Extreme Programming and clients [closed] - agile

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Closed 10 years ago.
What type of client is likely to support XP (Extreme Programming) practices?

I'm working for a company which is doing Agile (not strictly XP, but still applicable), and our client base is exclusively government organizations. Once they saw the results of the agile process at work, even those who had requirements to provide documentation in a Waterfall like manner were more than happy to continue to reap the benefits of the agile process.
And, yes, I agree with vfilby. Your customers should care about the results, not how you achieve them.

If your team achieves great results with a proven track-record, then companies desiring a successful result. If the converse is true, only companies who are wandering blindly will be interested.
There is the odd case where the client will want a certain practices followed. Like a experienced dev manager outsourcing a project to an external firm, or potentially a client who has heard that XP is good in passing but has no real knowledge or experience with it. In the former the experienced consumer will know what he wants and if you do not provide those services they will go elsewhere. If you try to fake it, they will know and be most displeased. The later, it doesn't matter so much as long as they get good results and think it was their own wisdom that brought them forth from the ground.
Either way, it is results that matter.
Now begins my diatribe which so far has inspired much ire:
Would you jeopardize your good practices just to suit a client? If you are staunchly in favour of XP, sell it! If they want you to use a methodology that you strongly disagree with. Tell them that. If you can't come to a consensus, there should be no deal.
Do I tell a baker what grain to use? How hot to have the ovens? Hell no. If I say I want poppy seeds on the buns I don't care how they are put there so long as they are there. Dp I select a baker based on his methods, or on how damn tasty the bread is? Letting a non programmer tell you how to do your craft is just plain bad.
If you are trying to extol the virtues of XP then be upfront, pitch the cost-benefits and ROI. Show them why it is better for them in terms of developer efficiency and defect reduction. If you are working for non-programmers, you are the expert, take the reigns and give advice.
If your team excels at XP and has great results you will have no problem selling any potential client on your practices. Results matter to clients; if you can prove that you consistently produce high quality products within consistent timelines you should have no problem selling your methodology. (with some exceptions that absolutely require waterfall).

Either clients who've already had good results on XP projects.
Or clients who've swallowed the Kool-Aid.
Which arguably makes these clients few and far between :-)

I think it probably takes less convincing than it used to for customers to accept agile development practices, particularly XP, since they are now much more mainstream. Customers who have had positive experiences with agile teams in the past are more likely to buy into these methods. It's probably easier for a smaller customer, or a customer with a smaller problem to accept XP if they have concerns about it. With a skeptical customer, I would suggest starting small and building confidence. And make sure you deliver on your promises!

Almost everyone else seems to be interpreting your question in the context that you are or work for an ISV writing custom software for a client. Is that the situation?
If your question had been something along the lines of what kind of company is likely to adopt XP, then I would say a company who has been burned in the past spending too much time writing developer documentation and designing for reuse only to have to throw it all away as a big waste of time and effort.

The customer has to accept iterative delivery with fixed time, fixed resources, fixed quality (it's working to 100%), and a slightly variable scope, per iteration.
However, it is much more usual that they want to fix time, resources, quality AND scope.
The type of client that is likely to support XP practices,
is one that already understands the benefits and drawbacks of the software production system that XP provides.

Related

Is specialization necessary in software development [closed]

