I just confused about session management. For session management , currently im using http-only cookies to store my JWT but these cookies cannot be reached by everyone because of browser's cookie settings which I think is bad for the user experience. So when i search about alternative ways like localstorage. I learned that you are not secure enough in these ways. What would you suggest me to do with the issue I mentioned above? Should i change entire auth system to server-side or any ideas ?
//AUTHENTICATE
res.cookie('token', token, {
httpOnly: true,
secure: true,
sameSite: 'None',
maxAge: 7 * 24 * 6 * 604800,
});
//LOGOUT
res.cookie('token', '', {
httpOnly: true,
secure: true,
sameSite: 'None',
maxAge: 1,
});
res.clearCookie('token');
You should use httpOnly cookie to prevent access from JS, (with xss attach you can execute JS on other users session).
My suggestion (which us base on The Ultimate Guide to handling JWTs on frontend clients) is to use 2 kind of tokens:
Refresh Token - stored on httpOnly cookie, is used to update the accessToken only, it is valid for long period (no recommended longer than 1 day)
Access Token - stored in memory, attached to each request that needs auth. valid for short period of time (10 mins).
The idea works like this:
User logins, your server validates the credentials and generate an httpOnly cookie with the refreshToken and returns as a response the accessToken.
Your client app sores the accessToken on some class instance (when used with Axios you can attach it as base Authorization header to all requests).
When your app makes a request, it adds the AccessToken as the Authorization header, if the AccessToken expires your api will return 403 UnAuthorized, your client app makes a request to special end point /auth/token with the httpOnly cookie which holds refreshToken, this end point validates the refreshToken, and returns a new accessToken with expiration time of 10mins (which your client app updates the base Auth header with), then your app can retry the previous failed request with the new accessToken.
With this method, there is no access to any kind of tokens from outside of your app.
The refreshToken is not accessible at all to your js and the accessToken is held in memory, only if your app has some flaw it will be exposed, and even if the attacker stole it, it is valid only for 10 mins (without the ability to get a new one because it doesn't have the refreshToken)
For more details read the article I've added.
I have been reading about JWT and i am trying to implement it in my server. I already have a API that receive an user and send back a JWT with an expire time. Well... then i have other method that verify the token.
Is there any method that i can use to expand the expiration time of a normal Access token? i read that there is other type of token called Refresh Token... but it is more than i need... i just want increase the expire time, thats all
jwt.sign({ user }, SECRET , { expiresIn: '5m'} ); // HOW I CREATE THE TOKEN
jwt.verify(req.token, SECRET , (error, data) => {} <---- // HERE IS WHERE I WOULD LIKE TO INCREASE
As you said, the expiry time in a JTW is set when the JWT is generated and signed. You cannot change an existing token, e.g. by changing the expiry time, because after the change, the signature would not be correct anymore. Being able to make such changes would invalidate the security that JWT utilizes.
I suggest you read up on how the JWT works. Check out the Signature part of the following article: Introduction to Json Web Tokens - jwt.io
What can you do about it? Just issue a new JWT.
You will have to recreate the token again. Token is signed which makes it unique. It defeats the purpose of the token if you change the expiry time and magically becomes valid.
Can I try to understand what is stopping you from generating a new token at the place where you want to increase the exp time?
I have a angular client app and a .net web api server.
I'm trying to understand how to implement security in the best way using tokens.
I thought about few options, and I don't know which one is the best, or if there is a better way.
JWT with expiration
1.User login with credentials -> Server returns a JWT with expiration (for example 60 minutes from login time). Each valid request to the server within this 60 minutes the server returns a new JWT token with a new expiration of 60 minutes. If user didn't send server request for 60 minutes he must login again.
This solution is very similiar to sessions.
Oauth2 - I don't think I understand this protocol correctly, so I apologize if what I'm saying is not correct.
2.User login with credentials -> user gets a refresh_token and access_token.
For every request, the client attaches the access_token. If server returns 401 (unauthorized) the client uses the refresh_token to create a new access_token and re-send the failed request with the new token.
The problem in this flow, for me, is that I don't know if I got unauthorized because the token was invalid or the user tried to access unauthorized resources.
