Where is this used in programming -->(') [closed] - vim

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Closed 10 years ago.
I thinking of mapping single quotation mark to double quotation mark i.e ' -> " in my vimrc.
Besides declaring chars in C, where is ' is used in programming?
Should I map it?
I'll reverse map them to access both.

Single quotes are used all over the place in programming.
In the Bourne shell (and derivatives, and csh and derivatives, and Perl and other languages) it is used to inhibit string exansion, so you can do this:
$ echo '$VARIABLE'
$VARIABLE
In C, the single quote is used to denote a character constant, rather than a string. So you can do this:
char c = 'c';
But this is an error:
char c = "c";
And of course if you are programming in a language called "English", the single quote is used to denote important things like possessives ("snihalani's question seemed sort of odd) as well as contractions ("I can't believe anyone would want to do this.").
These are just a few examples. There are, of course, more.

I use single quotes almost exclusively. They're useful when you're using double quotes inside of strings:
print 'Foo said, "Bar"'
It's easier than escaping them:
print "Foo said, \"Bar\""
Also, you won't be able to type normal sentences with possessives either:
# Attaches foo's signal to a slot
self.foo.bar.connect(self.baz)
PHP, for instance, doesn't perform variable substitution when strings are quoted with single quotes:
$var = 1;
echo('I will literally print $var');

In many languages (e.g., C, C++, Ada), ' delimits character literals and " delimits string literals.
In others (e.g., Perl, Bourne shell), either ' or " can be used for string literals, but with different semantics; " is handy when the string contains ' characters, and vice versa, and " causes references to variables to be expanded to the name of the variable, while ' prevents this.
Ada uses ' to delimit the name of an attribute.
And in all languages, you'll need ' in comments and string literals -- for example if you want to write "you'll need ' in comments and string literals".
They're distinct characters. Removing your ability to type one of them is Not A Good Idea.
You might consider mapping ' to " and vice versa, if that makes typing easier for you. But once you get into the habit of using your mappings, it could be awkward to use somebody else's setup, or to type text into something other than vim.

Related

Read substrings from a string containing multiplication [duplicate]

This question already has answers here:
'*' and '/' not recognized on input by a read statement
(2 answers)
Closed 4 years ago.
I am a scientist programming in Fortran, and I came up with a strange behaviour. In one of my programs I have a string containing several "words", and I want to read all words as substrings. The first word starts with an integer and a wildcard, like "2*something".
When I perform an internal read on that string, I expect to read all wods, but instead, the READ function repeatedly reads the first substring. I do not understand why, nor how to avoid this behaviour.
Below is a minimalist sample program that reproduces this behaviour. I would expect it to read the three substrings and to print "3*a b c" on the screen. Instead, I get "a a a".
What am I doing wrong? Can you please help me and explain what is going on?
I am compiling my programs under GNU/Linux x64 with Gfortran 7.3 (7.3.0-27ubuntu1~18.04).
PROGRAM testread
IMPLICIT NONE
CHARACTER(LEN=1024):: string
CHARACTER(LEN=16):: v1, v2, v3
string="3*a b c"
READ(string,*) v1, v2, v3
PRINT*, v1, v2, v3
END PROGRAM testread
You are using list-directed input (the * format specifier). In list-directed input, a number (n) followed by an asterisk means "repeat this item n times", so it is processed as if the input was a a a b c. You would need to have as input '3*a' b c to get what you want.
I will use this as another opportunity to point out that list-directed I/O is sometimes the wrong choice as its inherent flexibility may not be what you want. That it has rules for things like repeat counts, null values, and undelimited strings is often a surprise to programmers. I also often see programmers complaining that list-directed input did not give an error when expected, because the compiler had an extension or the programmer didn't understand just how liberal the feature can be.
I suggest you pick up a Fortran language reference and carefully read the section on list-directed I/O. You may find you need to use an explicit format or change your program's expectations.
Following the answer of #SteveLionel, here is the relevant part of the reference on list-directed sequential READ statements (in this case, for Intel Fortran, but you could find it for your specific compiler and it won't be much different).
A character string does not need delimiting apostrophes or quotation marks if the corresponding I/O list item is of type default character, and the following is true:
The character string does not contain a blank, comma (,), or slash ( / ).
The character string is not continued across a record boundary.
The first nonblank character in the string is not an apostrophe or a quotation mark.
The leading character is not a string of digits followed by an asterisk.
A nondelimited character string is terminated by the first blank, comma, slash, or end-of-record encountered. Apostrophes and quotation marks within nondelimited character strings are transferred as is.
In total, there are 4 forms of sequential read statements in Fortran, and you may choose the option that best fits your need:
Formatted Sequential Read:
To use this you change the * to an actual format specifier. If you know the length of the strings at advance, this would be as easy as '(a3,a2,a2)'. Or, you could come with a format specifier that matches your data, but this generally demands you knowing the length or format of stuff.
Formatted Sequential List-Directed:
You are currently using this option (the * format descriptor). As we already showed you, this kind of I/O comes with a lot of magic and surprising behavior. What is hitting you is the n*cte thing, that is interpreted as n repetitions of cte literal.
As said by Steve Lionel, you could put quotation marks around the problematic word, so it will be parsed as one-piece. Or, as proposed by #evets, you could split or break your string using the intrinsics index or scan. Another option could be changing your wildcard from asterisk to anything else.
Formatted Namelist:
Well, that could be an option if your data was (or could be) presented in the namelist format, but I really think it's not your case.
Unformatted:
This may not apply to your case because you are reading from a character variable, and an internal READ statement can only be formatted.
Otherwise, you could split your string by means of a function instead of a I/O operation. There is no intrinsic for this, but you could come with one without much trouble (see this thread for reference). As you may have noted already, manipulating strings in fortran is... awkward, at least. There are some libraries out there (like this) that may be useful if you are doing lots of string stuff in Fortran.