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Closed 11 years ago.
I have graduated from my university almost a year ago. Since then I have worked with many different technologies, such as PHP, JQuery, ASP.NET, C# etc. Recently I have switched to a company where powerbuilder is being used for development.
The problem is that I haven't mastered any of the above languages. I can do stuff with those but when it comes to the complex tasks I often struggle with it because I don't have enough deep knowledge about it. After looking at powerbuilder for a few days I sense that this is going to happen again because most of the application code have been done using some sort of library which requires some advanced level of skill on powerbuilder.
My question is, is it OK for me to work on different technologies without mastering a single one of them?
If you choose to specialise the you are taking an opportunity cost by making yourself unavailable for other types of work. This is good if you can be confident that your chosen specialisation will last for a reasonable length of time. However, you can guarantee (along with death and taxes) that software will change. You will always be required to learn some new framework or approach in order to remain current.
So to avoid finding yourself at an intellectual dead end (are transputers still in use anywhere?) you should adopt a doctrine of constant learning. Learning is usually fun and almost always leads to a joy of discovery of some new tool or design. And never keep this knowledge to yourself (it only has a half-life of 18 months anyway). Share what you have learned with others.
So to answer your question: don't specialise.
According to the Pragmatic Programmer book, one of the tips for a good programmer is:
Invest Regularly in Your Knowledge Portfolio
Make learning a habit.
This means that you constantly have to use, or learn about, new technologies. While becoming a master in one particular technology may be rewarding, technologies come and go, today more quickly than ever. A mastery in one particular programming language, tool or API may make you a guru today, but may mean nothing tomorrow.
IIRC they also recommended developers to master several technologies, but remain versed in many - at least in the sense of having heard about them, played around with them, being able to engage in a conversation about them.
So, I would say yes - specialization is necessary, but this doesn't mean one should ignore domains outside his own.
There is no 'right answer' to this question other than maybe, 'it depends'.
You will find it easier to find better jobs if you specialise, as you call it. I would think of it more as working with a specific language/framework. Further, it is important to solve difficult problems and gain experience, irrespective of the language chosen.
Once you've accepted the above as a truism and specialised, then I would suggest that you branch out and learn new languages. Fortunately, languages become easier to learn when you have more experience.
However, more than anything, you have to look at keeping yourself interested over a long period of time. That is the real key. If you have interest, you will continue learn and gain experience. Maybe that will mean you do something that is not particularly relevant to most jobs, such as writing a language compiler. Or maybe you will find that the rush of working for big clients on big projects is more important than a specific language/framework.
So that's it - just keep interested, and keep learning. And, where possible, build focus in the thing that interests you, as that will make it easier for you to find employment going forward.
It is important to be specialized in at least one programming language/platform, especially early on in your career. By specialized i mean reading a book about it, cover to cover, and having extensive hands on experience developing for it, at work or participating in an open source project.
The idea behind this is that when you specialize in a language, you will learn many concepts that you can carry over to different languages/platforms. e.g: The master of a language can master another with relative ease.
Further on in you career being exposed to many platforms is a good thing, as you start to shift from begin a developer to a developer/architect, and you need to make decisions about which platform to use, the pros and cons of each platform and so no.
So my advice is try to master at least one language, along with its tools and frameworks. After that you can move on to different platforms. It is important to use the right platform for the current project, you will need to determine that case by case, with the assistance of a senior developer.

How much code can a programmer be intimately familiar with? [closed]

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Closed 11 years ago.
Are there any statistics for this? I realize it must vary from person to person, but it seems like there should be a general average.
The reason I ask is that the company I contract for has multiple software products, totaling ~75,000 lines of code - and they seemed disappointed and shocked when they ask me a question about a specific portion that I don't immediately know the answer to (I am the only programmer they have, and did not author the majority of the systems) They think I should just know it all from memory. So I wanted something like a statistic to show them that an average programmer couldn't possibly have all that in his head at one time. Or should I?
You should remember where to find the needed stuff not remember it itself.
You should also be familiar with code structure and architecture enough to make an educated guess where a problem might originate and where you could possibly find the stuff you know exist but not sure where exactly.
You brain works like cache. The stuff you used recently is kept there, more older entries are erased. But there will never be enough memory to remember the code all at once. Because then you will want to remember all API functions, then all specs, then something else. This all is not feasible.
And being surprised with you that you don't remember all the code is probably one more instance of those perversed notions of how programmers do things. Ignore them.
It depends not only on your memorization skills, but also a lot on the code. Obviously, clean, idiomatic code is much easier to memorize than a badly written inconsistent mess.
Probably because clean code can be broken down into much larger "abstract tokens".
Indeed interesting question but I am in doubt if there is adequate answer at all. Here are only obvious factors I see right from the start:
Overall design quality. Even if you are new in well designed code you can very quickly identify where you should look to get answers.
Project documentation quality. For poor documented projects even developers that are in project from the start can't say anything about some parts.
Implementation quality. OK. You have good general architecture, good documentation for interfaces but even one really bad programmer could break all of this. This is because many companies are very strict about code reviews and I think it is the only one technique to prevent such situation.
Programmer experience. As you move ahead you see number of 'already known' code "bricks" in software new to you and experience is great help in this so contractors are often very experienced specialists familiar with various approaches and this gives average contractor ability to move much faster then full time programmer which is brilliant but worked 10 years in only 1 project context.
General person smartness. My opinion this is really not so important as most of others factors but it is really important.
... but the common problem is often companies hire contractors for some existing software improvement and they simply think this is only about to hang picture on the wall. You should perform some negotiation to force them to understand part of work is to understand what really should be done to meet their requirements at all. And such "learning" requires resources and is part of work itself. But I think it is slightly off-topic for StackOverflow (despite I voted up ;) ). Is it more for Startups discussion?
Even if you have written all that code you might forget portions of it. But you'll be able to recall it once you review it.
I think its natural for a programmer to forget some portions of his/her code after a long time.
Ask them how they want you to spend your time: surveying vast amounts of code you didn't write and perhaps writing up internal documentation, or whatever currently keeps you occupied It's not a facetious question. If they want quicker response to new issues, they need to invest in research.
I don't think there's a meaningful answer to this measured in LOC. As a manager, what I want to know is that someone in your situation can answer a question in a reasonable amount of time -- and unless I know you're in the middle of something, I wouldn't expect that 'reasonable amount of time' to be 'instantaneously'.
You should be able to understand all the components within the system and how they interact so that when there is a problem you can isolate one or two likely components and drill down.
I find it helpful to draw a few diagrams and keep them handy so I can use them to communicate with my boss\customer as well as jog my memory.