This led me to a third solution.
3.User login with credentials -> user gets a refresh_token, access_token and access_token_expiration. When the user wants to create a request to the server, he checks if access_token has expired. If expired, the client will request a new access_token with new expiration and only then perfroms the request.
And 2 more little question about auth2:
1.Why do I have a refresh_token and access_token? Both of them are stored in client local storage. Why not to always use the refresh_token? For the server it makes sense to have a refresh_token and access_token since the refresh_token is secured.
2.Does the refresh token have an expiration date?
If it does, how can I create a new refresh token?
If it doesn't, isn't it a little unsave to give the ability to stay connected forever?
Thank you very much for your help
Option 3, login with credentials and getting an access token, refresh token and expiration time is the usual way.
eg.:
{
"access_token": "eyJ0eXA....CqVJcc",
"token_type": "bearer",
"expires_in": 3599,
"refresh_token": "AQAAAN...H2JXjIUAQ"
}
the expiration time of the JWT access token can also be found in the token itself in the payload field exp, in form of a UNIX timestamp:
{
...
"exp": 1500547257,
"nbf": 1500543657
...
}
With that information you can implement your own mechanism to check if your access token is still valid and refresh it when necessary.
The refresh token usually also expires. When the refresh token is expired, you need to start again with the credentials.
Additionally you can read this for further information about the topic: https://auth0.com/learn/refresh-tokens/
And here is a tutorial that talks about handling of refresh tokens in Angular:
http://bitoftech.net/2014/07/16/enable-oauth-refresh-tokens-angularjs-app-using-asp-net-web-api-2-owin/
I would like to implement JWT-based authentication to our new REST API. But since the expiration is set in the token, is it possible to automatically prolong it? I don't want users to need to sign in after every X minutes if they were actively using the application in that period. That would be a huge UX fail.
But prolonging the expiration creates a new token (and the old one is still valid until it expires). And generating a new token after each request sounds silly to me. Sounds like a security issue when more than one token is valid at the same time. Of course I could invalidate the old used one using a blacklist but I would need to store the tokens. And one of the benefits of JWT is no storage.
I found how Auth0 solved it. They use not only JWT token but also a refresh token:
https://auth0.com/docs/tokens/refresh-tokens
But again, to implement this (without Auth0) I'd need to store refresh tokens and maintain their expiration. What is the real benefit then? Why not have only one token (not JWT) and keep the expiration on the server?
Are there other options? Is using JWT not suited for this scenario?
I work at Auth0 and I was involved in the design of the refresh token feature.
It all depends on the type of application and here is our recommended approach.
Web applications
A good pattern is to refresh the token before it expires.
Set the token expiration to one week and refresh the token every time the user opens the web application and every one hour. If a user doesn't open the application for more than a week, they will have to login again and this is acceptable web application UX.
To refresh the token, your API needs a new endpoint that receives a valid, not expired JWT and returns the same signed JWT with the new expiration field. Then the web application will store the token somewhere.
Mobile/Native applications
Most native applications do login once and only once.
The idea is that the refresh token never expires and it can be exchanged always for a valid JWT.
The problem with a token that never expires is that never means never. What do you do if you lose your phone? So, it needs to be identifiable by the user somehow and the application needs to provide a way to revoke access. We decided to use the device's name, e.g. "maryo's iPad". Then the user can go to the application and revoke access to "maryo's iPad".
Another approach is to revoke the refresh token on specific events. An interesting event is changing the password.
We believe that JWT is not useful for these use cases, so we use a random generated string and we store it on our side.
In the case where you handle the auth yourself (i.e don't use a provider like Auth0), the following may work:
Issue JWT token with relatively short expiry, say 15min.
Application checks token expiry date before any transaction requiring a token (token contains expiry date). If token has expired, then it first asks API to 'refresh' the token (this is done transparently to the UX).
API gets token refresh request, but first checks user database to see if a 'reauth' flag has been set against that user profile (token can contain user id). If the flag is present, then the token refresh is denied, otherwise a new token is issued.
Repeat.
The 'reauth' flag in the database backend would be set when, for example, the user has reset their password. The flag gets removed when the user logs in next time.
