[4]; } cc;
int sy,tx,ty,ktx,kty,dtx,dty,ctx,cty,dsy;
dsy=sy1-sy0; if (dsy<0) dsy=-dsy;
ktx=0; dtx=tx1-tx0; if (dtx>0) ktx=+1; else { ktx=-1; dtx=-dtx; } tx=tx0; ctx=0;
kty=0; dty=ty1-ty0; if (dty>0) kty=+1; else { kty=-1; dty=-dty; } ty=ty0; cty=0;
if (dsy) for (sy=sy0;sy>=sy1;sy--)
{
if ((sy>=0)&&(sy<scr.ys)&&(sy<=symin))
if ((tx>=0)&&(tx<ptxr->xs)&&(ty>=0)&&(ty<ptxr->ys))
{
cc.dd=ptxr->pyx[ty][tx];
cc.db[0]=li[cc.db[0]];
cc.db[1]=li[cc.db[1]];
cc.db[2]=li[cc.db[2]];
scr.pyx[sy][sx]=cc.dd;
}
for (ctx+=dtx;ctx>=dsy;) { ctx-=dsy; tx+=ktx; }
for (cty+=dty;cty>=dsy;) { cty-=dsy; ty+=kty; }
}
}
void Doom3D::draw_scanline(int sx,int sy0,int sy1,int sz0,int sz1,int symin,int tx0,int ty0,int tx1,int ty1,BYTE *li)
{
// perspective correct mapping (floor, top side of walls, ceiling) sy0>sy1
union { DWORD dd; BYTE db[4]; } cc;
int sy,tx,ty,dsy,dtx,dty,n,dn;
int a,_z0,_z1,_tx;
const int acc0=16;
const int acc1=8;
_tx=tx0-(tx0%ptxr->ys);
tx0-=_tx;
tx1-=_tx;
dsy=sy1-sy0; dn=abs(dsy);
dtx=tx1-tx0;
dty=ty1-ty0;
if (sz0==0) return; _z0=(1<<acc0)/sz0;
if (sz1==0) return; _z1=(1<<acc0)/sz1;
if (dn) for (n=0;n<=dn;n++)
{
sy=sy0+((n*dsy)/dn);
a=((n<<acc1)*_z1)/(((dn-n)*_z0)+(n*_z1)); // perspective correction a=<0,1<<acc1> (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture_mapping)
tx=tx0+((a*dtx)>>acc1)+_tx;
ty=ty0+((a*dty)>>acc1);
if ((sy>=0)&&(sy<scr.ys)&&(sy<=symin))
if ((tx>=0)&&(tx<ptxr->xs)&&(ty>=0)&&(ty<ptxr->ys))
{
cc.dd=ptxr->pyx[ty][tx];
cc.db[0]=li[cc.db[0]];
cc.db[1]=li[cc.db[1]];
cc.db[2]=li[cc.db[2]];
scr.pyx[sy][sx]=cc.dd;
}
}
}
void Doom3D::draw_cell(_ray &p)
{
BYTE *li;
DWORD m;
int tx0,tx1,ty0,ty1,sy,sy0,sy1,sy2,sy3,sz0,sz1,q;
int sy4,sy5;
//sy0>=sy1
sy0=sys2+divide(double((1.0+2.0*plr.z)*_Doom3D_cell_size)*wall,p.l0);
sy1=sy0 -divide(double((p.map>>24)<<1 )*wall,p.l0);
sy2=sys2+divide(double((1.0+2.0*plr.z)*_Doom3D_cell_size)*wall,p.l1);
sy3=sy2 -divide(double((p.map>>24)<<1 )*wall,p.l1);
sy4=sys2-divide(double((1.0-2.0*plr.z)*_Doom3D_cell_size)*wall,p.l1);
sy5=sys2-divide(double((1.0-2.0*plr.z)*_Doom3D_cell_size)*wall,p.l0);
sz0=double(p.l0*_Doom3D_cell_size);
sz1=double(p.l1*_Doom3D_cell_size);
// select mipmap resolution
