I have been programming an encryption program as my friend and I like cryptography. I'm planning to go quite far with this program, and everythings been going great until I hit this little snag. For some reason, I cannot add two variables together to make an index for a list, and when I run it it returns the following error: TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'list'.
Here is the code:
def random_key(): # Creates a function called randomKey; runs if the user chose 'random key' for encryption option.
encryption_key = [] # Empty list where the encryption key will be stored.
encrypted_word = []
b = []
main_root = Tk() # Creates a window.
for x in range(0, len(content)): # This for loop will run to create the random encryption key.
encryption_key.append(random.randrange(0, len(content))) # Creates random numbers for the encryption key.
for index in range(0, len(content)): # Creates a index that is the length of the users input.
if content[index] in alphabet: # If the users input with the index is in the alphabet,
# Then it will use the alphabet dictionary to get the place value of the character in content,
b.append(alphabetDict[content[index]])
for x in b:
int(x)
encrypted_word.append(alphabet[x+encryption_key])
Ignore the half commenting and weird variable names (such as 'b'), I've been trying to experiment and will fix those later.
Any help is appreciated!
Related
Maybe it is ordinary issue regarding iterating thru a dict. Please find below imovel.txt file, whose content is as follows:
{'Andar': ['primeiro', 'segundo', 'terceiro'], 'Apto': ['101','201','301']}
As you can see this is not a ordinary dictionary, with a key value pair; but a key with a list as key and another list as value
My code is:
#/usr/bin/python
def load_dict_from_file():
f = open('../txt/imovel.txt','r')
data=f.read()
f.close()
return eval(data)
thisdict = load_dict_from_file()
for key,value in thisdict.items():
print(value)
and yields :
['primeiro', 'segundo', 'terceiro'] ['101', '201', '301']
I would like to print a key,value pair like
{'primeiro':'101, 'segundo':'201', 'terceiro':'301'}
Given such txt file above, is it possible?
You should use the builtin json module to parse but either way, you'll still have the same structure.
There are a few things you can do.
If you know both of the base key names('Andar' and 'Apto') you can do it as a one line dict comprehension by zipping the values together.
# what you'll get from the file
thisdict = {'Andar': ['primeiro', 'segundo', 'terceiro'], 'Apto': ['101','201','301']}
# One line dict comprehension
newdict = {key: value for key, value in zip(thisdict['Andar'], thisdict['Apto'])}
print(newdict)
If you don't know the names of the keys, you could call next on an iterator assuming they're the first 2 lists in your structure.
# what you'll get from the file
thisdict = {'Andar': ['primeiro', 'segundo', 'terceiro'], 'Apto': ['101','201','301']}
# create an iterator of the values since the keys are meaningless here
iterator = iter(thisdict.values())
# the first group of values are the keys
keys = next(iterator, None)
# and the second are the values
values = next(iterator, None)
# zip them together and have dict do the work for you
newdict = dict(zip(keys, values))
print(newdict)
As other folks have noted, that looks like JSON, and it'd probably be easier to parse it read through it as such. But if that's not an option for some reason, you can look through your dictionary this way if all of your lists at each key are the same length:
for i, res in enumerate(dict[list(dict)[0]]):
ith_values = [elem[i] for elem in dict.values()]
print(ith_values)
If they're all different lengths, then you'll need to put some logic to check for that and print a blank or do some error handling for looking past the end of the list.
import pandas as pd
import nltk
import os
directory = os.listdir(r"C:\...")
x = []
num = 0
for i in directory:
x.append(pd.read_fwf("C:\\..." + i))
x[num] = x[num].to_string()
So, once I have a dictionary x = [ ] populated by the read_fwf for each file in my directory:
I want to know how to make it so every single character is lowercase. I am having trouble understanding the syntax and how it is applied to a dictionary.
I want to define a filter that I can use to count for a list of words in this newly defined dictionary, e.g.,
list = [bus, car, train, aeroplane, tram, ...]
Edit: Quick unrelated question:
Is pd_read_fwf the best way to read .txt files? If not, what else could I use?