Best Software Engineering Practice for Student Project Team? [closed]

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Closed 10 years ago.
I've been reading about the various forms and aspects of agile development, but all focused on the corporate environment. I am on a student project team at my university, and I'd like to see if some agile concepts could work in an environment other than 'everyone works full/part time'.
We do have our own project server, with Subversion for version control, and Sharepoint for documents, wiki, and action items.
Some challenges
It's hard enough to arrange a weekly meeting, daily standups are infeasable
We're our own customers for the most part (we're part of a competition, but we can't work closely with the organizers)
Not just programmers, also mechanical/electrical team members
Sharepoint's action items don't have the best interface. Are there any extensions available? Would it make sense to switch to something else (like Trac) at the expense of a unified interface for everything non-svn?
Procrastination. As students, the most natural thing to do is wait to the last minute
We have our own space, but often, it's easier to do work elsewhere, and there's no way to predict if anyone else will be there except by making explicit arrangements
Other classes (still have to pass them, so total commitment to the team is limited)
Perhaps our team could benefit from more than just agile techniques, so all suggestions are welcome.
EDIT Thanks for all the great answers. I'm going to start asking my teammates how they feel about some of these ideas, and see what they buy into. Should I link them to this question? You can edit your answer or just leave a comment to answer this secondary question.
I wouldn't try to force a full, corporate environment style Agile programming workflow onto your team, but I do think that some level of Agile methodology could be valuable. I actually think that some of your "challenges" would be mitigated somewhat by some of the Agile ideas, but would require some level of commitment from every one on the team.
For example - the daily standups/weekly meetings issue.
This doesn't have to be a large thing (and, especially in a student project case, I'd say making it smaller is better). Having a Trac site (which I'd recommend over sharepoint if you're using SVN already) with a single place (like a wiki page) to just track the standup info in one sentence can still be valuable, without taking more than 1-2 minutes per day / person.
If somebody misses a day or two here and there, it's not a big deal, but if the team agrees to doing this, it can actually help the procrastination issue (forcing people to just say "I did nothing. I'm doing nothing" has a benefit - it keeps people at least thinking about your project, which tends to reduce the amount of procrastination), as well as having people work in different locations but still stay in communication.
This is also easy enough for non-programmers to do, and can help keep the mechanical and electrical teams working together, and everybody moving forward.
That being said, I'd make sure to keep it short and sweet - Try to keep the burden to a minimum, but I still think there's value in some of the Agile programming ideas, even in a student setting.
If you ask me you're adding too much overhead to your student project. Methodologies are generally only used in corporate environments because of the need to monitor and control human resources (control isn't the right word - but I needed one stronger than co-ordinate). In a group of students, there's absolutely no need to bother with anything like that. Adhering to a methodology will only slow you down.
You have identified your challenges. Make your peers aware of them and talk about how best to deal with them. Use methodologies as a source of ideas, but don't bend to one in your situation.
You can do a weekly or bi-weekly meeting that simulate a daily. Start your meeting with the three questions:
What did you accomplish since thelast time we met?
What do you plan to do until next time?
Is there anything blocking your progress?
Note that these can also be answered by your non-programmer teammate. In the company I work for, we have multidisciplinary team using scrum (programmer and artists) and it's working well.
If you don't want to do your meeting standing up, at least don't go for comfortable sofas. This should make your meeting shorter by making people more attentive.