ty0=divide(double(_Doom3D_cell_size<<1)*wall,p.l0);
for (q=tm-1;q>=0;q--)
{
ptxr=txr+q;
if (ty0<=ptxr->ys) break;
}
if (_no_mipmap) ptxr=txr;
// mouse select
if (p.sx==round(keys.mx))
if (keys.my>=sy3)
if (keys.my<=sy0)
if ((keys.my>=map2.ys)||(keys.mx>=map2.xs))
{
keys.kx=p.x;
keys.ky=p.y;
}
if ((p.map&0xFF)==0xFF) { sy1=sy0; sy3=sy2; }
// wall
if ((sy1<p.sy1)&&((p.map&0xFF)!=0xFF))
{
tx0=ptxr->ys*(p.map&0xFF);
if (p.tp0=='H') { li=liH; tx0+=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.x0-floor(p.x0))); }
if (p.tp0=='V') { li=liV; tx0+=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.y0-floor(p.y0))); }
draw_scanline(p.sx,sy0,sy1,p.sy1,tx0,0,tx0,((p.map>>24)*(ptxr->ys-1))/_Doom3D_cell_size,li);
p.sy1=sy1;
}
// ceiling
if ((p.map&0xFF0000)!=0xFF0000)
{
q=ptxr->ys*((p.map>>16)&0xFF);
tx0=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.x0-double(p.x)))+q;
ty0=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.y0-double(p.y)));
tx1=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.x1-double(p.x)))+q;
ty1=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.y1-double(p.y)));
draw_scanline(p.sx,sy5,sy4,sz0,sz1,p.sy1,tx0,ty0,tx1,ty1,liF);
}
// floor/top side
if ((sy3<p.sy1)&&((p.map&0xFF00)!=0xFF00))
{
q=ptxr->ys*((p.map>>8)&0xFF);
tx0=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.x0-double(p.x)))+q;
ty0=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.y0-double(p.y)));
tx1=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.x1-double(p.x)))+q;
ty1=double(double(ptxr->ys-1)*(p.y1-double(p.y)));
draw_scanline(p.sx,sy1,sy3,sz0,sz1,p.sy1,tx0,ty0,tx1,ty1,liF);
p.sy1=sy3;
}
if (sy3<p.sy1) p.sy1=sy3;
}
void Doom3D::draw()
{
tbeg();
_ray p;
DWORD x,y,c,m;
DWORD mx,mx0,mx1;
DWORD my,my0,my1;
double a,a0,da,dx,dy,l;
double xx0,yy0,dx0,dy0,ll0,dl0;
double xx1,yy1,dx1,dy1,ll1,dl1;
// compute diffuse + ambient lighting LUT (light scaled shades of gray)
c=155.0+fabs(100.0*sin( plr.a)); for (x=0;x<256;x++) liH[x]=(x*c)>>8; // H wall
c=155.0+fabs(100.0*cos( plr.a)); for (x=0;x<256;x++) liV[x]=(x*c)>>8; // V wall
c=155.0+fabs(100.0*cos(30.0*deg)); for (x=0;x<256;x++) liF[x]=(x*c)>>8; // floor, wall top side