Any help is very much appreciated. Thanks
Edit 2: Sample data and output that I want:
Sample:
The Horncastle boar's head is an early seventh-century Anglo-Saxon
ornament depicting a boar that probably was once part of the crest of
a helmet. It was discovered in 2002 by a metal detectorist searching
in the town of Horncastle, Lincolnshire. It was reported as found
treasure and acquired for £15,000 by the City and County Museum, where
it is on permanent display.
Required output - changes everything in uppercase to lowercase:
the horncastle boar's head is an early seventh-century anglo-saxon
ornament depicting a boar that probably was once part of the crest of
a helmet. it was discovered in 2002 by a metal detectorist searching
in the town of horncastle, lincolnshire. it was reported as found
treasure and acquired for £15,000 by the city and county museum, where
it is on permanent display.
You shouldn't need to use pandas or dictionaries at all. Just use Python's built-in open() function:
# Open a file in read mode with a context manager
with open(r'C:\path\to\you\file.txt', 'r') as file:
# Read the file into a string
text = file.read()
# Use the string's lower() method to make everything lowercase
text = text.lower()
print(text)
# Split text by whitespace into list of words
word_list = text.split()
# Get the number of elements in the list (the word count)
word_count = len(word_list)
print(word_count)
If you want, you can do it in the reverse order:
# Open a file in read mode with a context manager
with open(r'C:\path\to\you\file.txt', 'r') as file:
# Read the file into a string
text = file.read()
# Split text by whitespace into list of words
word_list = text.split()
# Use list comprehension to create a new list with the lower() method applied to each word.
lowercase_word_list = [word.lower() for word in word_list]
print(word_list)
Using a context manager for this is good since it automatically closes the file for you as soon as it goes out of scope (de-tabbed from with statement block). Otherwise you would have to use file.open() and file.read().
I think there are some other benefits to using context managers, but someone please correct me if I'm wrong.
I think what you are looking for is dictionary comprehension:
# Python 3
new_dict = {key: val.lower() for key, val in old_dict.items()}
# Python 2
new_dict = {key: val.lower() for key, val in old_dict.iteritems()}
items()/iteritems() gives you a list of tuples of the (keys, values) represented in the dictionary (e.g. [('somekey', 'SomeValue'), ('somekey2', 'SomeValue2')])
The comprehension iterates over each of these pairs, creating a new dictionary in the process. In the key: val.lower() section, you can do whatever manipulation you want to create the new dictionary.
I am having a bit of a problem, I know that in python versions lower than three, you could import ngram from a library and just use it there.
But I can't figure out how to do it in python 3, so I've been trying to simulate them as follows:
def compute_ngrams(toks, n=2):
d={}
l=list(range(len(toks)-(n-1)))
b=[]
c=[]
i=0
while i < len(toks)-(n-1):
if toks[i] in d:
l = toks[i],toks[i+1],
d[toks[i]]=[l]
else:
l=(toks[i+1]),
d[toks[i]]=[l]
i=i+1
print(d)
return d
The print(d) is only there to gauge what my output looks like, and I am having two errors:
(1) My output is as such:
{'i': [('really',)], 'really': [('really', 'like')], 'like': [('cake.',)]}
and (2) I am trying to have the code produce this output:
{'i': [('really',)], 'like': [('cake.',)], 'really': [('really',), ('like',)]})
What I am trying to do is:
Select a random key and use it as the start token of the passage to serve as the current token for the next step.
Select a random tuple from the list associated with the current token and append the sequence to the passage. The last token of the selected sequence will be the new current token.
If the current token is a key in the dictionary then simply repeat step 2, otherwise select another random key from the dictionary as the current token and append it to the passage before repeating step 2.
I have tried to start the sequence off by first making a list, each slot containing one of the words, or tokens, and going from there, but this is the only way I was able to generate an output that Looked KIND OF similar, and ran.
I'm very new in python (I usually write in php). I want to understand how to store information in an associative array, and if you can explain me whats the difference of "tuples", "arrays", "dictionary" and "list" will be wonderful (I tried to read different source but I still not caching it).
