I want to convert a string to a number in Scheme, but when I use the function string->number it removes the leading zero
For example
(string->number "01") gives me 1
Is there a way to convert the string so that it doesnt remove the leading zero and gives me 01 instead?
You can't: leading zeros are just part of the written representation of numbers, not part of the number itself. In particular 01, 1 and 00000001 are all the same number.
If you want to print numbers with leading zeros, for instance to line things up, then there are utilities which do that. For instance in Racket, while the format / printf family of procedures cannot do this, the procedures provided by racket/format can:
> (require racket/format)
> (~a 1 #:width 2 #:align 'right #:pad-string "0")
"01"
However you will still need to deal with negative numbers yourself, which is rather annoying.
In security-related papers we can often find that a string is called as a «X-bit length string», e.g.:
88cf3e49-e28e-4c0e-b95f-6a68a785a89d
This is a 128-bit value formatted as 32 hexadecimal digits separated by hyphens.
This string is a 32-characters UUID with 4 hyphens.
I always assumed that a string length in bits depends on the applied encoding. So, how can I know that this string is a 128-bit string?
How exactly these bits are counted?
Each of the characters in that string is a hexadecimal digit. Each hex digit requires 4 bits to represent. 32 * 4 = 128.
(Note: your post says 36, but there are 32 digits there).
The string itself, if you're talking about the text representation you've shown, is, as you say, encoding size dependent. In UTF-8, for example, that string is 36 * 8 = 288 bits long.
how can I know that in this case I have to percept this characters as
hexadecimal digits?
hex characters include: "123456789abcdef" they are = to "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15" respectively. if you have any string, the characters can be converted to hexadecimal. If you are wondering how:
Each character can be represented by an integer https://www.asciitable.com/
starting at 64 is where the alphabet starts, each character in the string is converted into an ascii integer equivalent and combined to reach a final value.
Hexadecimal will just represent the final value making the final string shorter and only consisting of items from the hexadecimal character table. The UUID/GUID format you are using is using a hexadecimal layout.
Starting with a list of integers the task is to convert each integer into a string such that the resulting list of strings will be in numeric order when sorted lexicographically.
This is needed so that a particular system that is only capable of sorting strings will produce an output that is in numeric order.
Example:
Given the integers
1, 23, 3
we could convert the to strings like this:
"01", "23", "03"
so that when sorted they become:
"01", "03", "23"
which is correct. A wrong result would be:
"1", "23", "3"
because that list is sorted in "string order", not in numeric order.
I'm looking for something more efficient than the simple zero-padding scheme. In order to cover all possible 32 bit integers we'd need to pad to 10 digits which is inefficient.
For integers, prefix each number with the length. To make it more readable, use 'a' for length 1, and 'b' for length 2. Example:
non-encoded encoded
1 "a1"
3 "a3"
23 "b23"
This scheme is a bit simpler than prefixing each digit, but only works with numbers, not numbers mixed with text. It can be made to work for negative numbers as well, and even BigDecimal numbers, using some tricks. I wrote an implementation in Apache Jackrabbit 2.x, to make BigDecimal indexable (sortable) as text. For that, I used a format that only uses the characters '0' to '9' and consists of:
one character for: signum(value) + 2
one character for: signum(exponent) + 2
one character for: length(exponent) - 1
multiple characters for: exponent
multiple characters for: value (-1 if inverted)
Only the signum is encoded if the value is zero. The exponent is not encoded if zero. Negative values are "inverted" character by character (0 => 9, 1 => 8, and so on). The same applies to the exponent.
Examples:
non-encoded encoded
0 "2"
2 "322" (signum 1; exponent 0; value 2)
120 "330212" (signum 1; exponent signum 1, length 1, value 2; value 12)
-1 "179" (signum -1, rest inverted; exponent 0; value 1 (-1, inverted))
Values between BigDecimal(BigInteger.ONE, Integer.MIN_VALUE) and BigDecimal(BigInteger.ONE, Integer.MAX_VALUE) are supported.