// [2D map]
m=_Doom3D_edit_cell_size;
for (my0=0,my1=m,y=0;y<map.ys;y++,my0=my1,my1+=m) // map.pyx[][]
for (mx0=0,mx1=m,x=0;x<map.xs;x++,mx0=mx1,mx1+=m)
{
c=0x00010101*((0x40+(0x40*(map.pyx[y][x]>>24)))/_Doom3D_cell_size);
for (my=my0;my<my1;my++)
for (mx=mx0;mx<mx1;mx++)
map2.pyx[my][mx]=c;
}
c=0x00202020; // map grid
for (y=0;y<map2.ys;y+=m) for (x=0;x<map2.xs;x++) map2.pyx[y][x]=c;
for (x=0;x<map2.xs;x+=m) for (y=0;y<map2.ys;y++) map2.pyx[y][x]=c;
x=keys.kx*m; // selected cell
y=keys.ky*m;
map2.bmp->Canvas->Pen->Color=0x0020FFFF;
map2.bmp->Canvas->MoveTo(x ,y );
map2.bmp->Canvas->LineTo(x+m,y );
map2.bmp->Canvas->LineTo(x+m,y+m);
map2.bmp->Canvas->LineTo(x ,y+m);
map2.bmp->Canvas->LineTo(x ,y );
map2.bmp->Canvas->Pen->Mode=pmMerge;
// [cast rays]
a0=plr.a-(0.5*view_ang);
da=divide(view_ang,scr.xs-1);
da*=scale_x;
for (a=a0,x=0;x<scr.xs;x+=scale_x,a+=da)
{
// grid V-line hits
ll0=1.0e20; dl0=0.0; dx0=cos(a); const char tp0='V';
if (dx0<0.0) { xx0=floor(plr.x); dx0=-1.0; }
if (dx0>0.0) { xx0=ceil (plr.x); dx0=+1.0; }
if (fabs(dx0)>1e-6) { dy0=tan(a); yy0=plr.y+((xx0-plr.x)*dy0); dy0*=dx0; dx=xx0-plr.x; dy=yy0-plr.y; ll0=sqrt((dx*dx)+(dy*dy)); dl0=sqrt((dx0*dx0)+(dy0*dy0)); }
// grid H-line hits
ll1=1.0e20; dl1=0.0; dy1=sin(a); const char tp1='H';
if (dy1<0.0) { yy1=floor(plr.y); dy1=-1.0; }
if (dy1>0.0) { yy1=ceil (plr.y); dy1=+1.0; }
if (fabs(dy1)>1e-6) { dx1=divide(1.0,tan(a)); xx1=plr.x+((yy1-plr.y)*dx1); dx1*=dy1; dx=xx1-plr.x; dy=yy1-plr.y; ll1=sqrt((dx*dx)+(dy*dy)); dl1=sqrt((dx1*dx1)+(dy1*dy1)); }
p.ang=a;
p.sx =x;
p.sy0=scr.ys;
p.sy1=scr.ys;
// first hit
if (ll0<ll1){ p.tp0=tp0; p.x0=xx0; p.y0=yy0; p.l0=ll0; xx0+=dx0; yy0+=dy0; ll0+=dl0; }
else { p.tp0=tp1; p.x0=xx1; p.y0=yy1; p.l0=ll1; xx1+=dx1; yy1+=dy1; ll1+=dl1; }
p.l0*=cos(p.ang-plr.a); // anti fish eye
p.map=0xFFFFFFFF; p.x=p.x0; p.y=p.y0;
for (;;)
{
// closest hit
if (ll0<ll1) { p.tp1=tp0; p.x1=xx0; p.y1=yy0; p.l1=ll0; xx0+=dx0; yy0+=dy0; ll0+=dl0; }
else { p.tp1=tp1; p.x1=xx1; p.y1=yy1; p.l1=ll1; xx1+=dx1; yy1+=dy1; ll1+=dl1; }
p.x=floor(0.5*(p.x0+p.x1)); // actaul cell position
p.y=floor(0.5*(p.y0+p.y1));
p.l1*=cos(p.ang-plr.a); // anti fish eye
// edge of map crossed?