In bash, how do I execute the contents of a variable, VERBATIM, as though they were a command line?

I need to construct a complex command that includes quoted arguments. As it happens, they are arguments to grep, so I'll use that as my example and deeply simplify the command to just enough to demonstrate the error.
Let's start with a working example:
> COMMAND='/usr/bin/grep _'
> echo $COMMAND
/usr/bin/grep _
> $COMMAND
foo <- I type this, and grep filters it out.
foo_ <- I type this, and.....
foo_ <- ... it matches, so grep emits it.
"foo" is not echoed back because it lacks an underscore, "foo_" has one, so it's returned. Let's get to a demonstration of the problem:
> COMMAND='/usr/bin/grep "_ _"'
> echo -E $COMMAND
/usr/bin/grep "_ _"
> /usr/bin/grep "_ _" <- The exact same command line
foo <- fails to match
foo_ _ <- matches, so it gets echoed back
foo_ _
> $COMMAND <- But that command doesn't work from a variable
grep: _": No such file or directory
In other words, when this command is invoked through a variable name, bash is taking the space between underscores as an argument delimiter - despite the quotes.
Normally, I'd fix this with backslashes:
> COMMAND='/usr/bin/grep "_\ _"'
> $COMMAND
grep: trailing backslash (\)
Okay, maybe I need another layer of escaping the backslash:
> COMMAND='/usr/bin/grep "_\\ _"'
12:32 (master) /Users/ronbarry> $COMMAND
grep: _": No such file or directory
And now we're back to square one - the command line is still being broken up at the space. I can, of course, verify all of this with some debugging, which establishes that the backslashes are surviving, unescaped, and grep is being called with multiple arguments:
> set -x
> $COMMAND
+ /usr/bin/grep '"_\\' '_"' <- grep is being called with two args
I have a solution to the problem that takes advantage of arrays, but packing commands this way (in my full implementation, which I'll spare you) is unfamiliar to most people who'd read my code. To oversimplify the creation of an array-based command:
> declare -a COMMAND=('/usr/bin/grep' '-i' 'a b')
12:44 (master) /Users/ronbarry> ${COMMAND[*]}
foo <- Same old, same old
fooa B <- ...
fooa B <- Matches because of case-insensitive (-i) grep.
Finally we get to the question. Why does bash break up quoted arguments in strings when interpreting them as commands and why doesn't there seem to be a string-y way to get it to work? If I have a command packed in a string variable, it violates the Principle of Least Surprise to have that string interpreted differently than the string itself would be. If someone can point me at some docs that cover all of this, and will set me at peace with why I have to resort to the infinitely uglier mechanism of building up arrays with all of my commands, I'd very much appreciate it.
Disclaimer: After writing the following, I almost decided that the question should be closed for encouraging opinion-based responses. This is an opinion-based response. Proceed at your own risk.
Why does bash break up quoted arguments in strings when interpreting them as commands
Because that's what it does. A more interesting question might be "Why does bash break up strings at all?", to which the only possible answer would be "it seemed like a good idea at the time".
Or, to put it another way: In the beginning, nobody thought of putting spaces into filenames. When you only had a few letters for a filename, you didn't waste any of them on spaces. So it seemed reasonable to represent a list of words as just a space-separated list of words, and that was the basis on which shell languages were developed. So the default behaviour of bash, like that of all unix-y shells, is to consider a string with whitespace in it to be a whitespace-separated list of words.
But, of course, that leads to all sorts of headaches, because strings are not structured data. Sometimes a filename does have whitespace in its name. And not all utility arguments are filenames, either. Sometimes you want to give an argument to a utility which is, for example, a sentence. Without that complication, shells were able to avoid making you type quotes, unlike "real" programming languages where strings need to be quoted. But once you decide that sometimes a space in a string is just another character, you need to have some kind of quoting system. So then the syntax of shells added several quoting forms, each with slightly different semantics. The most common is double-quoting, which marks the contents as a single word but still allows variable expansion.