So This is my code:
#!/usr/bin/python3.4
import csv
import string
nidless_keys = dict()
nidless_keys = ['test_string1','test_string2'] #this contain the string to
# be searched in linesreader
data = {'type':[],'id':[]} #here I want to store my information
with open('path/to/csv/file.csv',newline="") as csvfile:
linesreader = csv.reader(csvfile,delimiter=',',quotechar="|")
for row in linesreader: #every line in this csv have a url like
#www.test.com/?test_string1&id=123456
current_row_string = str(row)
for needle in nidless_keys:
current_needle = str(needle)
if current_needle in current_row_string:
data[current_needle[current_row_string[-8:]]) += 1 # also I
#need to count per every id how much rows there are.
In conclusion:
my_data_stored = [current_needle][current_row_string[-8]]
current_row_string[-8] is a url which the last 8 digit of the url is an ID.
So the array should looks like this at the end of the script:
test_string1 = 123456 = 20
= 256468 = 15
test_string2 = 123155 = 10
Edit 1:
Which type I need here to store the information?
Can you tell me how to resolve this script?
It seems you want to count how many times an ID in combination with a test string occurs.
There can be multiple ID/count combinations associated with every test string.
This suggests that you should use a dictionary indexed by the test strings to store the results. In that dictionary I would suggest to store collections.Counter objects.
This way, you would have to add a special case when a key in the results dictionary isn't found to add an empty Counter. This is a common problem, so there is a specialized form of dictionary in the collections module called defaultdict.
import collections
import csv
# Using a tuple for the keys so it cannot be accidentally modified
keys = ('test_string1', 'test_string2')
result = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)
with open('path/to/csv/file.csv',newline="") as csvfile:
linesreader = csv.reader(csvfile,delimiter=',',quotechar="|")
for row in linesreader:
for key in keys:
if key in row:
id = row[-6:] # ID's are six digits in your example.
# The first index is into the dict, the second into the Counter.
result[key][id] += 1
There is an even easier way, by using regular expressions.
Since you seem to treat every row in a CSV file as a string, there is little need to use the CSV reader, so I'll just read the whole file as text.
import re
with open('path/to/csv/file.csv') as datafile:
text = datafile.read()
pattern = r'\?(.*)&id=(\d+)'
The pattern is a regular expression. This is a large topic in and of itself, so I'll only cover briefly what it does. (You might also want to check out the relevant HOWTO) At first glance it looks like complete gibberish, but it is actually a complete language.
In looks for two things in a line. Anything between ? and &id=, and a sequence of digits after &id=.
I'll be using IPython to give an example.
(If you don't know it, check out IPython. It is great for trying things and see if they work.)
In [1]: import re
In [2]: pattern = r'\?(.*)&id=(\d+)'
In [3]: text = """www.test.com/?test_string1&id=123456
....: www.test.com/?test_string1&id=123456
....: www.test.com/?test_string1&id=234567
....: www.test.com/?foo&id=234567
....: www.test.com/?foo&id=123456
....: www.test.com/?foo&id=1234
....: www.test.com/?foo&id=1234
....: www.test.com/?foo&id=1234"""
The text variable points to the string which is a mock-up for the contents of your CSV file.
I am assuming that:
every URL is on its own line
ID's are a sequence of digits.
If these assumptions are wrong, this won't work.
Using findall to extract every match of the pattern from the text.
In [4]: re.findall(pattern, test)
Out[4]:
[('test_string1', '123456'),
('test_string1', '123456'),
('test_string1', '234567'),
('foo', '234567'),
('foo', '123456'),
('foo', '1234'),
('foo', '1234'),
('foo', '1234')]
The findall function returns a list of 2-tuples (that is key, ID pairs). Now we just need to count those.
In [5]: import collections
In [6]: result = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)
In [7]: intermediate = re.findall(pattern, test)
Now we fill the result dict from the list of matches that is the intermediate result.