if ((p.x>=0)&&(p.x<map.xs)&&(p.y>=0)&&(p.y<map.ys)) p.map=map.pyx[p.y][p.x]; else break;
// render
draw_cell(p); // scan line
if (p.sy1<=0) break; // scan line reached top of screen
// prepare next cell position
p.tp0=p.tp1; p.x0=p.x1; p.y0=p.y1; p.l0=p.l1;
}
// copy skiped scan lines
for (mx=1;mx<scale_x;mx++)
if (x+mx<scr.xs)
for (y=0;y<scr.ys;y++)
scr.pyx[y][x+mx]=scr.pyx[y][x];
// render map ray
if (x==sxs2) map2.bmp->Canvas->Pen->Color=0x000000FF;
if ((x==0)||(x==sxs2+scale_x)) map2.bmp->Canvas->Pen->Color=0x00002020;
map2.bmp->Canvas->MoveTo(plr.x*m,plr.y*m);
map2.bmp->Canvas->LineTo(p.x1*m,p.y1*m);
}
map2.bmp->Canvas->Pen->Mode=pmCopy;
map2.bmp->Canvas->Pen->Color=0x000000FF;
map2.bmp->Canvas->Brush->Color=0x000000FF;
c=focus*m;
map2.bmp->Canvas->Ellipse(plr.x*m-c,plr.y*m-c,plr.x*m+c,plr.y*m+c);
scr.bmp->Canvas->Draw(0,0,map2.bmp);
// ... here HUD and info texts continues I skipped it to keep this simple
}
render floor and ceiling without per pixel of row/col raycast
Simple ray casters do use non textured floor/ceiling which makes this simple just render half of screen with sky and the other with ground color before rendering the walls (or after it if rendered walls start and end is remembered):
something like this in code:
int x,y,sxs=sxs2<<1,sys=sys2<<1;
// simple color sky/ceiling
for (y=0;y<sys2;y++)
for (x=0;x<sxs;x++)
scr.pyx[y][x]=0x000080FF;
for (y=sys2;y<sys;y++)
for (x=0;x<sxs;x++)
scr.pyx[y][x]=0x00404040;
To make this more nice usually for outdoor parts of map sky texture is added that covers the ceiling. It does not move with player just rotates. So you can map a sky textured quad to upper half of view that just rotates with -plr.a Here overview of the geometry:
The bigger radius R is half of texture resolution and the smaller I empirically compute by r=R*sin(0.5*view_ang) as its looking best to me (however the true value should be computed from screen aspect ratio and perspective focal length and view_ang).
Here some code for this:
const int x0=0,x1=sxs2<<1,y0=0,y1=sys2,y2=sys2<<1;
int sx[4]={x0,x0,x1,x1},
sy[4]={y0,y1,y1,y0},
tx[4],ty[4],dx,dy;
float a,r,R;
R=sky.xs>>1; // sky texture inscribed circle radius
r=R*sin(0.5*view_ang); // smaller radius (visible portion of sky)
dx=sky.xs>>1; // mid of sky texture
dy=sky.ys>>1;
a=plr.a-(0.5*view_ang);
tx[0]=float(R*cos(a))+dx;
ty[0]=float(R*sin(a))+dy;
a=plr.a-(0.5*view_ang);
tx[1]=float(r*cos(a))+dx;
ty[1]=float(r*sin(a))+dy;
a=plr.a+(0.5*view_ang);
tx[2]=float(r*cos(a))+dx;
ty[2]=float(r*sin(a))+dy;
a=plr.a+(0.5*view_ang);
tx[3]=float(R*cos(a))+dx;
ty[3]=float(R*sin(a))+dy;
polygon2D(scr,sky,sx,sy,tx,ty,4);
The ground (and indoor ceiling) can be done similarly but the radius R must be a fraction of whole texture. The player position in map must be scaled to texture half size - R and added to the texture coordinates. However the texture resolution must be big enough otherwise it will not look as good (Ideally the empty space should match the resolution of your map size * wall texture resolution... So if R is half the empty space will be also R then its done like this:
const int x0=0,x1=sxs2<<1,y0=0,y1=sys2,y2=sys2<<1;
int sx[4]={x0,x0,x1,x1},
sy[4]={y1,y2,y2,y1},
tx[4],ty[4],i,dx,dy,dr;
float a,r,R;