It remains the case that shell quotes, like quotes in any other language, are simply syntactic constructs. They are not part of the string, and the fact that a particular character in a string was marked with a quote (or, equivalently, a backslash) is not retained as part of the string -- again, just like any other programming language. Strings are not really lists of words; they are just treated that way by default.
All of that is not very satisfactory. The nature of shell programming is that you really want a data structure which is a list of "words" -- or, better, a list of strings. And, eventually, shells got around to doing that. Unfortunately, by then there wasn't much syntactic space left in shell languages; it was considered important that the new features not change the behaviour of existing shell scripts. As far as I know, the current shell syntax for arrays was created by David Korn in 1988 (or earlier); eventually, bash also implemented arrays with basically the same syntax.
One of the curiosities in the syntax is that there are three ways of specifying that an entire array should be substituted:
${array[*]} or ${array[#]}: concatenate all the array elements together separated with the first character in $IFS, and then consider the result to be a whitespace-separated list of words.
"${array[*]}": concatenate all the array elements together separated with the first character in $IFS, and then consider the result to be a single word.
"${array[#]}": each array element is inserted as a separate word.
Of these, the first one is essentially useless; the second one is occasionally useful, and the third -- and most difficult to type -- is the one you almost always want.
In the above brief discussion, I left out any consideration of glob characters and filename expansion, and a number of other shell idiosyncrasies. So don't take it as a complete tutorial, by any means.
why doesn't there seem to be a string-y way to get it to work?
You can always use eval. Unfortunately. If you really really want to get bash to interpret a string as though it were a bash program rather than a string, and if you are prepared to open your script up to all manner of injection attacks, then the shell will happily give you enough rope. Personally, I would never allow a script which used eval to pass code review so I'm not going to expand on its use here. But it's documented.
If I have a command packed in a string variable, it violates the Principle of Least Surprise to have that string interpreted differently than the string itself would be.
Surprise is really in the eye of the beholder. There are probably lots of programmers who think that a newline character really occupies two bytes, and are Surprised when it turns out that in C, '\n'[0] is not a backslash. But I think most of us would be Surprised if it were. (I've tried to answer SO questions based on this misunderstanding, and it is not easy.)
Bash strings, regardless of anything else, are strings. They are not bash programs. Having them suddenly interpreted as bash programs would, in my opinion, not only be surprising but dangerous. At least if you use eval, there is a big red flag for the code reviewer.

What are these ? ه҈҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ [closed]

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Closed 10 years ago.
These "characters" seem interesting. What are they?I would like to know more technical information about them. Thanks!
ه҈҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ه҈҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉ ه҈҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉҉
It's just a mass of combining marks. That alone is like 170 Combining Marks. You can do all sorts of weird rendering effects just by using a ton of combining marks together. But in this case just U+0489 COMBINING CYRILLIC MILLIONS SIGN is used.
Combining marks are not stand alone characters by themselves, but modify the previous base letter. For example a, a combining diaeresis ¨ renders as ä instead of a¨. Put more combining marks in there, and they all have to somehow render with the base character a, causing interesting rendering effect.
Code in the jsfiddle (SO didn't allow me to post otherwise):
var l = 1000;
var str = ":"
while(l--) {
str += String.fromCharCode(0x300 + Math.floor((Math.random() * 0x20)))
}
document.write(str);
Those are unicode characters that belong to another character set/language (in this case, Cyrillic). This information can be seen (on Windows) by using the Character Map tool, which is found in the Programs -> Accessories folder of the Start Menu.