TL;DR
Encode digits according to their order of magnitude (OM) and other characters so they sort as desired, relative to numbers: jj-a123 would be encoded zjzjz-zaC1B2A3
Longer explanation
This would depend somewhat upon the sorting algorithm that will finally be used to sort and how one would want any given punctuation characters to be sorted in relation to letters and numbers, but if it's "ascii-betical" or similar, you could encode each digit of a number to represent its order of magnitude (OM) in the number, while encoding other characters such that they would sort according to your desired sort order.
For simplicity, I would suggest beginning with encoding every non-numeric character with a "high" value (e.g. lower case z or even ~ if final value is ASCII), so that it sorts after encoded digits. Then cache each digit encountered until another non-numeric is encountered, then encode each cached digit with a value representing its OM. If the number 12945 was encountered in between non-numerics, you would output an E to encode an OM of 5, then the digit that is that order of magnitude, 1, followed by the next OM of 4 (D) and its associated digit, 2. Continue until all numeric digits have been flushed, then continue with non-numerics.
Non-numerics would be treated individually and ranked relative to the OM of digits. If it is desired for them to sort "above" numbers (perhaps the space character or certain others deemed special) they would be encoded by prepending a low-value character (like the space character, if final value will be treated and sorted as ASCII). When/if another numeric is encountered, begin caching and encode according to OM once all consecutive numerics are cached.
Alternately, processing the string in reverse order would preclude the need to cache numbers except for a single "is it a digit?" test and "is the last character a digit?" test. If the first is not true, then use (one of?) the "non-digit" OM character(s). If the first test is true then use the lowest-OM "digit" character (A in my examples). If both tests are true, then increment your OM character (A -> B or E -> F) before use.
Certain levels of additional filtering - or even translation - could be applied. If one wanted to allow accurate sorting based upon Roman numerals, one could encode them as decimal (or even hexadecimal) numbers with an appropriate OM.
Treating decimal points (either periods or commas, depending) as actual decimal separators, and distinct from other punctuation would probably be beyond the true utility of this encoding scheme, as alphanumeric fields seldom use a period or comma as a decimal separator. If it is desired to use them that way, the algorithm would simply detect a decimal separator (either period or comma as appropriate, in between digits) and not encode the numeric portion after that separator as anything but normal text. Fractional portions are actually sorted correctly during a normal ASCII based sort, because more digits represents greater precision - not greater magnitude.
Examples
non-encoded encoded
----------- -------
12345 E1D2C3B4A5
a100 zaC1B0A0
a20 zaB2A0
a2000 zaD2C0B0A0
x100.5 zxC1B0A0z.A5
x100.23 zxC1B0A0z.B2A3
1, 23, 3 A1z,z B2A1z,z A3
1, 2, 3 A1z,z A2z,z A3
1,2,3 A1z,A2z,A3
Potential advantages
Going somewhat beyond simple numeric sorting, some advantages to this encoding method would be several aspects of flexibility with final effective sort order - you are essentially encoding a category for each character - digits get a category based upon their position within the greater string of digits known as a number, while other characters are simply told to sort in their normal way (e.g. ASCII), but after numbers. Any exceptions that should sort before numbers or in other orders would be in one or more additional categories. ASCII can effectively be re-encoded to sort in a non-ASCII way:
You could encode lower case letters to sort before or along with upper case letters. To switch the lower and upper cases, you encode lower case letters with a y and upper case letters with a z. For a pseudo-case-insensitive sort, categorizing both A and a with the same encoding character would sort both of them before B and b, though A would nonetheless always sort before a
If you want Extended ASCII characters (e.g. with diacritics) to sort along with their ASCII cousins, you encode À, Á, Â, Ã, Ä, Å, and Æ along with A by using an a as the OM character, encode B, C, and Ç with a b, and E, È, É, Ê, and Ë with a c, etc. The same intra-category sort order caveat still applies, and some decisions need to be made on characters like capital Eth, and to a certain extent others like Thorn, and Sharp S (Ð, Þ, and ß respectively) as to whether they will sort based on similarities in appearance or pronunciation, or instead more properly perhaps, alphabetical order.