R=sky.xs>>2; // sky texture inscribed circle radius /2 so empty space is also R
r=R*sin(0.5*view_ang); // smaller radius (visible portion of sky)
dx=sky.xs>>1; // mid of sky texture
dy=sky.ys>>1;
a=float(R)/float(map.xs); // add player position skaled to empty space
dx+=float(plr.x*a);
dy+=float(plr.y*a);
a=plr.a-(0.5*view_ang);
tx[0]=float(R*cos(a))+dx;
ty[0]=float(R*sin(a))+dy;
a=plr.a-(0.5*view_ang);
tx[1]=float(r*cos(a))+dx;
ty[1]=float(r*sin(a))+dy;
a=plr.a+(0.5*view_ang);
tx[2]=float(r*cos(a))+dx;
ty[2]=float(r*sin(a))+dy;
a=plr.a+(0.5*view_ang);
tx[3]=float(R*cos(a))+dx;
ty[3]=float(R*sin(a))+dy;
polygon2D(scr,sky,sx,sy,tx,ty,4);
In case you want to use smaller textures then your polygon rendering must be capable of handling texture coordinates like GL_REPEAT in OpenGL. The function polygon2D(scr,sky,sx,sy,tx,ty,4) is just simple/ugly/slow/unoptimized 2D textured polygon render I bustled yesterday just to test this (as I did not want to mess my optimized rendering routines for #1 methods which support only scan lines instead of polygons anyway) where sx,sy are array of screen coordinates, tx,ty are arrays f texture coordinates, 4 is number of vertexes and scr,txr are target and source textures. The code is just a port of this fill_quad without the shadings and SSD1306 related stuff. Here full code:
const int ys_max=1024;
int bufl_vx[ys_max],bufr_vx[ys_max];
int bufl_tx[ys_max],bufr_tx[ys_max];
int bufl_ty[ys_max],bufr_ty[ys_max];
void _fill2D_line(Texture2D &scr,Texture2D &txr,int vx0,int vy0,int tx0,int ty0,int vx1,int vy1,int tx1,int ty1)
{
int *bvx,*btx,*bty;
int i,n,cvx,cvy,ctx,cty,svx,svy,stx,sty;
// target buffer depend on y direction (before point ordering)
if (vy0<vy1){ bvx=bufl_vx; btx=bufl_tx; bty=bufl_ty; }
else { bvx=bufr_vx; btx=bufr_tx; bty=bufr_ty; }
// order points so joined edges are interpolated the same way
if (vx0>vx1)
{
i=vx0; vx0=vx1; vx1=i;
i=vy0; vy0=vy1; vy1=i;
i=tx0; tx0=tx1; tx1=i;
i=ty0; ty0=ty1; ty1=i;
}
// line DDA parameters
vx1-=vx0; svx=0; if (vx1>0) svx=+1; if (vx1<0) { svx=-1; vx1=-vx1; } if (vx1) vx1++; n=vx1;
vy1-=vy0; svy=0; if (vy1>0) svy=+1; if (vy1<0) { svy=-1; vy1=-vy1; } if (vy1) vy1++; if (n<vy1) n=vy1;
tx1-=tx0; stx=0; if (tx1>0) stx=+1; if (tx1<0) { stx=-1; tx1=-tx1; } if (tx1) tx1++; if (n<tx1) n=tx1;
ty1-=ty0; sty=0; if (ty1>0) sty=+1; if (ty1<0) { sty=-1; ty1=-ty1; } if (ty1) ty1++; if (n<ty1) n=ty1;
// single pixel (not a line)
if (!n)
{
if ((vy0>=0)&&(vy0<scr.ys))
{
bufl_vx[vy0]=vx0; bufl_tx[vy0]=tx0; bufl_ty[vy0]=ty0;
bufr_vx[vy0]=vx0; bufr_tx[vy0]=tx0; bufr_ty[vy0]=ty0;
}
return;
}
// horizontal line
if (svy==0) return;
// ND DDA algo i is parameter
for (cvx=cvy=ctx=cty=n,i=0;;)
{
if ((vy0>=0)&&(vy0<scr.ys)){ bvx[vy0]=vx0; btx[vy0]=tx0; bty[vy0]=ty0; }
i++; if (i>=n) break;
cvx-=vx1; if (cvx<=0){ cvx+=n; vx0+=svx; }
cvy-=vy1; if (cvy<=0){ cvy+=n; vy0+=svy; }
ctx-=tx1; if (ctx<=0){ ctx+=n; tx0+=stx; }
cty-=ty1; if (cty<=0){ cty+=n; ty0+=sty; }
}
}
void _fill2D(Texture2D &scr,Texture2D &txr,int Y0,int Y1)
{
int vx0,vx1,tx0,tx1,ty0,ty1;
int vy,i,n,cvx,ctx,cty,svx,stx,sty;
// fill horizontal lines
for (vy=Y0;vy<=Y1;vy++)
{
// horizontal line to render
vx0=bufl_vx[vy]; tx0=bufl_tx[vy]; ty0=bufl_ty[vy];
vx1=bufr_vx[vy]; tx1=bufr_tx[vy]; ty1=bufr_ty[vy];