Why do programming languages use commas to separate function parameters?

It seems like all programming languages use commas (,) to separate function parameters.
Why don't they use just spaces instead?
Absolutely not. What about this function call:
function(a, b - c);
How would that look with a space instead of the comma?
function(a b - c);
Does that mean function(a, b - c); or function(a, b, -c);? The use of the comma presumably comes from mathematics, where commas have been used to separate function parameters for centuries.
First of all, your premise is false. There are languages that use space as a separator (lisp, ML, haskell, possibly others).
The reason that most languages don't is probably that a) f(x,y) is the notation most people are used to from mathematics and b) using spaces leads to lots of nested parentheses (also called "the lisp effect").
Lisp-like languages use: (f arg1 arg2 arg3) which is essentially what you're asking for.
ML-like languages use concatenation to apply curried arguments, so you would write f arg1 arg2 arg3.
Tcl uses space as a separator between words passed to commands. Where it has a composite argument, that has to be bracketed or otherwise quoted. Mind you, even there you will find the use of commas as separators – in expression syntax only – but that's because the notation is in common use outside of programming. Mathematics has written n-ary function applications that way for a very long time; computing (notably Fortran) just borrowed.
You don't have to look further than most of our natural languages to see that comma is used for separation items in lists. So, using anything other than comma for enumerating parameters would be unexpected for anyone learning a programming language for the first time.
There's a number of historical reasons already pointed out.
Also, it's because in most languages, where , serves as separator, whitespace sequences are largely ignored, or to be more exact, although they may separate tokens, they do not act as tokens themselves. This is moreless true for all languages deriving their syntax from C. A sequence of whitespaces is much like the empty word and having the empty word delimit anything probably is not the best of ideas.
Also, I think it is clearer and easier to read. Why have whitespaces, which are invisible characters, and essentially serve nothing but the purpose of formatting, as really meaningful delimiters. It only introduces ambiguity. One example is that provided by Carl.
A second would f(a (b + c)). Now is that f(a(b+c)) or f(a, b+c)?
The creators of JavaScript had a very useful idea, similar to yours, which yields just the same problems. The idea was, that ENTER could also serve as ;, if the statement was complete. Observe:
function a() {
return "some really long string or expression or whatsoever";
}
function b() {
return
"some really long string or expression or whatsoever";
}
alert(a());//"some really long string or expression or whatsoever"
alert(b());//"undefined" or "null" or whatever, because 'return;' is a valid statement
As a matter of fact, I sometimes tend to use the latter notation in languages, that do not have this 'feature'. JavaScript forces a way to format my code upon me, because someone had the cool idea, of using ENTER instead of ;.
I think, there is a number of good reasons why some languages are the way they are. Especially in dynamic languages (as PHP), where there's no compile time check, where the compiler could warn you, that the way it resolved an ambiguity as given above, doesn't match the signature of the call you want to make. You'd have a lot of weird runtime errors and a really hard life.
There are languages, which allow this, but there's a number of reasons, why they do so. First and foremost, because a bunch of very clever people sat down and spent quite some time designing a language and then discovered, that its syntax makes the , obsolete most of the time, and thus took the decision to eliminate it.
This may sound a bit wise but I gather for the same reason why most earth-planet languages use it (english, french, and those few others ;-) Also, it is intuitive to most.
Haskell doesn't use commas.
Example
multList :: [Int] -> Int -> [Int]
multList (x : xs) y = (x * y) : (multList xs y)
multList [] _ = []
The reason for using commas in C/C++ is that reading a long argument list without a separator can be difficult without commas
Try reading this
void foo(void * ptr point & * big list<pointers<point> > * t)
commas are useful like spaces are. In Latin nothing was written with spaces, periods, or lower case letters.
Try reading this
IAMTHEVERYMODELOFAWHATDOYOUWANTNOTHATSMYBUCKET
it's primarily to help you read things.
This is not true. Some languages don't use commas. Functions have been Maths concepts before programming constructs, so some languages keep the old notation. Than most of the newer has been inspired by C (Javascript, Java, C#, PHP too, they share some formal rules like comma).
While some languages do use spaces, using a comma avoids ambiguous situations without the need for parentheses. A more interesting question might be why C uses the same character as a separator as is used for the "a then b" operator; the latter question is in some ways more interesting given that the C character set has at three other characters that do not appear in any context (dollar sign, commercial-at, and grave, and I know at least one of those (the dollar sign) dates back to the 40-character punchcard set.
It seems like all programming languages use commas (,) to separate function parameters.
In natural languages that include comma in their script, that character is used to separate things. For instance, if you where to enumerate fruits, you'd write: "lemon, orange, strawberry, grape" That is, using comma.
Hence, using comma to separate parameters in a function is more natural that using other character ( | for instance )
Consider:
someFunction( name, age, location )
vs.
someFunction( name|age|location )
Why don't they use just spaces instead?
Thats possible. Lisp does it.
The main reason is, space, is already used to separate tokens, and it's easier not to assign an extra functionality.
I have programmed in quite a few languages and while the comma does not rule supreme it is certainly in front. The comma is good because it is a visible character so that script can be compressed by removing spaces without breaking things. If you have space then you can have tabs and that can be a pain in the ... There are issues with new-lines and spaces at the end of a line. Give me a comma any day, you can see it and you know what it does. Spaces are for readability (generally) and commas are part of syntax. Mind you there are plenty of exceptions where a space is required or de rigueur. I also like curly brackets.
It is probably tradition. If they used space they could not pass expression as param e.g.
f(a-b c)
would be very different from
f(a -b c)
Some languages, like Boo, allow you to specify the type of parameters or leave it out, like so:
def MyFunction(obj1, obj2, title as String, count as Int):
...do stuff...
Meaning: obj1 and obj2 can be of any type (inherited from object), where as title and count must be of type String and Int respectively. This would be hard to do using spaces as separators.