You should use the method to your advantage and minimize procrastination by making interim milestones. Build your task list (excel, any other spreadsheet software is fine). Split them in milestone. When comes the time to review, sit with your team and look at your product like a client do, maybe involve your teacher.
Poker planning is fun, and a nice way to clarify your what you have to do, and how you plan on doing it. Breaking down objectives into tasks will involve people from all disciplines. But only people that can do the task should evaluate it.
IMO, SharePoint and agile don't really mix well. Pick something that's more "throw-it-up-there". I'd go with something like Trac, which has great Subversion integration.
It sounds like communication and procrastination is going to be your biggest challenge. If you don't give yourself enough time to do the work and do good testing, you're not going to have a good result. This is only logical, and doesn't really have anything to do with whether you're agile or not.
In your situation, not all of the Principles behind the Agile Manifesto will be easy to apply You might be able to apply some ideas that come from the principles, specifically:
short iterations at the end of which you always have a "working" project, even if some desired features have not been implemented yet.
maximize the amount of work not done - rather than designing a grand framework that you hope will cover all the needs of the project, start small and do just what is needed as you go.
If you have milestones during your project, consider having a meeting (called a retrospective) after each milestone just to look back and see how your process worked / didn't work and how you might improve it.
On the software parts, you could consider TDD and pair programming
I would say go with SCRUM. Skip the daily meetings and instead make a private forum and require each member to check it at least once a day. Try to make your sprint retrospective and planning meetings an "in-person" event over drinks or coffee.
The whole who is doing (and has done) aspect of SCRUM is amazing once everyone gets used to doing it. The 'sprint release' concept also helps team members from 'going dark' for too long and keeps the project based in reality ("What can we do in two weeks" vs. "I have this idea I am going to start and who knows when I can finish it").
Also, if your team has more then 8 people, skip SCRUM =)
Lastly, if you have the talent and someone on your team has the means (and desire), consider TFS workgroup (I think it comes free with academic MSDNs). If you don't have someone on your team who REALLY wants to take on that burden, skip it tho.
When I was in college, I took several courses that encouraged the adoption and use of Agile practices. They were mostly a mess and although I learned a lot of from them they generally weren't the things the professor was expecting us to learn. I do agile development professionally now and love it, but here are the things I wish that I had known when I was doing agile in school:
Getting things squared with your schedule is really, really hard, which makes daily standups more important, not less. If you can't sit in the same room (very hard) then use Twitter or Yammer or just email.
A lot of Agile's benefit is simply in getting you into a rhythm. That doesn't just mean weekly meetings; it means set goals, commitment to points, and weekly deliverables. This is tough to pull off in an academic context but should go a way towards helping you with your procrastination problem.
It's tough to get used to pairing; everyone has their own computer and style of development. Try to hook a second keyboard/monitor/mouse up to your existing laptops if possible, or use screen sharing software, and standardize on an IDE. Pairing also really, really helps with procrastination but trying to do it without good tools is an awful lot of trouble.
Don't skimp on unit testing, even if you think of it as a silly, academic, one-off project. I've done projects before that I figured were too small to bother with testing and it's never failed to come back and bite me on the ass.
Sharepoint might be a bit heavyweight. Believe it or not, we still do an awful lot of things on whiteboards or with index cards. You may be your own customer but that doesn't mean you can't have stories (discrete, estimable features, basically) and goals. It's helpful to be able to visualize it: these features are planned, these are in development, these are ready for testing. If you'd like software recommendations I can give you those but I do recommend simple paper for a lot of the planning process.