if ((vx0< 0)||(vx1< 0)) continue;
if ((vx0< 0)&&(vx1< 0)) continue;
if ((vx0>=scr.xs)&&(vx1>=scr.xs)) continue;
// line DDA parameters
vx1-=vx0; svx=0; if (vx1>0) svx=+1; if (vx1<0) { svx=-1; vx1=-vx1; } if (vx1) vx1++; n=vx1;
tx1-=tx0; stx=0; if (tx1>0) stx=+1; if (tx1<0) { stx=-1; tx1=-tx1; } if (tx1) tx1++; if (n<tx1) n=tx1;
ty1-=ty0; sty=0; if (ty1>0) sty=+1; if (ty1<0) { sty=-1; ty1=-ty1; } if (ty1) ty1++; if (n<ty1) n=ty1;
// single pixel (not a line)
if (!n)
{
if ((vx0>=0)&&(vx0<scr.xs)) scr.pyx[vy][vx0]=txr.pyx[ty0][tx0];
continue;
}
// ND DDA algo i is parameter
for (cvx=ctx=cty=n,i=0;;)
{
while (tx0<0) tx0+=txr.xs;
while (ty0<0) ty0+=txr.ys;
while (tx0>=txr.xs) tx0-=txr.xs;
while (ty0>=txr.ys) ty0-=txr.ys;
if ((vx0>=0)&&(vx0<scr.xs)) scr.pyx[vy][vx0]=txr.pyx[ty0][tx0];
i++; if (i>=n) break;
cvx-=vx1; if (cvx<=0){ cvx+=n; vx0+=svx; }
ctx-=tx1; if (ctx<=0){ ctx+=n; tx0+=stx; }
cty-=ty1; if (cty<=0){ cty+=n; ty0+=sty; }
}
}
}
void polygon2D(Texture2D &scr,Texture2D &txr,int *vx,int *vy,int *tx,int *ty,int n)
{
int i,j,y,Y0,Y1;
// y range to render
Y0=Y1=vy[0];
for (i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if (Y0>vy[i]) Y0=vy[i];
if (Y1<vy[i]) Y1=vy[i];
}
// clip to screen in y axis
if ((Y1<0)||(Y0>=scr.ys)) return;
if (Y0< 0) Y0= 0;
if (Y1>=scr.ys) Y1=scr.ys-1;
// clear buffers
for (y=Y0;y<=Y1;y++)
{
bufl_vx[y]=-1;
bufr_vx[y]=-1;
}
// render circumference
for (j=n-1,i=0;i<n;j=i,i++)
_fill2D_line(scr,txr,vx[i],vy[i],tx[i],ty[i],vx[j],vy[j],tx[j],ty[j]);
// fill horizontal lines
_fill2D(scr,txr,Y0,Y1);
}
And finally preview (using sky texture for both sky and ground):
The render does not have perspective correct interpolation but for single big texture its not a big problem. In case you want also jumps then you need recompute R,r with the use of z position of player or use Another option to compute the texture coordinates by simply casting 4 rays (one for each corner of half screen rectangle) and check where it hit map edges.
The math behind can be found in here:
Perspective Vision on Canvas
How to show visible part of planar world rendered with 3D perspective on topside 2D minimap?
However beware your perspective must match the ray cast otherwise alignment artifacts may occur (or ground move with slightly different speed than walls).

UITableViewController paging detect top

Am busy with paging, i got it right to detect the bottom of the table using the code below but how can i detect the top ?
protected bool IsAtBottomOfTable() {
var currentOffset =TableView.ContentOffset.Y;
var maximumOffset = TableView.ContentSize.Height -TableView.Frame.Size.Height;
return maximumOffset - currentOffset <= 10.00;
}
how can i detect the top ?
When tableview scrolls to the top, its ContentOffset.Y will be 0.
Solution
We can override Scrolled method with UIScrollViewDelegate.
((UIScrollView)table).Delegate = new MyScrollViewDelegate();
public class MyScrollViewDelegate:UIScrollViewDelegate {
public override void Scrolled(UIScrollView scrollView)
{
bool isTop = (scrollView.ContentOffset.Y <= 0);
}
}

how to drag/resize and rotate rectangle in paperjs?

I want to drag and resize a rectangle in paperjs, I also want to rotate the rectangle and resize it while maintaining its relative dimensions.