Why don't popular programming languages use some other character to delimit strings? [closed]

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Closed 13 years ago.
Every programming language I know (Perl, Javascript, PHP, Python, ASP, ActionScript, Commodore Basic) uses single and double quotes to delimit strings.
This creates the ongoing situation of having to go to great lengths to treat quotes correctly, since the quote is extremely common in the contents of strings.
Why do programming languages not use some other character to delimit strings, one that is not used in normal conversation \, | or { } for example) so we can just get on with our lives?
Is this true, or am I overlooking something? Is there an easy way to stop using quotes for strings in a modern programming language?
print <<<END
I know about here document syntax, but for minor string manipulation it's overly complicated and it complicates formatting.
END;
[UPDATE] Many of you made a good point about the importance of using only ASCII characters. I have updated the examples to reflect that (the backslash, the pipe and braces).
Perl lets you use whatever characters you like
"foo $bar" eq
qq(foo $bar) eq
qq[foo $bar] eq
qq!foo $bar! eq
qq#foo $bar# etc
Meanwhile
'foo $bar' eq
q(foo $bar) eq
q[foo $bar] eq
q!foo $bar! eq
q#foo $bar# etc
The syntax extends to other features, including regular expressions, which is handy if you are dealing with URIs.
"http://www.example.com/foo/bar/baz/" =~ /\/foo/[^\/]+\/baz\//;
"http://www.example.com/foo/bar/baz/" =~ m!/foo/[^/]+/baz/!;
Current: "Typewriter" 'quotation' marks
There are many good reasons for using the quotation marks we are currently using:
Quotes are easily found on keyboards - so they are easy to type, and they have to be easy, because strings are needed so often.
Quotes are in ASCII - most programming tools only handle well ASCII. You can use ASCII in almost any environment imaginable. And that's important when you are fixing your program over a telnet connection in some far-far-away server.
Quotes come in many versions - single quotes, double quotes, back quotes. So a language can assign different meanings for differently quoted strings. These different quotes can also solve the 'quotes "inside" quotes' problem.
Quotes are natural - English used quotes for marking up text passages long before programming languages followed. In linguistics quotes are used in quite the same way as in programming languages. Quotes are natural the same way + and - are natural for addition and substraction.
Alternative: “typographically” ‘correct’ quotes
Technically they are superior. One great advantage is that you can easily differenciate between opening and closing quotes. But they are hard to type and they are not in ASCII. (I had to put them into a headline to make them visible in this StackOverflow font at all.)
Hopefully on one day when ASCII is something that only historians care about and keyboards have changed into something totally different (if we are even going to have keyboards at all), there will come a programming language that uses better quotes...
Python does have an alternative string delimiter with the triple-double quote """Some String""".
Single quotes and double quotes are used in the majority of languages since that is the standard delimiter in most written languages.
Languages (should) try to be as simple to understand as possible, and using something different from quotes to deal with strings introduces unnecessary complexity.
Python has an additional string type, using triple double-quotes,
"""like this"""
In addition to this, Perl allows you to use any delimiter you want,
q^ like this ^
I think for the most part, the regular string delimiters are used because they make sense. A string is wrapped in quotes. In addition to this, most developers are used to using their common-sense when it comes to strings that drastically altering the way strings are presented could be a difficult learning curve.
Using quotation marks to define a set of characters as separate from the enclosing text is more natural to us, and thus easier to read. Also, " and ' are on the keyboard, while those other characters you mentioned are not, so it's easier to type. It may be possible to use a character that is widely available on keyboards, but I can't think of one that won't have the same kind of problem.
E: I missed the pipe character, which may actually be a viable alternative. Except that it's currently widely used as the OR operator, and the readability issue still stands.