Best case to move to an agile development methodology? [closed]

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Closed 10 years ago.
If you had to make a case to a business about adopting or moving to an agile development methodology (like SCRUM or XP etc) what case would you make (how do you sell the concept)?
e.g.
How would you describe the concepts and benefits to a non-technical person?
If you have successfully done so, what was the winning argument/case/rationale?
Edit: The reason I ask is that a friend of mine (he is the solution architect at a firm) is currently trying to decide how to approach his management about exactly this topic, and I've given him what I can in terms of suggestions. Curious especially to hear from those who have successfully made a case to move to an agile-aligned methdology.
My Case: The organization thrashed around for a good 2 years and failed before finally jumping onto the agile bandwagon... there is no better alternative (as of now... personal opinion) to produce quality software at the rate at which the world changes. You cannot afford to make things the old way anymore. Some learn the hard way.
Elephant in the room: Just because an idea is good doesn't mean it will be accepted.
Logical Arguments:
Feedback loop is short. Customers can see working software at the end of each month/iteration, play with it... refine and tweak to taste. No more developers sucking dough for a year and coming back with an drunken elephant for the customer waiting for a horse.
You don't need to set everything in stone (the holy SRS) before development gets to work. You CAN change your mind to reflect change in business priorities/market conditions as time goes on.. (developers won't throw a tantrum).
Better communication: No more 'This isn't what I asked for!' when nothing can be done to salvage the ship. Dev talk to real customers in real time to clarify doubts and verify that they build the right thing. The onus is squarely on customer + development to ensure that the right product is built... by talking to each other.. all the time.
Human process: Agile recognizes the fact that software is made by people for other people. The practices facilitate interaction, learning and respect among the team. Better morale is also observed
Following practices like TDD, Automated tests, Pair Programming, etc. lead to better Quality products. Time traditionally spent in the 'bug-fixing-and-churning' phase at the end of the project is minimized.
Ease of maintenance. Regression testing is a SNAP! The systems built are amenable/easier to change/extensions.. if done right. The developers value simplicity vs over-engineering as second nature. Developers are not afraid to 'go in there and change it' vs 'I'm not touching that twisted thing.. last time's scars haven't healed yet.'
More realistic chance of meeting deadlines due to developer buy-in. Estimates are revised based on actual team velocity rather than gut-estimates of the person tasked with creating the chart/mpp/plan
Visible Progress - Big visible charts (burndowns, etc.) tell you exactly what's happening in the project without having to mine it out of secretive/reluctant/very busy people. Issues are In-your-face and can't be ignored/hidden for long. Development doesn't have to context switch to 'progress reporting' mode for a day a week to generate information for management... Easy to gather metrics that developers don't seem to mind.
Did I break the char limit?:)
Non-technical people are interested in projects done on time and within budget with good quality and which would satisfy their requirements at the time of the delivery. You should focus on how Agile helps to deliver those qualities.
It's sometimes quite difficult to sell Agile to a non-technical person for two reasons:
The concept of not trying to plan 100% ahead is not really intuitive
Quite a lot of people claim that they use Agile, fail miserably to deliver anything and give the great SDP a bad name
Talk about Agile process ability to handle changes.
It's usually easier if you work with the customer who already work with you. You could easily show them for example all of the change requests accumulated over the time and show how they affected the schedule and the costs of the project. You could then go into explaining how Agile process will help handling such cases.
Along the same line you could take the initial estimations done on a 'waterfall project' and compare them with real-life results.
I would also talk about the Agile approach to quality. Testing during iterations increase the quality considerably. Short iterations with immediate feedback are great help too, mention them.
Things that sell it well is:
Tangible product after each iteration that can be tested, played with, and released. (Good for a product owner who likes to see what his/her money buys)
It brings transparency to the development process, especially during daily stand-ups and so cuts down on functionality duplication and confusion
Having a demonstration after each sprint educates fellow employees about what direction the product is heading, what is available after the development work and gets people talking and thinking about what would make it even better
Development estimations can be made to a reasonable accuracy after a dozen sprints. At least after a few modifications to focus factors.
Improves developer buy-in as they get to own a particular functionality
Cost of product changes when using Agile tends to be much smaller than when using a waterfall methodology
Great for smallish development teams, but require buy-in from the development team.
It's almost impossible to introduce a new methodology without specifically referring to problems with the old methodology and how the new methodology is going to fix those problems.
In reality, you probably need to offer a bunch of choices, and then end with recommending your favourite. Come prepared with a good explanation of why it is your favourite, and with a really good knowledge of the weaknesses of your chosen methodology.
And make sure that you're not confusing the strength of your feeling for the strength of your argument, and that you're not trying to pass off personal value choices and cultural attachments as objective technical evaluations. Your colleagues aren't stupid - they will know if you're doing this, and they'll quickly flip the bozo bit on you.
If you want to get philosophical about this, communication doesn't actually depend on eloquence, rhetoric, or articulation, but on the emotional context in which the message is being heard. People can only hear you when they are moving towards you, not when your words are pursuing them.
In my experience, the one thing that instantly sells Scrum to non-technical management is the burndown chart. The idea that there is a paper chart - available for all to see and readily understand - that shows daily progress is an instant winner. It clearly shows very early on whether a project is on schedule.
Since the backlog, sprints, daily scrum etc are all required to make the burndown chart work, sell the idea of the burndown chart first, then explain there is a need for the rest of Scrum and finally point out that it is viable to perform a three week trial of the process with minimum impact to the schedule.
I think the number one selling point to the business is that they decide what you are going to work on, so they will be setting the priorities.
My boos, a non-technical person, usually prefer to listem about how a new methodology will improve productivity of the team. So, our aproach to introduce SCRUM, as a management methodology, focused on gains at progress visibility, better communication and sooner feedbacks.
All the other gains, as a fact of matters, seens intangible for people like my boss.
From what I have read and heard the term Agile seems to get a bad rap and scares people. From a business perspective I think what it boils down to is how can I provide business value in a more responsive way. Agile is a method of supporting the concept of delivering business value quickly.
Instead of discussing it in technical terms I would suggest your friend discuss it in business terms and state that he has some ideas that could help deliver business value to his end customers more quickly.
I would not reccomend he discuss XP or agile as the methods but instead introduce short, deliverable focused meetings (ie SCRUM) and then attempt to grow it from there. I feel if you tell the business that you can get them what they want faster and in a more predictible fashion and you deliver on that statement you will get buy-in to the practices that get you there.