Ideally I'd like to do so with my mouse by dragging one of its corners (anchors). What mathematics or feature is helpful in doing this in paperjs?
I have tried this by using scaling and modifying the corners but it doesn't work as I want it to. Could someone point me to a solution?
Thanks in advance.
Here's a simple solution that should get you started. It doesn't handle rotation because I'm not sure how you envision the UI working, but by modifying the bounding box to resize the rectangle you should be able to rotate it without problems.
paperjs sketch
I decided to make up my own UI and go ahead and make the example more complicated to address as much of you question as I can without more information. Here's the new sketch:
new sketch
The UI is
click in rectangle to move it by dragging
click on a corner and drag to resize it
control-click on a corner to rotate it
It's a bit tricky to click the corners, but that's an exercise left to the reader. They are colored circles just to emphasize where each segment point of the Path is located.
Key points of the code:
Use the rectangle's bounds to scale. Path.Rectangle is not a rectangle as far as paper is concerned. It is four curves (which happen to be straight) connecting four segment points. When you need to work with a rectangle to get its center, top left, etc., you need a Rectangle. Scale the visible rectangle by using the rectangle's bounds (Path.Rectangle.bounds). The code illustrates the bounds with an additional aqua rectangle so it's visible (it's easiest to see when rotating).
onMouseDown() sets the state for onMouseDrag() and sets up data needed for each state, e.g., saving the scale base for resizing.
onMouseDrag() implements moving, resizing, and rotating.
tool.onMouseDrag = function(e) {
if (rect.data.state === 'moving') {
rect.position = rect.position + e.point - e.lastPoint;
adjustRect(rect);
} else if (rect.data.state === 'resizing') {
// scale by distance from down point
var bounds = rect.data.bounds;
var scale = e.point.subtract(bounds.center).length /
rect.data.scaleBase.length;
var tlVec = bounds.topLeft.subtract(bounds.center).multiply(scale);
var brVec = bounds.bottomRight.subtract(bounds.center).multiply(scale);
var newBounds = new Rectangle(tlVec + bounds.center, brVec + bounds.center);
rect.bounds = newBounds;
adjustRect(rect);
} else if (rect.data.state === 'rotating') {
// rotate by difference of angles, relative to center, of
// the last two points.
var center = rect.bounds.center;
var baseVec = center - e.lastPoint;
var nowVec = center - e.point;
var angle = nowVec.angle - baseVec.angle;
rect.rotate(angle);
adjustRect(rect);
}
}
Moving is pretty easy - just calculate the difference between the current and last points from the event and change the position of the rectangle by that much.
Resizing is not as obvious. The strategy is to adjust the x and y bounds based on the original distance (scaleBase.length) between the mousedown point and the center of the rectangle. Note that while paper-full.js allows using operators ("+", "-", "*", "/") with points, I used the raw subtract() and multiply() methods a few times - I find it natural to chain the calculations that way.
Rotating uses the very nice paper concept that a point also defines a vector and a vector has an angle. It just notes the difference in the angles between the event lastPoint and point relative to the rectangle's center and rotates the rectangle by that difference.
moveCircles() and adjustRect() are just bookkeeping functions to update the corner circles and aqua rectangle.
Consider the following. I just went through the process of figuring this out, based on lots of examples.