In [8]: for key, id in intermediate:
....: result[key][id] += 1
....:
In [9]: print(result)
defaultdict(<class 'collections.Counter'>, {'foo': Counter({'1234': 3, '123456': 1, '234567': 1}), 'test_string1': Counter({'123456': 2, '234567': 1})})
So the complete code would be:
import collections
import re
with open('path/to/csv/file.csv') as datafile:
text = datafile.read()
result = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)
pattern = r'\?(.*)&id=(\d+)'
intermediate = re.findall(pattern, test)
for key, id in intermediate:
result[key][id] += 1
This approach has two advantages.
You don't have to know the keys in advance.
ID's are not limited to six digits.
A brief summary of the python data types you mentioned:
A dictionary is an associative array, aka hashtable.
A list is a sequence of values.
An array is essentially the same as a list, but limited to basic datatypes. My impression is that they only exists for performance reasons, don't think I've ever used one. If performance is that critical to you, you probably don't want to use python in the first place.
A tuple is a fixed-length sequence of values (whereas lists and arrays can grow).
Lets take them one by one.
Lists:
List is a very naive kind of data structure similar to arrays in other languages in terms of the way we write them like:
['a','b','c']
This is a list in python , but seems very similar to array structure.
However there is a very large difference in the way lists are used in python and the usual arrays.
Lists are heterogenous in nature. This means that we can store any kind of data simultaneously inside it like:
ls = [1,2,'a','g',True]
As you can see, we have various kinds of data within a list and is a valid list.
However, one important thing about them is that we can access the list items using zero based indices. So we can write:
print ls[0],ls[3]
output: 1 g
Dictionary:
This datastructure is similar to a hash map data structure. It contains a (key,Value) pair. An empty dictionary looks like:
dc = {}
Now, to store a key,value pair, e.g., ('potato',3),(tomato,5), we can do as:
dc['potato'] = 3
dc['tomato'] = 5
and we saved the data in the dictionary dc.
The important thing is that we can even store another data structure element like a list within a dictionary like:
dc['list1'] = ls , where ls is the list defined above.
This shows the power of using dictionary.
In your case, you have difined a dictionary like this:
data = {'type':[],'id':[]}
This means that your dictionary will consist of only two keys and each key corresponds to a list, which are empty for now.
Talking a bit about your script, the expression :
current_row_string[-8:]
doesn't make a sense. The index should have been -6 instead of -8 that would give you the id part of the current row.
This part is the id and should have been stored in a variable say :
id = current_row_string[-6:]
Further action can be performed as seen the answer given by Roland.
total=0
line=input()
line = line.upper()
names = {}
(tag,text) = parseLine(line) #initialize
while tag !="</PLAY>": #test
if tag =='<SPEAKER>':
if text not in names:
names.update({text})
I seem to get this far and then draw a blank.. This is what I'm trying to figure out. When I run it, I get:
ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 8; 2 is required
Make an empty dictionary
Which I did.
(its keys will be the names of speakers and its values will be how many times s/he spoke)
Within the if statement that checks whether a tag is <SPEAKER>
If the speaker is not in the dictionary, add him to the dictionary with a value of 1
I'm pretty sure I did this right.
If he already is in the dictionary, increment his value
I'm not sure.
You are close, the big issue is on this line:
names.update({text})
You are trying to make a dictionary entry from a string using {text}, python is trying to be helpful and convert the iterable inside the curly brackets into a dictionary entry. Except the string is too long, 8 characters instead of two.
To add a new entry do this instead:
names.update({text:1})
This will set the initial value.
Now, it seems like this is homework, but you've put in a bit of effort already, so while I won't answer the question I'll give you some broad pointers.
Next step is checking if a value already exists in the dictionary. Python dictionaries have a get method that will retrieve a value from the dictionary based on the key. For example:
> names = {'romeo',1}
> print names.get('romeo')
1
But will return None if the key doesn't exist:
> names = {'romeo',1}
> print names.get('juliet')
None
But this takes an optional argument, that returns a different default value
> names = {'romeo',2}
> print names.get('juliet',1)
1
Also note that your loop as it stands will never end, as you only set tag once:
(tag,text) = parseLine(line) #initialize
while tag !="</PLAY>": #test
# you need to set tag in here
# and have an escape clause if you run out of file
The rest is left as an exercise for the reader...