How can I write the monadic bind operator (>>=) on paper? [closed] - haskell

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>>= takes a lot of dashes of the pencil to write down on paper and I always manage to make it look really ugly. Are there more convenient (and hopefully "standard") ways to write down this and other related monadic operators such as return and >=>?

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Are there any other by default lazily evaluated languages apart from Haskell and Miranda? [closed]

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On the wikipedia page only Haskell and Miranda are mentioned.
I am not sure about elm.
Some other languages make it especially easy to declare a function to be computed lazily.
Are there programming languages where you have a global switch, say for a module or script file to be evaluated lazily?

Simplest way to handle non-determinism in Haskell? [closed]

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The search algorithm I'm implementing (a simple partial order planner) just has a few choices to make at each invocation. Ideally I would like it to backtrack over the possibilities and return the first found solution.
Take a look at the list ([]) monad instance. It's commonly used for non-determinism.

What does ''arbitrary shape'' mean? [closed]

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I have started some work on SVG graphics and i constantly come across the word ''arbitrary shapes''.
What exactly is an arbitrary shape?
An arbitrary shape is just that.. An arbitrary shape.
The word arbitrary in this context means any as in: not a specified, or specific, kind of shape.
This is not really a programming question though.. But rather an English language question.

mind mapping tool in linux [closed]

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I want to do mindmaps which are of the quality of mindmeister that you could include picture and links etc and would be able to export it reasonably well and print it.
I love X-Mind. I don't know if it does what you need, but I only use a small subset of it and still it rocks!
It has a very complete free version that never expires and doesn't contain crapware.
http://www.xmind.net/download/linux/
I prefer Freeplane but FreeMind can do the same things:
http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/FreeMind_on_Linux
http://sourceforge.net/projects/freeplane/

Conditional Random Fields and the Label Bias Problem [closed]

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I was reading this paper about conditional random fields and was confused by the "label bias problem" mentioned in the paper. I've looked online for some explanations of it but still don't feel like I have a good grasp of the issue. What exactly is the label bias problem? Can someone provide a clear example of it and why it is bad?

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