My Goals:
use my own bounding box when selecting an item
Move, Resize, and Rotate (with snap to rotation [45 degrees]) the selected item
Show a title / name of the item
Example Sketch
Paper.js Code
var hitOptions = {
segments: true,
stroke: true,
fill: true,
tolerance: 5
};
function drawHex(w, c, n){
var h = new Path.RegularPolygon(new Point(100, 100), 6, w / 2);
h.selectedColor = 'transparent';
c = c != undefined ? c : "#e9e9ff";
n = n != undefined ? n : "Hexayurt";
h.name = n;
h.fillColor = c;
h.data.highlight = new Group({
children: [makeBounds(h), makeCorners(h), makeTitle(h)],
strokeColor: '#a2a2ff',
visible: false
});
return h;
}
function makeCorners(o, s){
s = s != undefined ? s : 5;
var g = new Group();
var corners = [
o.bounds.topLeft,
o.bounds.topRight,
o.bounds.bottomLeft,
o.bounds.bottomRight
];
corners.forEach(function(corner, i) {
var h = new Path.Rectangle({
center: corner,
size: s
});
g.addChild(h);
});
return g;
}
function makeBounds(o){
return new Path.Rectangle({
rectangle: o.bounds
});
}
function makeTitle(o, n, c){
c = c != undefined ? c : 'black';
var t = new PointText({
fillColor: c,
content: n != undefined ? n : o.name,
strokeWidth: 0
});
t.bounds.center = o.bounds.center;
return t;
}
function selectItem(o){
console.log("Select Item", o.name);
o.selected = true;
o.data.highlight.visible = true;
o.data.highlight.bringToFront();
}
function clearSelected(){
project.selectedItems.forEach(function(o, i){
console.log("Unselect Item", o.name);
o.data.highlight.visible = false;
});
project.activeLayer.selected = false;
}
function moveBoxes(o){
var boxes = o.data.highlight.children[1].children;
boxes[0].position = o.bounds.topLeft;
boxes[1].position = o.bounds.topRight;
boxes[2].position = o.bounds.bottomLeft;
boxes[3].position = o.bounds.bottomRight;
}
function moveTitle(o){
var t = o.data.highlight.children[2];
t.bounds.center = o.bounds.center;
}
function adjustBounds(o){
if(o.data.state == "moving"){
o.data.highlight.position = o.position;
} else {
o.data.highlight.children[0].bounds = o.bounds;
moveBoxes(o);
}
}
var hex1 = drawHex(200);
console.log(hex1.data, hex1.data.highlight);
var segment, path;
var movePath = false;
var tool = new Tool();
tool.minDistance = 10;
tool.onMouseDown = function(event) {
segment = path = null;
var hitResult = project.hitTest(event.point, hitOptions);
if (!hitResult){
clearSelected();
return;
}
if(hitResult && hitResult.type == "fill"){
path = hitResult.item;
}
if (hitResult && hitResult.type == "segment") {
path = project.selectedItems[0];
segment = hitResult.segment;
if(event.modifiers.control){
path.data.state = "rotating";
} else {
path.data.state = "resizing";
path.data.bounds = path.bounds.clone();
path.data.scaleBase = event.point - path.bounds.center;
}
console.log(path.data);
}
movePath = hitResult.type == 'fill';
if (movePath){
project.activeLayer.addChild(hitResult.item);
path.data.state = "moving";
selectItem(path);
console.log("Init Event", path.data.state);
}
};
tool.onMouseDrag = function(event) {
console.log(path, segment, path.data.state);
if (segment && path.data.state == "resizing") {
var bounds = path.data.bounds;
var scale = event.point.subtract(bounds.center).length / path.data.scaleBase.length;
var tlVec = bounds.topLeft.subtract(bounds.center).multiply(scale);
var brVec = bounds.bottomRight.subtract(bounds.center).multiply(scale);
var newBounds = new Rectangle(tlVec + bounds.center, brVec + bounds.center);
path.bounds = newBounds;
adjustBounds(path);
} else if(segment && path.data.state == "rotating") {
var center = path.bounds.center;
var baseVec = center - event.lastPoint;
var nowVec = center - event.point;
var angle = nowVec.angle - baseVec.angle;
if(angle < 0){
path.rotate(-45);
} else {
path.rotate(45);
}
adjustBounds(path);
} else if (path && path.data.state == "moving") {
path.position += event.delta;
adjustBounds(path);
}
};
This makes use of .data to store references of the bounding box, handles, and title as a Group. This way, they are always there, they can just visible true or false. This makes it easy to show and hide them as needed.
drawHex( width , color, name )
Width - Required, number of pixels wide
Color - Optional, string that defines the Fill Color. Default: #e9e9ff
Name - Optional, string to be used as the Name and Title. Default: "Hexayurt"
Interactions
click - Select item (show bounding box & Handles)
click + drag - Move item
click + drag handle - Resize item
Ctrl + click + drag handle - Rotate item
This is my first pass at it and I may cleanup a lot of the code. For example, I could bind events to the handles specifically instead of looking at more global events.

Resources