What is the best Agile methodology for a class project? [closed]

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Closed 10 years ago.
The project is poorly defined: we are to write educational software for CS 111 Computer Programming I students focusing on functions. We have 6 student developers with various backgrounds working in Flex. The project has a duration of about 7 weeks. We have very limited face time (30 min per week) and very limited work time (<8 hours per developer per week). We have limited access to the customers (professor of our course, professor of CS 111, students in CS 111).
Our toolset includes Flex Builder, Subversion, and TRAC.
What methodology is best for this project and why? Alternately, what features should be gathered from various methodologies to better suit this situation?
What makes you think any methodology would be successful under these circumstances -- little communication, more requirements than time, and lack of access to customers?
That being said, I would focus on incremental delivery (each iteration should have some few working features), unit testing (all tests pass before check in), tagging of incremental releases (the ability to go back to a working release), and pairing of strong team members with weaker team members to boost the overall productivity of the team. Consider devoting one strong member of the team to integration testing.
Incremental delivery is most important. Showing a working demo of less than what was asked for is always better than showing a non-working prototype.
You could use Agile methodology here but obviously you'll have to adopt it to suit your needs.
For example if you don't have enough access to the real customers that someone with the best understanding of your goals will have to act as a customer proxy. I would also suggest trying to get more access to the customers - almost everyone try to appear more busy then they are and there is usually a way to resolve that obstacle.
Make sure that the limited work time your team have they have at the same time. There could be no Agile approach when you could not work together.
You could definitely use story-based estimations, iterative development process etc.
What is really important is too give every team member a clear and unambiguous understanding of how the Agile process works and what is each person's role in the project. It's very easy to say that you will use SCRUM but unfortunately without real understanding and experience that will not really mean much.
Some advice:
Educate your team members
Get a list of what you would like to deliver if you would not be limited by the time/resources.
Find out what is realistic to deliver given your constraints. That will probably be not much. Don't try to be overly optimistic. Focus on what you could really achieve.
Make sure that your real customers are on board for that.
Use short iterations (1 week or less). Make sure you could deliver fully tested product by the end of each iteration.
Show your work early.

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