Ah, so you want old-fashioned FORTRAN, where you'd quote by counting the number of characters in the string and embedding it in a H format, such as: 13HHello, World!. As somebody who did a few things with FORTRAN back in the days when the language name was all caps, quotation marks and escaping them are a Good Thing. (For example, you aren't totally screwed if you are off by one in your manual character count.)
Seriously, there is no ideal solution. It will always be necessary, at some point, to have a string containing whatever quote character you like. For practical purposes, the quote delimiters need to be on the keyboard and easily accessible, since they're heavily used. Perl's q#...# syntax will fail if a string contains an example of each possible character. FORTRAN's Hollerith constants are even worse.
Because those other characters you listed aren't ASCII. I'm not sure that we are ready for, or need a programming language in unicode...
EDIT: As to why not use {}, | or \, well those symbols all already have meanings in most languages. Imagine C or Perl with two different meanings for '{' and '}'!
| means or, and in some languages concatenate strings already. and how would you get \n if \ was the delimiter?
Fundamentally, I really don't see why this is a problem. Is \" really THAT hard? I mean, in C, you often have to use \%, and \ and several other two-character characters so... Meh.
Because no one has created a language using some other character that has gotten popular.
I think that is largely because the demand for changing the character is just not there, most programmers are used to the standard quote and see no compelling reason to change the status quo.
Compare the following.
print "This is a simple string."
print "This \"is not\" a simple string."
print ¤This is a simple string.¤
print ¤This "is not" a simple string.¤
I for one don't really feel like the second is any easier or more readable.
You say "having to go to great lengths to treat quotes correctly"; but it's only in the text representation. All modern languages treat strings as binary blocks, so they really don't care about the content. Remember that the text representation is only a simple way for the programmer to tell the system what to do. Once the string is interned, it doesn't have any trouble managing the quotes.
One good reason would probably be that if this is the only thing you want to improve on an existing language, you're not really creating a new language.
And if you're creating a new language, picking the right character for the string quotes is probably way way WAY down on the todo list of things to actually implement.
You would probably be best off picking a delimiter that exists on all common keyboards and terminal representation sets, so most of the ones you suggest are right out...
And in any case, a quoting mechanism will still be necessary...you gain a reduction in the number of times you use quoting at the cost of making the language harder for non-specialist to read.
So it is not entirely clear that this is a win, and then there is force of habit.
Ada doesn't use single quotes for strings. Those are only for chars, and don't have to be escaped inside strings.
I find it very rare that the double-quote character comes up in a normal text string that I enter into a computer program. When it does, it is almost always because I am passing that string to a command interpreter, and need to embed another string in it.
I would imagine the main reason none of those other characters are used for string delimiters is that they aren't in the original 7-bit ASCII code table. Perhaps that's not a good excuse these days, but in a world where most language designers are afraid to buck the insanely crappy C syntax, you aren't going to get a lot of takers for an unusual string delimiter choice.
Python allows you to mix single and double quotes to put quotation marks in strings.
print "Please welcome Mr Jim 'Beaner' Wilson."
>>> Please welcome Mr Jim 'Beaner' Wilson.
print 'Please welcome Mr Jim "Beaner" Wilson.'
>>> Please welcome Mr Jim "Beaner" Wilson
You can also used the previously mentioned triple quotes. These also extend across multiple lines to allow you to also keep from having to print newlines.
print """Please welcome Mr Jim "Beaner" Wilson."""
>>> Please welcome Mr Jim "Beaner" Wilson
Finally, you can print strings the same way as everyone else.
print "Please welcome Mr Jim \"Beaner\" Wilson."
>>> Please welcome Mr Jim "Beaner" Wilson

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