In addition, let's say you have a policy whereby a user must login at least once every 72hrs. In that case, your API token refresh logic would also check the user's last login date from the user database and deny/allow the token refresh on that basis.
Below are the steps to do revoke your JWT access token:
1) When you do login, send 2 tokens (Access token, Refresh token) in response to client .
2) Access token will have less expiry time and Refresh will have long expiry time .
3) Client (Front end) will store refresh token in his local storage and access token in cookies.
4) Client will use access token for calling apis. But when it expires, pick the refresh token from local storage and call auth server api to get the new token.
5) Your auth server will have an api exposed which will accept refresh token and checks for its validity and return a new access token.
6) Once refresh token is expired, User will be logged out.
Please let me know if you need more details , I can share the code (Java + Spring boot) as well.
I was tinkering around when moving our applications to HTML5 with RESTful apis in the backend. The solution that I came up with was:
Client is issued with a token with a session time of 30 mins (or whatever the usual server side session time) upon successful login.
A client-side timer is created to call a service to renew the token before its expiring time. The new token will replace the existing in future calls.
As you can see, this reduces the frequent refresh token requests. If user closes the browser/app before the renew token call is triggered, the previous token will expire in time and user will have to re-login.
A more complicated strategy can be implemented to cater for user inactivity (e.g. neglected an opened browser tab). In that case, the renew token call should include the expected expiring time which should not exceed the defined session time. The application will have to keep track of the last user interaction accordingly.
I don't like the idea of setting long expiration hence this approach may not work well with native applications requiring less frequent authentication.
An alternative solution for invalidating JWTs, without any additional secure storage on the backend, is to implement a new jwt_version integer column on the users table. If the user wishes to log out or expire existing tokens, they simply increment the jwt_version field.
When generating a new JWT, encode the jwt_version into the JWT payload, optionally incrementing the value beforehand if the new JWT should replace all others.
When validating the JWT, the jwt_version field is compared alongside the user_id and authorisation is granted only if it matches.
jwt-autorefresh
If you are using node (React / Redux / Universal JS) you can install npm i -S jwt-autorefresh.
This library schedules refresh of JWT tokens at a user calculated number of seconds prior to the access token expiring (based on the exp claim encoded in the token). It has an extensive test suite and checks for quite a few conditions to ensure any strange activity is accompanied by a descriptive message regarding misconfigurations from your environment.
Full example implementation
import autorefresh from 'jwt-autorefresh'
/** Events in your app that are triggered when your user becomes authorized or deauthorized. */
import { onAuthorize, onDeauthorize } from './events'
/** Your refresh token mechanism, returning a promise that resolves to the new access tokenFunction (library does not care about your method of persisting tokens) */
const refresh = () => {
const init = { method: 'POST'
, headers: { 'Content-Type': `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` }
, body: `refresh_token=${localStorage.refresh_token}&grant_type=refresh_token`
}
return fetch('/oauth/token', init)
.then(res => res.json())
.then(({ token_type, access_token, expires_in, refresh_token }) => {
localStorage.access_token = access_token
localStorage.refresh_token = refresh_token
return access_token
})
}
/** You supply a leadSeconds number or function that generates a number of seconds that the refresh should occur prior to the access token expiring */
const leadSeconds = () => {
/** Generate random additional seconds (up to 30 in this case) to append to the lead time to ensure multiple clients dont schedule simultaneous refresh */
const jitter = Math.floor(Math.random() * 30)
/** Schedule autorefresh to occur 60 to 90 seconds prior to token expiration */
return 60 + jitter
}
let start = autorefresh({ refresh, leadSeconds })
let cancel = () => {}
onAuthorize(access_token => {
cancel()
cancel = start(access_token)
})
onDeauthorize(() => cancel())
disclaimer: I am the maintainer
Today, lots of people opt for doing session management with JWTs without being aware of what they are giving up for the sake of perceived simplicity. My answer elaborates on the 2nd part of the questions:
What is the real benefit then? Why not have only one token (not JWT) and keep the expiration on the server?
Are there other options? Is using JWT not suited for this scenario?