Small advantage of being basically human-readable, with effort
Caveats
Though this allows many 'categories' of characters to be defined, be sure to remember that each order of magnitude for digits is its own category - you need to know that the data will not contain numbers that are greater in OM than approximately 250, depending upon how many other categories you wish to define (ASCII 0 is reserved for storing strings, and there needs to be at least one other character to indicate "not a digit" - at least for alphanumeric data - making the maximum perhaps 254 orders of magnitude), but that should be plenty for any situation I can imagine. I'm not sure what other issues quantum computing will bring about, but there's probably a quantum solution to it, whatever it is.
Finally, if the hyphen is encoded as a non-numeric character, and all non-numerics are encoded with a higher OM than digits, negative numbers would be encoded as greater than any positive number. The hyphen should be encoded as a lower-than-digit-OM (perhaps only when preceding a digit) if negative numbers need to be sorted correctly according to magnitude.
Since the ASCII code of A is greater than 9, you could encode them as hexadecimal strings.
The integers
1, 23, 3
can be encoded as
00000001, 00000017, 00000003
and 32-bit integers can always be encoded as 8-character strings. (assume unsigned)
I am attempting to format a string in such a way, that I can make a repeating sequence of numbers an arbitrary length.
I've been looking at these examples: How do I format a number with a variable number of digits in Python? and String Formatting in Python 3.
Here's what I tried to do:
print("{0:{1}{2}d}".format(0, 0, 8))
will result in eight pretty 0's all in a row like so: 00000000
but attempting to change the second argument from 0 to 25
print("{0:{1}{2}d}".format(0, 25, 8))
Results in an a single 0 that is as far right as it can go in my console instead of 25252525 So I think the issue is using a string with more than one character as filler instead of a single character.
The specification for string formatting goes like this:
format_spec ::= [[fill]align][sign][#][0][width][,][.precision][type]
In this case, we're only interested in the [0][width] part. [0] is an optional parameter which pads numbers with zeros, so you can format 4 as '004'. [width] specifies the total width of the field.
When you write:
print("{0:{1}{2}d}".format(0, 0, 8))
It becomes:
print("{0:08d}".format(0))
Which is a 0 padded with zeroes up to a length of 8: 00000000.
However, your other example:
print("{0:{1}{2}d}".format(0, 25, 8))
Becomes:
print("{0:258d}".format(0))
Which is a 0 padded with spaces (because there is no 0 in the formatter) up to a length of 258.
I think string formatting is not suited to solve your problem. You can use other fill characters than 0 (using the [fill] option in the formatting spec), but it can't be more than one character.
The simplest way to get what you want is probably this:
>>> print((str(25) * 8)[:8])
25252525
What does it means, in Delphi, when I see a command like this:
char($23)
What does the dollar symbol mean in this context?
The dollar symbol represents that the following is a hex value.
ShowMessage(Char($23)); shows #.
The $ symbol is used to prefix a hexadecimal literal. The documentation says:
Numerals
Integer and real constants can be represented in decimal notation as
sequences of digits without commas or spaces, and prefixed with the +
or - operator to indicate sign. Values default to positive (so that,
for example, 67258 is equivalent to +67258) and must be within the
range of the largest predefined real or integer type.
Numerals with decimal points or exponents denote reals, while other
numerals denote integers. When the character E or e occurs within a
real, it means "times ten to the power of". For example, 7E2 means 7 *
10^2, and 12.25e+6 and 12.25e6 both mean 12.25 * 10^6.
The dollar-sign prefix indicates a hexadecimal numeral, for example,
$8F. Hexadecimal numbers without a preceding - unary operator are
taken to be positive values. During an assignment, if a hexadecimal
value lies outside the range of the receiving type an error is raised,
except in the case of the Integer (32-bit integer) where a warning
is raised. In this case, values exceeding the positive range for
Integer are taken to be negative numbers in a manner consistent with two's complement integer representation.
So, in your example, $23 is the number whose hexadecimal representation is 23. That number has decimal representation 35, so you can write:
Assert($23 = 35);
It represents a character. For example char(13) is end of line.