JWTs are capable of supporting basic session management with some limitations. Being self-describing tokens, they don't require any state on the server-side. This makes them appealing. For instance, if the service doesn't have a persistence layer, it doesn't need to bring one in just for session management.
However, statelessness is also the leading cause of their shortcomings. Since they are only issued once with fixed content and expiration, you can't do things you would like to with a typical session management setup.
Namely, you can't invalidate them on-demand. This means you can't implement a secure logout as there is no way to expire already issued tokens. You also can't implement idle timeout for the same reason. One solution is to keep a blacklist, but that introduces state.
I wrote a post explaining these drawbacks in more detail. To be clear, you can work around these by adding more complexity (sliding sessions, refresh tokens, etc.)
As for other options, if your clients only interact with your service via a browser, I strongly recommend using a cookie-based session management solution. I also compiled a list authentication methods currently widely used on the web.
Good question- and there is wealth of information in the question itself.
The article Refresh Tokens: When to Use Them and How They Interact with JWTs gives a good idea for this scenario. Some points are:-
Refresh tokens carry the information necessary to get a new access
token.
Refresh tokens can also expire but are rather long-lived.
Refresh tokens are usually subject to strict storage requirements to
ensure they are not leaked.
They can also be blacklisted by the authorization server.
Also take a look at auth0/angular-jwt angularjs
For Web API. read Enable OAuth Refresh Tokens in AngularJS App using ASP .NET Web API 2, and Owin
I actually implemented this in PHP using the Guzzle client to make a client library for the api, but the concept should work for other platforms.
Basically, I issue two tokens, a short (5 minute) one and a long one that expires after a week. The client library uses middleware to attempt one refresh of the short token if it receives a 401 response to some request. It will then try the original request again and if it was able to refresh gets the correct response, transparently to the user. If it failed, it will just send the 401 up to the user.
If the short token is expired, but still authentic and the long token is valid and authentic, it will refresh the short token using a special endpoint on the service that the long token authenticates (this is the only thing it can be used for). It will then use the short token to get a new long token, thereby extending it another week every time it refreshes the short token.
This approach also allows us to revoke access within at most 5 minutes, which is acceptable for our use without having to store a blacklist of tokens.
Late edit: Re-reading this months after it was fresh in my head, I should point out that you can revoke access when refreshing the short token because it gives an opportunity for more expensive calls (e.g. call to the database to see if the user has been banned) without paying for it on every single call to your service.
I solved this problem by adding a variable in the token data:
softexp - I set this to 5 mins (300 seconds)
I set expiresIn option to my desired time before the user will be forced to login again. Mine is set to 30 minutes. This must be greater than the value of softexp.
When my client side app sends request to the server API (where token is required, eg. customer list page), the server checks whether the token submitted is still valid or not based on its original expiration (expiresIn) value. If it's not valid, server will respond with a status particular for this error, eg. INVALID_TOKEN.
If the token is still valid based on expiredIn value, but it already exceeded the softexp value, the server will respond with a separate status for this error, eg. EXPIRED_TOKEN:
(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) > decoded.softexp)
On the client side, if it received EXPIRED_TOKEN response, it should renew the token automatically by sending a renewal request to the server. This is transparent to the user and automatically being taken care of the client app.
The renewal method in the server must check if the token is still valid:
jwt.verify(token, secret, (err, decoded) => {})
The server will refuse to renew tokens if it failed the above method.
How about this approach:
For every client request, the server compares the expirationTime of the token with (currentTime - lastAccessTime)
If expirationTime < (currentTime - lastAccessedTime), it changes the last lastAccessedTime to currentTime.
In case of inactivity on the browser for a time duration exceeding expirationTime or in case the browser window was closed and the expirationTime > (currentTime - lastAccessedTime), and then the server can expire the token and ask the user to login again.
We don't require additional end point for refreshing the token in this case.
Would appreciate any feedack.
Ref - Refresh Expired JWT Example
Another alternative is that once the JWT has expired, the user/system will make a call to
another url suppose /refreshtoken. Also along with this request the expired JWT should be passed. The Server will then return a new JWT which can be used by the user/system.
The idea of JWT is good, you put what you need in JWT and go stateless.
Two problems:
Lousy JWT standardization.
JWT is impossible to invalidate or if created fast-expiring it forces the user to log in frequently.
The solution to 1. Use custom JSON:
{"userId": "12345", "role": "regular_user"}
Encrypt it with a symmetric (AES) algorithm (it is faster than signing with an asymmetric one) and put it in a fast-expiring cookie. I would still call it JWT since it is JSON and used as a token in a Web application. Now the server checks if the cookie is present and its value can be decrypted.
The solution to 2. Use refresh token:
Take userId as 12345, encrypt it, and put it in the long-expiring cookie. No need to create a special field for the refresh token in DB.
Now every time an access token (JWT) cookie is expired server checks the refresh token cookie, decrypts, takes the value, and looks for the user in DB. In case the user is found, generate a new access token, otherwise (or if the refresh token is also expired) force the user to log in.
The simplest alternative is to use a refresh token as an access token, i.e. do not use JWT at all.
The advantage of using JWT is that during its expiration time server does not hit DB. Even if we put an access token in the cookie with an expiration time of only 2 min, for a busy application like eBay it will results in thousands of DB hits per second avoided.
I know this is an old question, but I use a hybrid of both session and token authentication. My app is a combination of micro-services so I need to use token-based authentication so that every micro-service doesn't need access to a centralized database for authentication. I issue 2 JWTs to my user (signed by different secrets):
A standard JWT, used to authenticate requests. This token expires after 15 minutes.
A JWT that acts as a refresh token that is placed in a secure cookie. Only one endpoint (actually it is its own microservice) accepts this token, and it is the JWT refresh endpoint. It must be accompanied by a CSRF token in the post body to prevent CRSF on that endpoint. The JWT refresh endpoint stores a session in the database (the id of the session and the user are encoded into the refresh JWT). This allows the user, or an admin, to invalidate a refresh token as the token must both validate and match the session for that user.
This works just fine but is much more complicated than just using session-based auth with cookies and a CSRF token. So if you don't have micro-services then session-based auth is probably the way to go.
If you are using AWS Amplify & Cognito this will do the magic for you:
Use Auth.currentSession() to get the current valid token or get new if the current has expired. Amplify will handle it
As a fallback, use some interval job to refresh tokens on demand every x minutes, maybe 10 min. This is required when you have a long-running process like uploading a very large video which will take more than an hour (maybe due to a slow network) then your token will expire during the upload and amplify will not update automatically for you. In this case, this strategy will work. Keep updating your tokens at some interval.
How to refresh on demand is not mentioned in docs so here it is.
import { Auth } from 'aws-amplify';
try {
const cognitoUser = await Auth.currentAuthenticatedUser();
const currentSession = await Auth.currentSession();
cognitoUser.refreshSession(currentSession.refreshToken, (err, session) => {
console.log('session', err, session);
const { idToken, refreshToken, accessToken } = session;
// do whatever you want to do now :)
});
} catch (e) {
console.log('Unable to refresh Token', e);
}
Origin: https://github.com/aws-amplify/amplify-js/issues/2560
services.Configure(Configuration.GetSection("ApplicationSettings"));
services.AddMvc().SetCompatibilityVersion(CompatibilityVersion.Version_2_2);
services.AddDbContext<AuthenticationContext>(options =>
options.UseSqlServer(Configuration.GetConnectionString("IdentityConnection")));
services.AddDefaultIdentity<ApplicationUser>()
.AddEntityFrameworkStores<AuthenticationContext>();
services.Configure<IdentityOptions>(options =>
{
options.Password.RequireDigit = false;
options.Password.RequireNonAlphanumeric = false;
options.Password.RequireLowercase = false;
options.Password.RequireUppercase = false;
options.Password.RequiredLength = 4;
}
);
services.AddCors();
//Jwt Authentication
var key = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Configuration["ApplicationSettings:JWT_Secret"].ToString());
services.AddAuthentication(x =>
{
x.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
x.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
x.DefaultScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
}).AddJwtBearer(x=> {
x.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;
x.SaveToken = false;
x.TokenValidationParameters = new Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.TokenValidationParameters
{
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(key),
ValidateIssuer = false,
ValidateAudience = false,
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero
};
});
}